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The Importance of Physical Activity in People with Cerebral Palsy

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 1, 37 - 50, 01.05.2010

Öz

Physical activity is important to increase mobility and function, and to provide well being in individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) additionally, with participating sport and recreational activities. It is also important to impact well-being positively and gain a healthy life, via increased physical condition and function. Physical activity can generate positive psychological impacts by improving function and health in individuals and their families with physiological benefits like decreasing the proportion of body fat and increasing fitness levels. In this manner, regular physical activity is important to improve or maintain physical condition and with to health contitions, it is important to improve the quality of life. Therefore, understanding and
evaluating physical activity is important to develop effective physical activity
interventions. Literature emphasizes the importance of physical activity both in
children with CP and normal developing. This rewiev explains importance and
requirement of physical activity in children and youngs with CP.

Kaynakça

  • Akgün N. (1986). Egzersiz Fizyolojisi. (2. Basım). İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Allen, J., Dodd, K., Taylor, N., McBurney, H., Larkin, H. (2004). Strength training can be enjoyable and beneficial for adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil, 26
  • Bania, T., Dodd, K.J., Taylor, N. (2011). Habitual physical activity can be increased in people with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil,25,303–315.
  • Barry, M.J., Butler, C., Gardner, J.M., Girolami, G.L., Gupta, V.B., Ryan, D.F. ve diğerleri. (2001). Early Diagnosis and Interventioal Therapy in Cerebral Palsy Scherzer, A.L. (Ed).. (3. Baskı). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
  • Bell, K.L., Davies, P.S. (2010). Energy expenditure and physical activity of ambulatory children with cerebral palsy and of typically developing children. Am J Clin Nutr,92,313–319.
  • Bjornson, K.F., Belza, B., Kartin, D., Logsdon, R., McLaughlin, J.F. (2007) . Ambulatory physical activity performance in youth with cerebral palsy and youth who are developing typically. Phys Ther, 87,248–257.
  • Boreham, C., Riddoch, C. (2001). The Physical activity, fitness and health of children. Journal of Sports Sciences. 19(12), 915-929
  • Burtner, P.A., Qualls, C., Woollacott, M.H. (1998). Muscle activation characteristics of stance balance control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Gait and Posture, 8,163-174.
  • Capio, C.M., Sit, C.H., Abernethy, B., Rotor, E.R. (2010). Physical activity measurement instruments for children with cerebralpalsy: a systematic review. 52(10),908-16.
  • Carlon, S.L., Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Shields, N. (2013). Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: a systematic review. Disability & Rehabilitation, 35(8), 647- 655.
  • Chen, C.L., Chen, C.Y., Liaw, M.Y., Chung, C.Y.,Wang, C.J., Hong, C.H. ( 2013). Efficacy of home-based virtual cycling training on bone mineral density in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Osteoporosis International, 24(3), 1399-1406.
  • Cheng, R.J., Liu, C.F., Lau, T.W., Hong, R.B. (2007). Effect of Treadmill Training with Body Weight Support on Gait and Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86(7), 548-555.
  • Crocker, P.R., Bailey, D.A., Faulkner, R.A., Kowalski, K.C., McGrath, R. (1997). Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29
  • Crompton, J., Imms, C., McCoy, A. et al. (2007). Group based task-related training for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 27, 43–65.
  • Damiano, D.L., et al. (2001). Deficits in eccentric versus concentric torque in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Medicine and science in Sports and Exercise, 33,117-122.
  • Demuth, S.K., Knutson, L.M., Fousler, E.G. (2012). The PEDALS stationary cycling intervention and health- related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(7), 654-661.
  • DiBiasio, P., Lewis, C.(2012). Exercise training utilizing body weight supported treadmill walking with young adult with cerebral palsy who was non-ambulatory. Physiotherapy Theory and Pract, 28(8), 641-652.
  • Dodd, K.J., Taylor, N.F., Damiano, D.L. (2002). A systematic review of the effectiveness of the strength-training programs in people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1157–64.
  • Dodd, J.K., Foley, S. (2007). Partial body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: a clinical controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(2),101-105.
  • Durstine, J.L., Painter, P., Franklin, B.A., et al. (2000). Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled. Sports and Medicine, 30, 207-219.
  • Ergun, N., Baltacı, G. (2006). Spor Yaralanmalarında Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Prensipleri. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu:20.
