Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites

Erdinç Halis Alakara; İlhami Demir; Cemil Alkan

doi:10.29137/ijerad.1598794

TR EN

Faz değiştiren malzemenin çimentolu kompozitlerin mekanik ve termal özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi

Abstract

Kış aylarında yol yüzeylerinde oluşan kar/buzun temizlenmesi büyük zaman kaybına ve yüksek işçilik maliyetlerine neden olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda faz değişim malzemeleri (FDM), yol yüzeylerindeki kar/buzun temizlenmesinde etkili bir alternatif olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu çalışmada, mikrokapsüllenmiş FDM (mFDM), çimento harçlarına çimento ağırlığının %0, %2, %4, %6, %8 ve %10 oranlarında ilave edilmiştir. Hazırlanan çimento harçlarının eğilme dayanımı, basınç dayanımı ve ultrasonik darbe hızı incelenmiştir. Ayrıca mFDM'nin termal özelliklere etkisini gözlemlemek için referans ve %6 mFDM ilaveli 100 mm x 100 mm x 20 mm boyutlarında harç numuneleri üretilmiş ve içlerine termokupllar yerleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, mFDM oranı arttıkça çimento harçlarının mekanik özelliklerinin azaldığı, ancak çimento harçlarının mekanik dayanımının birçok yapısal uygulama için yeterli kaldığı görülmüştür. Termal özellik testleri, mFDM'nin referans harçtan daha yavaş ısıtılan ve soğutulan harçlar eklediğini gösterdi. Bu, özellikle gündüz-gece sıcaklık farkının çok yüksek olduğu bölgelerde önemlidir. Çimento bazlı kaldırımlarda görülen ve gündüz-gece sıcaklık farkından kaynaklanan en büyük sorunlardan biri olan çatlama da mFDM ile azaltılabilir.

Keywords

faz değiştiren malzemeler, termal enerji depolama, mekanik özellikler, termal özellikler, çimentolu kompozitler

Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites

Abstract

Cleaning the snow/ice formed on the pavement surface during winter months causes great time loss and high labor costs. In this context, phase change materials (PCM) can be considered as an effective alternative for cleaning the snow/ice on the pavement surface. In this study, microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) was added to cement mortars at 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by weight of cement. The prepared cement mortars' flexural strength, compressive strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity were investigated. In addition, to observe the effect of mPCM on thermal properties, reference, and 6% mPCM, added mortar samples of 100 mm × 100 mm × 20 mm were produced, and thermocouples were placed inside them. As a result, it was observed that the mechanical properties of cement mortars decreased as the mPCM ratio increased. However, the mechanical strength of cement mortars remained sufficient for many structural applications. Thermal property tests showed that mPCM added mortars heated and cooled down slower than the reference mortar. This is important, especially in regions with a very high day-night temperature difference. Cracking, one of the biggest problems seen in cement-based pavements and caused by the day-night temperature difference, can also be reduced with mPCM.

Keywords

phase change materials, thermal energy storage, mechanical properties, thermal properties, cementitious composites.

Supporting Institution

Kırıkkale University Scientific Research Projects Funding Office

Project Number

2023/085

Thanks

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance of the Kırıkkale University Scientific Research Projects Funding Office (Project: 2023/085).

