The Relationship Between Gut Health and Nutrition in Poultry

Öz

 Gut health is a very complex topic that comprises physiology, endocrinology, microbiology, immu-nology and nutrition. Gut health and nutrition in poultry are strictly interdependent. If gut health breaks down; digestion and nutrient absorption are negatively affected which can have a detrimental affect on growth perfor-mance and feed conversion efficiency leading to economic loss. Therefore, dietary factors affecting the gut health should be considered when formulating poultry diets. This article aims to explore the interrelation gut health and nutrition in poultry that is important for economical poultry production. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Poultry,nutrition,gut health

Kanatlı Hayvanlarda Bağırsak Sağlığı ve Beslenme Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

 Bağırsak sağlığı; fizyoloji, mikrobiyoloji, immünoloji ve beslenme konularını kapsayan kompleks bir kavramdır. Kanatlı hayvanlarda bağırsak sağlığı ve beslenme arasında sıkı bir ilişki vardır. Bağırsak sağlığı bo-zulur ise; sindirim ve besin maddelerinin emilimi olumsuz yönde etkilenir. Bu durum büyüme performansını ve yemden yararlanmayı negatif yönde etkileyerek ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Bu yüzden; kanatlı hayvanlarda bağırsak sağlığını etkileyen faktörler rasyonların formülasyonunda göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu derleme-de; ekonomik bir kanatlı üretimi için önem taşıyan bağırsak sağlığı ve beslenme arasındaki ilişkinin açıklanması amaçlanmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kanatlı hayvanlar,beslenme,bağırsak sağlığı

Kaynakça

1. Apajalahti J. H. A., Kettunen A., Graham H., 2004. Characteristics of the gastro-intestinal microbial communities with special reference to the chicken. World’s Poult. Sci., J. 60,223-232.
2. 2. Apajalahti J. H.A., Kettunen H., Kettunen A., Holben W. E., Nurminen P. H., Rautonen N., Mutanen M., 2002. Culture-independent microbial community analysis reveals that inulin in the diet primarily affects previously unknown bacteria in the mouse cecum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 4986-4995.
3. 3. Bigot K., Mignon-Grasteau S., Picard M., Tesseraud S., 2003. Effects of delayed feed intake on body, intestine, and muscle development in neonate broilers. Poult. Sci., 82, 781-788.
4. 4. Branton S. L., Lott B. D., Deaton J. W., Maslin W. R., Austin F. W., Pote L. M., Keirs R. W., Latour M. A., Day E. J., 1997. The effect of added complex carbohydrates oradded dietary fiber on necrotic enteritis lesions in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 76,24-28.
5. 5. Choct M., Annison G., 1992. Soluble wheat pentosans exhibit different anti-nutritive activities in intact and cecectomized broiler chickens. J. Nutr., 122,2457-2465
6. 6. Craven S. E., Cox N. A., Bailey J. S., Cosby D. E., 2003. Incidence and tracking of Clostridium perfringens through an integrated broiler chicken operation. Avian Dis., 47,707-711.
7. 7. Dekich M. A., 1998. Broiler industry strategies for control of respiratory and enteric diseases. Poult. Sci., 77,1176-1180.
8. 8. Engberg R. M., Hedemann M. S., Steenfeldt S., Jensen B. B., 2004. Influence of whole wheat and xylanase on broiler performance and microbial composition and activity in the digestive tract. Poult. Sci., 83, 925-938.