  • Fragala-Pinkham, M.A., Haley, S.M., Rabin, J., Kharasch, S.V. (2005). A fitness program for children with disabilities. Physical Therapy, 85,1182-1200
  • Fung, E.B., Samson-Fang, L., Stallings, V.A., et al. (2002). Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy. J Am Diet Assoc,102,361–73.
  • Gorter, J. W., Currie, S. J. (2011). Aquatic exercise programs for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: What do we know and where do we go?. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2011, 1-7
  • Hurvitz, E.A., Green, L.B., Hornyak, J.E., Khurana, S.R., Koch, L.G. (2008). Body Mass Index Measures in Children with Cerebral Palsy Related to Gross Motor Function Classificatio:a clinic based study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 8: 395- 403.
  • Jansenn, I., et al. (2005). Comparison of overweight and obesity prevelence in school- aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obesity Reviews, 6, 123-132.
  • Janz, K.F., Lutuchy, E.M., Wenthe, P., Levy, S.M. (2008). Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 40, 767–72.
  • King, G., Law, M., King, S., et al. (2004). Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
  • King, G., Law, M., King, S., et al. (2006). Measuring children’s participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC. Child Care Health Dev, 33, 28.
  • Kudaş, S., Ülkar, B., Erdoğan, A., Çırçı, E. (2005). Ankara ili 11-12 yaş grubu çocukların fiziksel aktivite ve bazı beslenme alışkanlıkları, Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 19-29.
  • Lawlor, K., Mihaylov, S., Welsh, B., Jarvis, S., Colver, A. (2006). A qualitative study of the physical, social and attitudinal environments influencing the participation of children with cerebral palsy in northeast England. Pediatr Rehabil, 9,219-28.
  • Lauruschkus, K., Westbom, L., Hallström, I., Wagner, P., (2013). Physical activity in a total population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil, 34 (1), 157-167.
  • Li, C., Chen, S. (2012). Exploring experiences of physical activity in special school students with cerebral palsy:a qualitative perspective. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 5(1),7-12.
  • McBurney, H., Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Graham, H.K. (2003). A qualitative analysis of the benefits of strength training for young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 658–63.
  • McDonald, C.M., Widman, L., Abresch, R.T., Walsh, S.A.,Walsh, D.D. (2005). Utility of a step activity monitor for the measurement of daily ambulatory activity in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 793–801.
  • Mitchell, L., Ziviani, J., Oftedal, S., Boya,l R. (2012). The effect of virtual reality interventions on physical activity in children and adolescents with early brain injuries including cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(7), 667-671.
  • Mitre, N., Lanningham-Foster, L., Foster, R., Levine, J.A. (2009). Pedometer accuracy for children: can we recommend them for our obese population? Pediatrics, 123,127–31.
  • Mulligan, H., Abbott, S., Clayton, P., McKegg, P., Rae, R. (2004). The outcome of a functional exercise programme in an adolescent with cerebral palsy: a single case study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 32(1), 30-38.
  • Murphy, N.A., Carbone, P.C. (2008). Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation and physical activities. American Academy of Pediatrics, 5,121.
  • Nedjat, J.H., Jansson, E., Bartorek, A. (2013). Physical activity in a Swedish youth and adult population with cerebral palsy. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 15(2), 70-77
  • Palisano, R.J. (2012). Physical activity of children with cerebral palsy: what are the considerations? Dev Med Child Neuro, 54(5), 390-391.
  • Pickering, D.M., Horrocks, L., Visser, K., Todd, G. (2013). Adapted bikes- what children and young people with cerebral palsy told us about their participation in adapted dynamic cycling. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 8(1), 30-37.
  • Rimmer et al. (2004). Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators. Am J Prev Med, 26, 419-425
  • Riquelme, I., Cifre, I., Montoya, P. (2011). Age-related changes of pain experience in cerebral palsy and healthy individuals. Pain Medicine, 12 (4), 535–545.
  • Rogers, A., Furler, B.L., Brinks, S., Darrah, J. (2008). A systematic review of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50(11):,808-814.
  • Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A. et al. (2006). A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 29,8–14.
  • Saygın, Ö., Mengütay, S. (2004). Kız ve erkek çocukların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve fiziksel aktivite yoğunluklarının değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Tıp, 12(1), 13-16.