References

Acıkök, F., Belendir, U., Ardoğa, M. K., & Şahmaran, M. (2023). Multi-functional conductive cementitious composites including phase change materials (PCM) with snow/ice melting capability. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2023.2248347
Alakara, E. H. (2022). Geri Dönüştürülmüş Asfalt Tozunun Alkali Aktifleştirilmiş Cüruf Harçları Üzerindeki Etkisi. Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi, 14(3), 362–368. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.1207073
Alakara, E. H., Sevim, Ö., Demir, İ., & Günel, G. (2022). Effect of waste concrete powder on slag-based sustainable geopolymer composite mortars. Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters, 13(3), 101–106.
Alkan, C., Alakara, E. H., Alay Aksoy, S., & Demir, İ. (2023). Cement mortar composites including 1-tetradecanol@PMMA Pickering emulsion particles for thermal energy management of buildings. Chemical Engineering Journal, 476(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.146843
Arora, A., Sant, G., & Neithalath, N. (2017). Numerical simulations to quantify the influence of phase change materials (PCMs) on the early- and later-age thermal response of concrete pavements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 81, 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.04.006
Bednarska, D., & Koniorczyk, M. (2020). Freezing of partly saturated cementitious materials – Insight into properties of pore confined solution and microstructure. Construction and Building Materials, 251, 118895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118895
Bentz, D. P., & Turpin, R. (2007). Potential applications of phase change materials in concrete technology. Cement and Concrete Composites, 29(7), 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.007
Çaktı, K., Erden, İ., Gündüz, S., Hassanpour-Kasanagh, S., Büyük, B., & Alkan, C. (2022). Investigation of the effectiveness of microencapsulated phase change materials for bitumen rheology. International Journal of Energy Research, 46(15), 23879–23892. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8686
Carmona, J., Garcés, P., & Climent, M. A. (2015). Efficiency of a conductive cement-based anodic system for the application of cathodic protection, cathodic prevention and electrochemical chloride extraction to control corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. Corrosion Science, 96, 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2015.04.012
Chi, Z., Yiqiu, T., Fengchen, C., Qing, Y., & Huining, X. (2019). Long-term thermal analysis of an airfield-runway snow-melting system utilizing heat-pipe technology. Energy Conversion and Management, 186, 473–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.03.008