9. 9. Foye O. T., Ferket P. R., Uni Z., 2007. The effects of in ovo feeding arginine, β-hydroxy-β-methyl-butyrate, and protein on jejunal digestive and absorptive activity in embryonic and neonatal turkey poults. Poult. Sci., 86,2343-2349.
10. 10. Gabriel I., Lessire M., Mallet S., Guillot J. F., 2006. Microflora of the digestive tract: Critical factors and consequences for poultry. World’s Poult. Sci., J. 62,499-511.
11. 11. Geyra A., Uni Z., Sklan D., 2001. Enterocyte Dynamics and mucosal development in the posthatch chick. Poult. Sci., 80,776-782.
12. 12. Hoct M., Annison G., 1992. Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: Roles of viscosity and gut microflora. Br. Poult. Sci., 33,821-834.
13. 13. Hoerr F. J., Carlton W. W., Yagen B., 1981. Mycotoxicosis caused by a single dose of T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol in broiler chickens. Vet. Pathol., 18,652-664.
14. 14. Iji P. A., 1999. The impact of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on intestinal development and function in broiler chickens. World’s Poult. Sci., J. 55, 375-387. 15. Jeurissen S. H., Lewis F., Van der Klis J. D., Mroz Z., Rebel J. M., Ter Huurne A.A., 2002. Parameters and techniquesto determine intestinal health of poultry as constitutedby immunity, integrity, and functionality. Curr.Issues Intest. Microbiol., 3,1-14.
15. 16. Korver D. R., 2006. Overview of the immune dynamics of the digestive system. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 15,123-135.
16. 17. Leeson S., Caston L., Kiaei M. M., Jones R., 2000. Commercial enzymes and their influence on broilers fed wheat or barley. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 9,242-251.
17. 18. Lu J., Idris U., Harmon B., Hofacre C., Maurer J. J., Lee M. D., 2003. Diversity and succession of the intestinalbacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken.Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69,6816-6824.
18. 19. Noy Y., Geyra A., Sklan D., 2001. The effect of early feeding on growth and small intestinal development in the posthatch poult. Poult. Sci., 80,912-919.
19. 20. Noy Y., Sklan D., 1998. Yolk utilization in the newly hatched poult. Br. Poult. Sci., 39, 446-451.
20. 21. Nurmi E., Rantala M., 1973. New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature, 241, 210-211.
21. 22. Plavnik I., Macovsky B., Sklan D., 2002. Effect of Feeding whole wheat on performance of broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 96, 229-236.
22. 23. Potturi P. V., Patterson J. A., Applegate T. J., 2005. Effects of delayed placement on intestinal characteristics in turkey poults. Poult. Sci., 84, 816-824.
23. 24. Richards J. D., Gong J., De Lange C. F. M., 2005. The gastrointestinal microbiota and its role in monogastric nutrition and health with an emphasis on pigs: Current understanding, possible modulations, and new Technologies for ecological studies. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 85,421-435.
24. 25. Sklan D., Shelly M., Makovsky B., Geyra A., Klipper E., Friedman A.,2003. The effect of chronic feeding of diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin on performance, health, small intestinal physiology and antibody production in turkey poults. Br. Poult. Sci., 44,46-52.
25. 26. Stuart B. P., Cole R. J., Waller E. R., Vesonder R. E., 1986. Proventricular hyperplasia (malabsorption syndrome) in broiler chickens. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol., 6, 369-385.
26. 27. Svihus B., Juvik E., Hetland H., Krogdahl A., 2004. Causes for improvement in nutritive value of broiler chicken diets with whole wheat instead of ground wheat. Br. Poult. Sci., 45,55-60.
27. 28. Tako E., Ferket P. R., Uni Z., 2004. Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poult. Sci., 83,2023-2028.
28. 29. Uni Z., 1998. Impact of early nutrition on poultry: Review of presentations. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 7,452-455.
29. 30. Uni Z., Ganot S., Sklan D., 1998. Posthatch development of mucosal function in the broiler small intestine. Poult. Sci., 77, 75-82.
30. 31. Uni Z., Noy Y., Sklan D., 1999. Posthatch development of small intestinal function in the poult. Poult. Sci., 78,215-222.
31. 32. Uni Z., Tako E., Gal-Garber O., Sklan D., 2003. Morphological, molecular, and functional changes in the chicken small intestine of the late-term embryo. Poult. Sci., 82, 1747-1754.
32. 33. Williams R. B., 2005. Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: Rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathol., 34, 159-180.