  • Strong, W.B., Malina, R.M., Blimkie, C.J., Daniels, S.R., Dishman, R.K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A.C. et al. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school- age youth. J Pediatr, 146, 732–737.
  • Telama, R. et al. (1997). Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood. Am J Prev Med, 13(4), 317-23.
  • Telama, R. et al. (2005). Physical activity from childhood and adulthood : a 21 year tracking study. Am J Prev Med, 28(3),267-73.
  • Thompson, P., et al. (2008). Test re-test reliability of the 10 meter fast walk test and 6 minute walk test in ambulatory school aged children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neuro, 50, 370-376.
  • Thorpe, D. (2009). The role of fitness in health and disease: status of adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51(4), 52-58.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Pangrazi, R.P., Corbin, C.B., Rutherford, W.J., Vincent, S.D., Raustorp, A., Tomson, L.M., Cuddihy, T.F. (2004). BMI-referenced standards for recommended pedometer-determined steps/day in children. Prev Med, 38, 857–864.
  • Waters, R.L., Mulroy, S. (1999). The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait and Posture, 9, 207-231.
  • Weller, I.M.R., Corey, P.N. (1998). A study of the reliability of the Canada Fitness Survey questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1530–6.
  • Westcott et al.(2012). Development of the early avtivity scale for endurance for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 24(3), 232-240.
  • Whalen, C. N., Case-Smith, J. (2011). Therapeutic effects of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 1–14.
  • Williams, C.L. et al. (2002). Cardiovascular health in childhood. Ciculation, 106, 143- 160.
  • World Health Organization (Ed.). (2013). Physical Activity. Web reference: http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/en/ Erişim: 23.05.2013.
  • Van den Berg –Emons, R.J., Van Baak, M.A., Speth, L., Saris, W.H. (1998). Physical training of school children with spastic cerebral palsy: effects on daily activity, fat mass and fitness. Int J Rehab Res, 21, 179-94.
  • Van den Berg-Emons, H.J., Saris, W.H., De Barbanson, D.C., Westerterp, K.R., Huson, A., Van Baak, M.A. (1995). Daily physical activity of schoolchildren with spastic diplegia and of healthy control subjects. J Pediatr, 127, 578–584.
  • Van Sluijs, E.M., McMinn, A.M., Griffin, S.J., (2007.) Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials. BMJ, 335, 703-7.
  • Verschuren, O., Ketelaar, M., Gorter, J.W., Helders, P.J., Uiterwall, C.S., Takken, T. (2007). Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 1075-81.
  • Verschuren, O., Ketelaar, M., Takken, T., Helders, P.J.M., Gorter, J.W. (2008). Exercise programs for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 87 (5), 404- 417.
  • Verschuren, O., Wiart, L., Ketelaar, M. (2013). Stages of change in physical activity behavior in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil (Basımda).
  • Young, N.L., Williams, J.I., Yoshida, K.K., Wright, J.G. (2000). Measurement properties of the Activities Scale for Kids. J Clin Epidemiol, 53, 125- 137
  • Young, N.L. The Activities Scale for Kids (ASK). (2007). Ontario: Laurentian University
  • Zwier, J.N., Van Schie, P.E., Becher, J.G., Smits, D.W., Gorter, J.W., Dallmeijer, A.J. (2010). Physical activity in young children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil, 32, 1501–1508.

SEREBRAL PALSİLİ BİREYLERDE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTENİN ÖNEMİ

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 1, 37 - 50, 01.05.2010

Öz

Serebral Palsi’li (SP) bireylerde fiziksel aktivite; mobilite ve biopsikososyal fonksiyonları arttırması, iyilik hissini geliştirmesi; spor ve rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımı çoğaltması açısından önemlidir. Vücut yağ oranının azaltılması ve uygunluk seviyesinin artırılması gibi fizyolojik faydalarının yanı sıra, fonksiyon ve sağlık durumunu düzelterek birey ve ailesinde olumlu psikolojik etkiler oluşturabilmektedir. Böylelikle, düzenli fiziksel aktivite, var olan fiziksel durumu geliştirme ya da korumada önemli yer tutmakta ve sağlık koşullarının yanında bu bireylerin yaşam kalitelerini de önemli ölçüde geliştirmektedir. Bu nedenle; etkin fiziksel aktivite programlarının oluşturulması, aktivite düzeylerinin doğru değerlendirilmesi gerektirmektedir. Literatürde hem normal gelişen çocuklarda, hem de SP’li çocuklarda fiziksel aktivitenin yeri vurgulanmaktadır. Bu derlemede, fiziksel aktivitenin SP’li bireylerdeki önemi ve gerekliliği ele alınmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Akgün N. (1986). Egzersiz Fizyolojisi. (2. Basım). İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • Allen, J., Dodd, K., Taylor, N., McBurney, H., Larkin, H. (2004). Strength training can be enjoyable and beneficial for adults with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil, 26
  • Bania, T., Dodd, K.J., Taylor, N. (2011). Habitual physical activity can be increased in people with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil,25,303–315.