Cui, H., Feng, T., Yang, H., Bao, X., Tang, W., & Fu, J. (2018). Experimental study of carbon fiber reinforced alkali-activated slag composites with micro-encapsulated PCM for energy storage. Construction and Building Materials, 161, 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.075
Cui, H., Liao, W., Mi, X., Lo, T. Y., & Chen, D. (2015). Study on functional and mechanical properties of cement mortar with graphitemodified microencapsulated phase-change materials. Energy and Buildings, 105, 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.07.043
Dai, J., Ma, F., Fu, Z., Li, C., Jia, M., Shi, K., Wen, Y., & Wang, W. (2021). Applicability assessment of stearic acid / palmitic acid binary eutectic phase change material in cooling pavement. Renewable Energy, 175, 748–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.05.063 Daniels, J. W., & Heymsfield, E. (2020). Development of anti-icing airfield pavement using surface-embedded heat wire. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 21(6), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2018.1508842
Demir, İ. (2022). F Sınıfı Uçucu Kül ve Yüksek Fırın Cürufu İkamesinin Çimento Harç Özelliklerine Etkisi. Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi, 14(2), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.1040338
Ding, S., Dong, S., Wang, X., Ding, S., Han, B., & Ou, J. (2023). Self-heating ultra-high performance concrete with stainless steel wires for active deicing and snow-melting of transportation infrastructures. Cement and Concrete Composites, 138, 105005.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105005
Farnam, Y., Dick, S., Wiese, A., Davis, J., Bentz, D., & Weiss, J. (2015). The influence of calcium chloride deicing salt on phase changes and damage development in cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Composites, 64, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.09.006
Farnam, Y., Esmaeeli, H. S., Zavattieri, P. D., Haddock, J., & Weiss, J. (2017). Incorporating phase change materials in concrete pavement to melt snow and ice. Cement and Concrete Composites, 84, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.09.002
Farnam, Y., Krafcik, M., Liston, L., Washington, T., Erk, K., Tao, B., & Weiss, J. (2016). Evaluating the Use of Phase Change Materials in Concrete Pavement to Melt Ice and Snow. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001439
Gao, Y., Huang, L., & Zhang, H. (2016). Study on anti-freezing functional design of phase change and temperature control composite bridge decks. Construction and Building Materials, 122, 714–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.065
Gbekou, F. K., Benzarti, K., Boudenne, A., Eddhahak, A., & Duc, M. (2022). Mechanical and thermophysical properties of cement mortars including bio-based microencapsulated phase change materials. Construction and Building Materials, 352(September), 129056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129056
Guardia, C., Barluenga, G., & Palomar, I. (2020). PCM Cement-Lime Mortars for Enhanced Energy Efficiency of Multilayered Building Enclosures under Different Climatic Conditions. Mdpi.Com, 13(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184043
Gümüş, M., Demir, Ş., & Sevim, Ö. (2020). Effects of Aggregate Type on Radiation Attenuation Properties in Heavyweight Concretes. Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi, 12(2), 777–786. https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.740779
Jayalath, A., San Nicolas, R., Sofi, M., Shanks, R., Ngo, T., Aye, L., & Mendis, P. (2016). Properties of cementitious mortar and concrete containing micro-encapsulated phase change materials. Construction and Building Materials, 120, 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.116
Jeon, J., Lee, J. H., Seo, J., Jeong, S. G., & Kim, S. (2013). Application of PCM thermal energy storage system to reduce building energy consumption. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 111(1), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2291-9
Kubba, Z., Fahim Huseien, G., Sam, A. R. M., Shah, K. W., Asaad, M. A., Ismail, M., Tahir, M. M., & Mirza, J. (2018). Impact of curing temperatures and alkaline activators on compressive strength and porosity of ternary blended geopolymer mortars. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 9, e00205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00205
Lai, Y., Liu, Y., & Ma, D. (2014). Automatically melting snow on airport cement concrete pavement with carbon fiber grille. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 103, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.03.008
Li, H.-W.-X., Lyngdoh, G., Krishnan, N. M. A., & Das, S. (2023). Machine learning guided design of microencapsulated phase change materials-incorporated concretes for enhanced freeze-thaw durability. Cement and Concrete Composites, 140, 105090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105090
Li, Z., & Yuan, J. (2021). Phase change microcapsules with high encapsulation efficiency using Janus silica particles as stabilizers and their application in cement. Construction and Building Materials, 307, 124971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124971
Liu, K., Fu, C., Xie, H., Wang, F., Wang, X., & Bai, H. (2019). Design of electric heat pipe embedding schemes for snow-melting pavement based on mechanical properties in cold regions. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 165, 102806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2019.102806
Meshgin, P., & Xi, Y. (2012). Effect of phase-change materials on properties of concrete. ACI Materials Journal, 109(1), 71–80. https://doi.org/10.14359/51683572
Meshgin, P., Xi, Y., & Li, Y. (2012). Utilization of phase change materials and rubber particles to improve thermal and mechanical properties of mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.039
Nayak, S., Krishnan, N. M. A., & Das, S. (2019). Microstructure-guided numerical simulation to evaluate the influence of phase change materials (PCMs) on the freeze-thaw response of concrete pavements. Construction and Building Materials, 201, 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.199
Paswan, R., & Das, S. (2024a). Elucidating the evolution of pore structure, microstructural damage, and micromechanical response in cement pastes containing microencapsulated phase change materials under freeze-thaw conditions. Cement and Concrete Composites,154, 105743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105743
Paswan, R., & Das, S. (2024b). Meso-structural degradation and mechanical property evolution in cementitious mortars containing microencapsulated phase change materials under extended freeze-thaw cycles. Construction and Building Materials, 457, 139405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.139405
Sakulich, A. R., & Bentz, D. P. (2012). Increasing the Service Life of Bridge Decks by Incorporating Phase-Change Materials to Reduce Freeze-Thaw Cycles. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24(8), 1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000381
Shi, X., Fay, L., Peterson, M. M., & Yang, Z. (2010). Freeze–thaw damage and chemical change of a portland cement concrete in the presence of diluted deicers. Materials and Structures, 43(7), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-009-9557-0
TS EN 1015-3. (2000). Methods of Test for Mortar For masonry- Part 3: Determination of Consistence of Fresh Mortar (by flow Table), Turkish Standards Institution, Ankara, Turkey.
TS EN 12504-4. (2021). Testing Concrete in Structures—Part 4: Determination of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity. Turkish Standards Institution: Ankara, Turkey.
TS EN 196-1. (2016). Methods of testing cement–Part 1: Determination of strength. Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara,.
TS EN 197-1. (2012). Cement–Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara.
Tumidajski, P. J., Xie, P., Arnott, M., & Beaudoin, J. J. (2003). Overlay current in a conductive concrete snow melting system. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(11), 1807–1809. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00198-4
Wang, R., Hu, Z., Li, Y., Wang, K., & Zhang, H. (2022). Review on the deterioration and approaches to enhance the durability of concrete in the freeze–thaw environment. Construction and Building Materials, 321, 126371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126371
Whitehurst, E. A. (1951). Soniscope tests concrete structures. In Journal Proceedings, 47(2), 433–444.
Xu, H., & Tan, Y. (2012). Development and Testing of Heat- and Mass-Coupled Model of Snow Melting for Hydronically Heatedm Pavement. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2282(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.3141/2282-02
Yeon, J. H., & Kim, K.-K. (2018). Potential applications of phase change materials to mitigate freeze-thaw deteriorations in concrete pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 177, 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.113
Yousefi, A., Tang, W., Khavarian, M., & Fang, C. (2021). Development of novel form-stable phase change material (PCM) composite using recycled expanded glass for thermal energy storage in cementitious composite. Renewable Energy, 175, 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.04.123
Yu, B., Li, S., Zhu, H., Jiang, Q., Wang, D., & Chen, Y. (2023). A composite phase change material for improving the freeze–thaw resistance performance of cement mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 387, 131657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131657
Zhang, H., Xing, F., Cui, H. Z., Chen, D. Z., Ouyang, X., Xu, S. Z., Wang, J. X., Huang, Y. T., Zuo, J. D., & Tang, J. N. (2016). A novel phase-change cement composite for thermal energy storage: Fabrication, thermal and mechanical properties. Applied Energy, 170, 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.091
Zhang, J., Das, D. K., & Peterson, R. (2009). Selection of effective and efficient snow removal and ice control technologies for coldregion bridges. Journal of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, 3(1), 1–14