  • Barry, M.J., Butler, C., Gardner, J.M., Girolami, G.L., Gupta, V.B., Ryan, D.F. ve diğerleri. (2001). Early Diagnosis and Interventioal Therapy in Cerebral Palsy Scherzer, A.L. (Ed).. (3. Baskı). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
  • Bell, K.L., Davies, P.S. (2010). Energy expenditure and physical activity of ambulatory children with cerebral palsy and of typically developing children. Am J Clin Nutr,92,313–319.
  • Bjornson, K.F., Belza, B., Kartin, D., Logsdon, R., McLaughlin, J.F. (2007) . Ambulatory physical activity performance in youth with cerebral palsy and youth who are developing typically. Phys Ther, 87,248–257.
  • Boreham, C., Riddoch, C. (2001). The Physical activity, fitness and health of children. Journal of Sports Sciences. 19(12), 915-929
  • Burtner, P.A., Qualls, C., Woollacott, M.H. (1998). Muscle activation characteristics of stance balance control in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Gait and Posture, 8,163-174.
  • Capio, C.M., Sit, C.H., Abernethy, B., Rotor, E.R. (2010). Physical activity measurement instruments for children with cerebralpalsy: a systematic review. 52(10),908-16.
  • Carlon, S.L., Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Shields, N. (2013). Differences in habitual physical activity levels of young people with cerebral palsy and their typically developing peers: a systematic review. Disability & Rehabilitation, 35(8), 647- 655.
  • Chen, C.L., Chen, C.Y., Liaw, M.Y., Chung, C.Y.,Wang, C.J., Hong, C.H. ( 2013). Efficacy of home-based virtual cycling training on bone mineral density in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Osteoporosis International, 24(3), 1399-1406.
  • Cheng, R.J., Liu, C.F., Lau, T.W., Hong, R.B. (2007). Effect of Treadmill Training with Body Weight Support on Gait and Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 86(7), 548-555.
  • Crocker, P.R., Bailey, D.A., Faulkner, R.A., Kowalski, K.C., McGrath, R. (1997). Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 29
  • Crompton, J., Imms, C., McCoy, A. et al. (2007). Group based task-related training for children with cerebral palsy: a pilot study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr, 27, 43–65.
  • Damiano, D.L., et al. (2001). Deficits in eccentric versus concentric torque in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Medicine and science in Sports and Exercise, 33,117-122.
  • Demuth, S.K., Knutson, L.M., Fousler, E.G. (2012). The PEDALS stationary cycling intervention and health- related quality of life in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(7), 654-661.
  • DiBiasio, P., Lewis, C.(2012). Exercise training utilizing body weight supported treadmill walking with young adult with cerebral palsy who was non-ambulatory. Physiotherapy Theory and Pract, 28(8), 641-652.
  • Dodd, K.J., Taylor, N.F., Damiano, D.L. (2002). A systematic review of the effectiveness of the strength-training programs in people with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 1157–64.
  • Dodd, J.K., Foley, S. (2007). Partial body-weight-supported treadmill training can improve walking in children with cerebral palsy: a clinical controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 49(2),101-105.
  • Durstine, J.L., Painter, P., Franklin, B.A., et al. (2000). Physical activity for the chronically ill and disabled. Sports and Medicine, 30, 207-219.
  • Ergun, N., Baltacı, G. (2006). Spor Yaralanmalarında Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Prensipleri. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Fizik Tedavi ve Rehabilitasyon Yüksekokulu:20.
  • Fragala-Pinkham, M.A., Haley, S.M., Rabin, J., Kharasch, S.V. (2005). A fitness program for children with disabilities. Physical Therapy, 85,1182-1200
  • Fung, E.B., Samson-Fang, L., Stallings, V.A., et al. (2002). Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy. J Am Diet Assoc,102,361–73.
  • Gorter, J. W., Currie, S. J. (2011). Aquatic exercise programs for children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: What do we know and where do we go?. International Journal of Pediatrics, 2011, 1-7
  • Hurvitz, E.A., Green, L.B., Hornyak, J.E., Khurana, S.R., Koch, L.G. (2008). Body Mass Index Measures in Children with Cerebral Palsy Related to Gross Motor Function Classificatio:a clinic based study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil, 8: 395- 403.
  • Jansenn, I., et al. (2005). Comparison of overweight and obesity prevelence in school- aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obesity Reviews, 6, 123-132.
  • Janz, K.F., Lutuchy, E.M., Wenthe, P., Levy, S.M. (2008). Measuring activity in children and adolescents using self-report: PAQ-C and PAQ-A. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 40, 767–72.
  • King, G., Law, M., King, S., et al. (2004). Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) and Preferences for Activities of Children (PAC). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
  • King, G., Law, M., King, S., et al. (2006). Measuring children’s participation in recreation and leisure activities: construct validation of the CAPE and PAC. Child Care Health Dev, 33, 28.
  • Kudaş, S., Ülkar, B., Erdoğan, A., Çırçı, E. (2005). Ankara ili 11-12 yaş grubu çocukların fiziksel aktivite ve bazı beslenme alışkanlıkları, Hacettepe Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 19-29.
  • Lawlor, K., Mihaylov, S., Welsh, B., Jarvis, S., Colver, A. (2006). A qualitative study of the physical, social and attitudinal environments influencing the participation of children with cerebral palsy in northeast England. Pediatr Rehabil, 9,219-28.
  • Lauruschkus, K., Westbom, L., Hallström, I., Wagner, P., (2013). Physical activity in a total population of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Res Dev Disabil, 34 (1), 157-167.
  • Li, C., Chen, S. (2012). Exploring experiences of physical activity in special school students with cerebral palsy:a qualitative perspective. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 5(1),7-12.
  • McBurney, H., Taylor, N.F., Dodd, K.J., Graham, H.K. (2003). A qualitative analysis of the benefits of strength training for young people with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 45, 658–63.
  • McDonald, C.M., Widman, L., Abresch, R.T., Walsh, S.A.,Walsh, D.D. (2005). Utility of a step activity monitor for the measurement of daily ambulatory activity in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86, 793–801.
  • Mitchell, L., Ziviani, J., Oftedal, S., Boya,l R. (2012). The effect of virtual reality interventions on physical activity in children and adolescents with early brain injuries including cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 54(7), 667-671.
  • Mitre, N., Lanningham-Foster, L., Foster, R., Levine, J.A. (2009). Pedometer accuracy for children: can we recommend them for our obese population? Pediatrics, 123,127–31.
  • Mulligan, H., Abbott, S., Clayton, P., McKegg, P., Rae, R. (2004). The outcome of a functional exercise programme in an adolescent with cerebral palsy: a single case study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 32(1), 30-38.
  • Murphy, N.A., Carbone, P.C. (2008). Promoting the participation of children with disabilities in sports, recreation and physical activities. American Academy of Pediatrics, 5,121.
  • Nedjat, J.H., Jansson, E., Bartorek, A. (2013). Physical activity in a Swedish youth and adult population with cerebral palsy. European Journal of Physiotherapy, 15(2), 70-77
  • Palisano, R.J. (2012). Physical activity of children with cerebral palsy: what are the considerations? Dev Med Child Neuro, 54(5), 390-391.
  • Pickering, D.M., Horrocks, L., Visser, K., Todd, G. (2013). Adapted bikes- what children and young people with cerebral palsy told us about their participation in adapted dynamic cycling. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 8(1), 30-37.
  • Rimmer et al. (2004). Physical activity participation among persons with disabilities: Barriers and facilitators. Am J Prev Med, 26, 419-425
  • Riquelme, I., Cifre, I., Montoya, P. (2011). Age-related changes of pain experience in cerebral palsy and healthy individuals. Pain Medicine, 12 (4), 535–545.
  • Rogers, A., Furler, B.L., Brinks, S., Darrah, J. (2008). A systematic review of the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions for children with cerebral palsy: an AACPDM evidence report. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 50(11):,808-814.
  • Rosenbaum, P., Paneth, N., Leviton, A. et al. (2006). A report: the definition and classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol, 29,8–14.
  • Saygın, Ö., Mengütay, S. (2004). Kız ve erkek çocukların fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve fiziksel aktivite yoğunluklarının değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Tıp, 12(1), 13-16.
  • Strong, W.B., Malina, R.M., Blimkie, C.J., Daniels, S.R., Dishman, R.K., Gutin, B., Hergenroeder, A.C. et al. (2005). Evidence based physical activity for school- age youth. J Pediatr, 146, 732–737.
  • Telama, R. et al. (1997). Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood. Am J Prev Med, 13(4), 317-23.
  • Telama, R. et al. (2005). Physical activity from childhood and adulthood : a 21 year tracking study. Am J Prev Med, 28(3),267-73.
  • Thompson, P., et al. (2008). Test re-test reliability of the 10 meter fast walk test and 6 minute walk test in ambulatory school aged children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neuro, 50, 370-376.
  • Thorpe, D. (2009). The role of fitness in health and disease: status of adults with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 51(4), 52-58.
  • Tudor-Locke, C., Pangrazi, R.P., Corbin, C.B., Rutherford, W.J., Vincent, S.D., Raustorp, A., Tomson, L.M., Cuddihy, T.F. (2004). BMI-referenced standards for recommended pedometer-determined steps/day in children. Prev Med, 38, 857–864.
  • Waters, R.L., Mulroy, S. (1999). The energy expenditure of normal and pathologic gait. Gait and Posture, 9, 207-231.
  • Weller, I.M.R., Corey, P.N. (1998). A study of the reliability of the Canada Fitness Survey questionnaire. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1530–6.
  • Westcott et al.(2012). Development of the early avtivity scale for endurance for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 24(3), 232-240.
  • Whalen, C. N., Case-Smith, J. (2011). Therapeutic effects of horseback riding therapy on gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 1–14.
  • Williams, C.L. et al. (2002). Cardiovascular health in childhood. Ciculation, 106, 143- 160.
  • World Health Organization (Ed.). (2013). Physical Activity. Web reference: http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/en/ Erişim: 23.05.2013.
  • Van den Berg –Emons, R.J., Van Baak, M.A., Speth, L., Saris, W.H. (1998). Physical training of school children with spastic cerebral palsy: effects on daily activity, fat mass and fitness. Int J Rehab Res, 21, 179-94.
  • Van den Berg-Emons, H.J., Saris, W.H., De Barbanson, D.C., Westerterp, K.R., Huson, A., Van Baak, M.A. (1995). Daily physical activity of schoolchildren with spastic diplegia and of healthy control subjects. J Pediatr, 127, 578–584.
  • Van Sluijs, E.M., McMinn, A.M., Griffin, S.J., (2007.) Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials. BMJ, 335, 703-7.
  • Verschuren, O., Ketelaar, M., Gorter, J.W., Helders, P.J., Uiterwall, C.S., Takken, T. (2007). Exercise training program in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 1075-81.
  • Verschuren, O., Ketelaar, M., Takken, T., Helders, P.J.M., Gorter, J.W. (2008). Exercise programs for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 87 (5), 404- 417.
  • Verschuren, O., Wiart, L., Ketelaar, M. (2013). Stages of change in physical activity behavior in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil (Basımda).
  • Young, N.L., Williams, J.I., Yoshida, K.K., Wright, J.G. (2000). Measurement properties of the Activities Scale for Kids. J Clin Epidemiol, 53, 125- 137
  • Young, N.L. The Activities Scale for Kids (ASK). (2007). Ontario: Laurentian University
  • Zwier, J.N., Van Schie, P.E., Becher, J.G., Smits, D.W., Gorter, J.W., Dallmeijer, A.J. (2010). Physical activity in young children with cerebral palsy. Disabil Rehabil, 32, 1501–1508.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Meltem Yazıcı Bu kişi benim

Mintaze Kerem Günel Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yazıcı, M., & Günel, M. K. (2010). SEREBRAL PALSİLİ BİREYLERDE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTENİN ÖNEMİ. Ufkun Ötesi Bilim Dergisi(1), 37-50.