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Construction Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Erdinç Halis Alakara ^*
0000-0001-7925-4190
Türkiye

İlhami Demir
0000-0002-8230-4053
Türkiye

Cemil Alkan
0000-0002-1509-4789
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

July 4, 2025

Publication Date

July 15, 2025

Submission Date

December 9, 2024

Acceptance Date

March 17, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 17 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1598794

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA43NL69UA

APA

Alakara, E. H., Demir, İ., & Alkan, C. (2025). Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, 17(2), 370-382. https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1598794

AMA

1.Alakara EH, Demir İ, Alkan C. Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites. IJERAD. 2025;17(2):370-382. doi:10.29137/ijerad.1598794

Chicago

Alakara, Erdinç Halis, İlhami Demir, and Cemil Alkan. 2025. “Effect of Phase Change Material on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cementitious Composites”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 17 (2): 370-82. https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1598794.

EndNote

Alakara EH, Demir İ, Alkan C (July 1, 2025) Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 17 2 370–382.

IEEE

[1]E. H. Alakara, İ. Demir, and C. Alkan, “Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites”, IJERAD, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 370–382, July 2025, doi: 10.29137/ijerad.1598794.

ISNAD

Alakara, Erdinç Halis - Demir, İlhami - Alkan, Cemil. “Effect of Phase Change Material on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cementitious Composites”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development 17/2 (July 1, 2025): 370-382. https://doi.org/10.29137/ijerad.1598794.

JAMA

1.Alakara EH, Demir İ, Alkan C. Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites. IJERAD. 2025;17:370–382.

MLA

Alakara, Erdinç Halis, et al. “Effect of Phase Change Material on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Cementitious Composites”. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 17, no. 2, July 2025, pp. 370-82, doi:10.29137/ijerad.1598794.

Vancouver

1.Erdinç Halis Alakara, İlhami Demir, Cemil Alkan. Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites. IJERAD. 2025 Jul. 1;17(2):370-82. doi:10.29137/ijerad.1598794

Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, 71450 Yahşihan / Kırıkkale, Türkiye.

ijerad@kku.edu.tr

Faz değiştiren malzemenin çimentolu kompozitlerin mekanik ve termal özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi

Abstract

Keywords

Effect of phase change material on mechanical and thermal properties of cementitious composites

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Early Pub Date

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite