THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE WAR IN THE LEGITIMIZATION OF POLISH FOREIGN POLICY

Öz

On 24 February 2022, Russia launched military aggression against Ukraine under the rhetoric of “Ensuring the Security of Russian Minorities in Ukraine”, which led to various regional and global problems. In this context, the increasing concern in the security perceptions of Eastern European countries has led to the forced migration of Ukrainian and Russian asylum seekers and a significant increase in the military defense expenditures of the countries in the region. Poland has used its “Big Brother” role as a tool of pressure against the European Union (EU), Germany, and NATO to resolve the anxiety and chaotic situation that the war created for the Eastern European countries. Through this pressure, Poland tried to legitimize its military and political gains. As a result of this pressure, although Poland succeeded in its military gains and increased its importance in NATO, it was not able to reduce the EU's pressure on it, nor did it receive the reparations it demanded from Germany. The main purpose of this study is to examine how the Russian-Ukrainian War, which started on 24 February 2022, played a role in the legitimation of Poland's foreign policy. In the study, a descriptive method was determined and data obtained from relevant studies, news, and statistics were utilized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Russia-Ukraine War
• Poland
• Energy
• Security
• Migration

POLONYA’NIN DIŞ POLİTİKASININ MEŞRULAŞTIRILMASINDA RUSYA-UKRAYNA SAVAŞI’NIN ROLÜ

Öz

24 Şubat 2022 tarihinde, Rusya`nın, “Ukrayna’daki Rus Azınlıkların Güvenliğini Sağlama” söylemi doğrultusunda Ukrayna’ya yönelik başlattığı askeri saldırılar, hem bölgesel, hem de küresel ölçekte çeşitli sorunları doğurmuştur. Bu bağlamda, Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinin güvenlik algılarında artan endişe, Ukraynalı ve Rusyalı sığınmacıların zorunlu göç hareketliliğini ve beraberinde bölge ülkelerinin askeri savunma harcamalarında önemli artışları getirmiştir. Polonya, savaşın Doğu Avrupa ülkeleri üzerinde oluşturduğu endişeyi ve kaotik durumu çözmeye yönelik geliştirdiği “Büyük Ağabey” rolünü, Avrupa Birliği (AB), Almanya ve NATO’ya karşı bir baskı aracı olarak kullanmıştır. Polonya, uyguladığı bu baskı yoluyla kendisinin askeri ve siyasi kazanımlarını meşrulaştırmaya çalışmıştır. Bu baskı sonucunda, Polonya, askeri kazanımlarında başarılı olmasına ve NATO’da kendi önemini artırmasına karşın, AB’nin kendisi üzerindeki baskısını azaltamadığı gibi, Almanya’dan talep ettiği tazminatı da alamamıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 24 Şubat 2022 tarihinde başlayan Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Polonya’nın dış politikasının meşrulaştırılmasında nasıl bir rol oynadığını incelemektir. Çalışmada, betimsel bir yöntem belirlenmiş, konuyla alakalı çalışmalardan, haberlerden ve istatistiklerden elde edilen verilerden faydalanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı
• Polonya
• Enerji
• Güvenlik
• Göç

Kaynakça

1. • Abdülkerimov, Bahtiyar (2022), “Ukrainian president meets counterparts from Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia”, Anadolu Ajansı, 14.04.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-war/ukrainian-president-meets-counterparts-from-poland-lithuania-latvia-estonia/2563083.
2. • Al, Arzu & Özdil, Burcu (2017), “Karadeniz’in uluslararası politik ekonomisi: Rusya ve Ukrayna ilişkilerinin yeniden analizi”, Marmara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı: 2, ss. 151-167.
3. • Alizade, Ferit (2020), “Polonya Siyasetinde Avrupacılık ve Ukrayna Politikaları”, Diplomasi ve Strateji Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı: 2, ss. 121-140.
4. • Andrianik, R. Paweł (2023), “Church in Poland’s efforts to help over two million Ukrainians”, Vatican News, 24.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-02/ukraine-war-anniversary-church-poland-aid-refugees.html.
5. • AP (2023), “EU releasing 5 billion euros to Poland by year’s end as new government works to restore rule of law”, 15.12.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://apnews.com/article/poland-european-union-money-released-d3e77b72d35638b04e547b5abc66e9dd.
6. • AP (2023), “Germany refuses WWII reparations talks, Poland turns to UN”, 03.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://apnews.com/article/politics-poland-warsaw-government-berlin-5aab10aa2e69bee76762bf76a1573b94.
7. • Applebaum, Anne (2024), “Holodomor”, Britannica, 02.01.2024, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.britannica.com/event/Holodomor.
8. • Balla, Reemul (2023), “Missile that struck Poland grain silo and killed two people in 2022 was fired by Ukraine”, Sky News, 28.09.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://news.sky.com/story/missile-that-struck-poland-grain-silo-and-killed-two-people-in-2022-was-fired-by-ukraine-12972030.

9. • Bradford Jacobs (2021), “The Fastest Growing Industries in Poland”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://bradfordjacobs.com/blog/the-fastest-growing-industries-in-poland.
10. • Britannica, “Independent Ukraine”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Independent-Ukraine,
11. • Brittanica, “Ukraine in the interwar period”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Ukraine-in-the-interwar-period.
12. • Brzeziński Bartosz (2023), “Poland’s next government to keep ban on Ukrainian grain imports”, Politico, 11.12.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.politico.eu/article/poland-government-ban-ukrainian-grain-imports-war.
13. • Burgen, Isabel, Van (2022), “Putin's Mobilization Backfires as 370,000 Flee Russia in Two Weeks”, Newsweek, 04.10.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://web.archive.org/web/20221004142339/https://www.newsweek.com/putin-mobilization-backfires-russians-flee-kazakhstan-georgia-eu-1748771.
14. • Buyar, Cengiz, & Ubeydullah, Şener (2022), “Tarihi Perspektiften, Sosyo-Ekonomik Değerler Açısından Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı ve Orta Asya Ülkelerine Etkileri.” Uluslararası Medeniyet Çalışmaları Dergisi, Cilt 7, Sayı: 2, ss. 136-149.
15. • Calamur, Krishnadev (2014), “Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point”, NPR, 27.02.2014, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/02/27/283481587/crimea-a-gift-to-ukraine-becomes-a-political-flash-point.
16. • Ciobanu, Claudia & Wielinski, T, Bartosz (2023), “Poland Becomes Destination Country For Migration”, Reporting Democracy, 22.03.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://balkaninsight.com/2023/03/22/poland-becomes-destination-country-for-migration.
17. • CNA (2022), “How Poland’s Catholics are helping refugees fleeing Ukraine”, 25.02.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250482/how-poland-s-catholics-are-helping-ukrainian-refugees.
18. • Columbia Social Work Review (2021), “Religion, Politics, and Oppression in Poland: A Call to Action”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/cswr/announcement/view/409.
19. • Cooban, Anna (2022), “Russia is ‘hemorrhaging’ millionaires”, CNN, 14.06.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/14/business/russia-millionaire-exodus/index.html.
20. • Çalışkan, Feramuz (2022), “Adım Adım Rusya Ukrayna Savaşı ve Üçüncü Tarafların Sürece Etkisi”, EURO Politika, Cilt 14, ss. 35-47.
21. • Dönmez, Hatice (2023), “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşına Giden Süreç: ‘Avrasyacılık’ Anlayışı Çerçevesinden Bir İnceleme”, International Journal of Politics and Security, Cilt 5, Sayı: 1, ss. 114-144.
22. • Ebel, Francesca & Ilyushina, Mary (2023), “Russians abandon wartime Russia in historic exodus”, The Washington Post, 13.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/02/13/russia-diaspora-war-ukraine.
23. • Election Guide (2000), “Russian Federation Election for Russian Presidency”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/1815/.
24. • Election Guide (2004), “Ukraine Election for Ukrainian Presidency”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/1957/?%27report_type=custom.
25. • Election Guide (2010), “Ukraine Election for Ukrainian Presidency”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2143/?%27report_type=custom.
26. • Erdem, Tolga (2022), “Ukrayna-Rusya Savaşının Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikalarına Yansımaları ve Etkileri”, ASEAD 10. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, ss. 398-416.
27. • Erol, M. Seyfettin & Başaran Doğacan (2022), “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Bağlamında Polonya’nın Artan Jeopolitik Önemi”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı: 1, ss. 13-39.
28. • Euronews (2018), “Polonya’da milliyetçi Katoliklik”, 09.02.2018, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2018/02/09/polonya-da-milliyetci-katoliklik.
29. • Euronews (2022), “Poland formally demands €1.3 trillion from Germany in WWII reparations”, 13.10.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.euronews.com/2022/10/03/poland-formally-demands-13-trillion-from-germany-in-wwii-reparations#:~:text=Poland%20has%20announced%20that%20it,€1.3%20trillion%20in%20damages.
30. • Euronews (2022), “Vladimir Putin recognises Ukrainian separatist regions, in escalation of tensions”, 21.02.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/21/putin-dangles-donbas-recognition-as-tensions-in-eastern-ukraine-continue-to-rise.
31. • European Commission (2010), “Polish immigration policy – opportunities and challenges for the labour market”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/polish-immigration-policy-opportunities-and-challenges-labour-market_en.
32. • European Union External Action (2021), “Seven years since Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/seven-years-russia’s-illegal-annexation-crimea_en.
33. • Eversden, Andrew (2022), “Biden admin clears potential $6 billion Abrams tank sale for Poland amid Ukraine situation”, Breaking Defense, 18.02.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/biden-admin-clears-6-billion-abrams-tank-sale-for-poland-amid-ukraine-situation.
34. • Find Easy (2023), “Poland Population 2023”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.findeasy.in/population-of-poland.
35. • Fornusek, Martin (2023), “Duda: Poland could send Ukraine older weapons after replacing them with modern arms”, The Kyiv Independent, 25.09.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://kyivindependent.com/duda-poland-to-send-ukraine-older-weapons-after-it-replaces-them-with-modern-arms.
36. • France 24 (2021), “EU court fines Poland $1.2 million per day as rule-of-law row escalates”, 27.10.2021, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211027-eu-court-fines-poland-1-2-million-per-day-as-rule-of-law-row-escalates.
37. • Garamone, Jim (2022), “U.S. to Deploy 3,000 Troops to Romania, Poland, Germany”, Mirror, 02.02.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2920844/us-to-deploy-3000-troops-to-romania-poland-germany/#:~:text=The%20United%20States%20will%20move,today%20during%20a%20news%20conference.
38. • Gilchrist, Karen & Meredith, Sam (2024), “‘Perfectly understandable’: Russia’s neighbors back Ukraine’s refusal to negotiate on peace talks”, CNBC, 16.01.2024, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/16/russias-neighbors-back-ukraines-refusal-to-negotiate-on-peace-talks.html.
39. • Goda, Norman J.W. (2010), “Who Was Stepan Bandera?”, History News Network, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/122778.
40. • Gov.pl (2023), “Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki: in very many important matters I know that Poland can count on Italy, and Italy can also count on Poland”, 20.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.pl/web/primeminister/prime-minister-mateusz-morawiecki-in-very-many-important-matters-i-know-that-poland-can-count-on-italy-and-italy-can-also-count-on-poland.
41. • Halhallı, Ozan Emin (2022), “Rusya Federasyonu ve Ukrayna Çatışmasının Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Kısa Bir Analizi”, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı: 2, ss. 442-464.
42. • Holodomor Museum, “Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/recognition-of-holodomor-as-genocide-in-the-world/#:~:text=To%20express%20solidarity%20with%20the%20Law%20of%20Ukraine%20“On%20the,genocide%20against%20the%20Ukrainian%20people.
43. • Index Mundi (2021), “Poland Demographics Profile”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.indexmundi.com/poland/demographics_profile.html.
44. • Interfax Ukraine (2024), “Japan to pledge over $100 mln to Ukraine for reconstruction”, 12.02.2024, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/966555.html.
45. • Kirby, Paul (2022), “Russia to formally annex four more areas of Ukraine”, BBC, 29.09.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63072113.
46. • Krebs, Katarina & Gigova, Radina & McCarthy, Simone & Haq, Sana, Noor (2022), “Protests, drafting mistakes and an exodus: Putin’s mobilization off to chaotic start”, CNN, 25.09.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/25/europe/russian-mobilization-putin-exodus-chaos-new-laws-intl-hnk/index.html.
47. • Kyiv Post (2023), “Poland Boosts Defense Spending in Wake of Ukraine War”, 30.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.kyivpost.com/post/11650.
48. • Le Monde (2023), “Poland delivers first Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine”, 24.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/02/24/poland-delivers-first-leopard-2-tanks-to-ukraine_6017131_4.html.
49. • Maynes, Charles (2022), “Putin is mobilizing hundreds of thousands of Russian reservists to fight in Ukraine”, NPR, 21.09.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.npr.org/2022/09/21/1124215514/putin-announces-a-partial-military-mobilization-for-russian-citizens.
50. • NATO (2023), “Member countries”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52044.htm.
51. • NTV Haber (2022), “BM'den Polonya'ya 'çifte standart' eleştirisi”, 29.07.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/bmden-polonyaya-cifte-standart-elestirisi,Y3riqLyifEiZTH9IIXbVgA.
52. • Outlook India (2022), “Poland Gets Loan From European Human Rights Group To Help Ukraine Refugees”, 24.06.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.outlookindia.com/international/poland-gets-loan-from-european-human-rights-group-to-help-ukraine-refugees-news-204425.
53. • PBS (2022), “98,000 Russians fled to Kazakhstan amid Putin’s mobilization announcement”, 27.09.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/98000-russians-fled-to-kazakhstan-amid-putins-mobilization-announcement.
54. • Poland Government, “Poland in the EU”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.pl/web/eu/poland-in-the-eu#:~:text=Poland%20has%20been%20a%20member,power%20to%20influence%20EU%20decisions.&text=The%20European%20Union%20is%20an,cover%20much%20of%20the%20continent.
55. • Polish Press Agency (2022), “Polish president says he is ready to build iron curtain, if need be”, 03.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C1529985%2Cpolish-president-says-he-ready-build-iron-curtain-if-need-be.html.
56. • Polskie Radio (2023), “FM hails ‘growing influence’ of Poland, Baltics in NATO”, 20.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/9766/artykul/3106320,fm-hails-‘growing-influence’-of-poland-baltics-in-nato.
57. • Polskie Radio (2023), “Poland builds a 300,000-strong army: defence minister”, 10.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7784/Artykul/3100507,poland-builds-a-300000strong-army-defence-minister#:~:text=Poland's%20defence%20minister%20has%20said,guard%20against%20Russia's%20imperial%20ambitions.&text=Mariusz%20Błaszczak%20made%20the%20declaration,state%20news%20agency%20PAP%20reported%20Erişim%20Tarihi%2028/04/2023.on,state%20news%20agency%20PAP%20reported.
58. • President.pl (2023), “Joint declaration by Presidents of Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania”, 11.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.president.pl/news/joint-declaration-by-presidents-of-ukraine-poland-and-lithuania,63122.
59. • Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street (2023), “Record £1.9 billion UK-Poland missile export deal set to bolster European security”, 28.04.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/record-19-billion-uk-poland-missile-export-deal-set-to-bolster-european-security.
60. • Reuters (2022), “Putin's Mobilization Backfires as 370,000 Flee Russia in Two Weeks”, 06.10.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/where-have-russians-been-fleeing-since-mobilisation-began-2022-10-06.
61. • Reuters (2023), “Germany allows Poland to export old fighter jets to Ukraine”, 13.04.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/poland-asks-germany-approve-export-old-fighter-jets-ukraine-berlin-2023-04-13.
62. • Reuters (2023), “US, Poland sign $2 billion defense loan agreement, State Dept. says”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/world/us-poland-sign-2-bln-defense-loan-agreement-state-dept-says-2023-09-25.
63. • Reuters (2023), “US State Dept OKs possible sale of Apache helicopters to Poland for $12 bln -Pentagon”, 21.08.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-state-dept-oks-possible-sale-apache-helicopters-poland-12-bln-pentagon-2023-08-21.
64. • Santolo, D. S. Alessandra (2023), “Poland's blow to Zelensky as Ukrainian refugees now have to contribute to housing”, Express, 09.03.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1744322/poland-cuts-funds-ukraine-refugees-eu-commission-funds-russia-war.
65. • Serohina, Kateryna (2023), “Poland dismisses controversial Foreign Ministry spokesperson who previously criticized Zelenskyy”, News Ukraine, 14.10.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://newsukraine.rbc.ua/news/poland-dismisses-controversial-foreign-ministry-1697304907.html.
66. • Sezer, Sevgi (2024), “Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı’nın Jeopolitik Sonuçları”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 17, Sayı: 1, ss. 158-180.
67. • SIPRI (2022), “World military expenditure passes $2 trillion for first time”, 25.04.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/world-military-expenditure-passes-2-trillion-first-time Erişim Tarihi 28/04/2023.
68. • Simply Talented (2024), “What about unemployment in 2024?”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://wearesimplytalented.com/the-job-market-in-poland-and-globally-for-the-year-2024-analysis-and-challenges/#:~:text=What%20about%20unemployment%20in%202024,5.1%25%20to%20around%204%25.
69. • Sönmez, A. Sait & Bıçakçı, Harun & Yıldırım, Cuma (2015), “Analysis of Russia-Ukraine Relations in Context of Crimea Problem”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, Cilt 1, Sayı: 3, ss. 656-670.
70. • Spectrum News (2022), “Poland and South Korea to seal $5.8 billion military deal”, 26.08.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://ny1.com/nyc/queens/ap-online/2022/08/26/poland-and-south-korea-to-seal-58-billion-military-deal.
71. • Statista (2022), “Immigration to Poland for temporary stay from 2016 to 2021, by country of origin”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/957381/poland-immigration-by-country-of-origin.
72. • Statista (2023), “Estimated number of refugees from Ukraine recorded in Europe and Asia since February 2022 as of April 18, 2023”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1312584/ukrainian-refugees-by-country.
73. • Stone, Mike & Binary Rhea (2023), “U.S. approves up to $10 bln sale of HIMARS rocket launchers, ammunition to Poland”, Reuters, 08.02.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-approves-sale-up-10-bln-sale-himars-rocket-launchers-ammunition-poland-2023-02-07.
74. • T.C. Ticaret Bakanlığı Uluslararası Anlaşmalar ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü (2022), “Polonya Ülke Profili”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://ticaret.gov.tr/data/5ed8b7b713b876d8ec73d4a6/Polonya_2023.pdf.
75. • Temizer, Selen (2023). “AB: 2022'de savaştan kaçarak AB'ye gelen 16 milyon Ukraynalıdan 11 milyonu geri döndü”, Anadolu Ajansı, 08.03.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ab-2022de-savastan-kacarak-abye-gelen-16-milyon-ukraynalidan-11-milyonu-geri-dondu-/2840428.
76. • The First News (2022), “Polish support for Ukraine comes to EUR 8.5 bln”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/polish-support-for-ukraine-comes-to-eur-85-bln-35292.
77. • The Guardian (2023), “German president asks Poland for forgiveness at WW2 ceremony”, 19.04.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/19/german-president-asks-for-forgiveness-on-warsaw-ghetto-uprising-anniversary.
78. • The New Arab (2022), “Ukraine: Canada sending 150 troops to Poland to help refugees fleeing Russian invasion”, 14.04.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.newarab.com/news/ukraine-canada-send-150-troops-poland-aid-refugees.
79. • Tilles, Daniel (2023), “Polish ruling party passes resolution condemning EU migrant relocation plan and announces referendum”, NFP, 15.06.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/06/15/polish-ruling-party-passes-resolution-condemning-eu-migrant-relocation-plan-and-calls-for-referendum.
80. • Trading Economics (2022), “Military Expenditure”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://tradingeconomics.com.
81. • Trading Economics (2022), “Poland Military Expenditure”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://tradingeconomics.com/poland/military-expenditure.
82. • TRT Haber (2022), “ABD'den Polonya'ya 3,75 milyar dolarlık tank ve askeri mühimmat satışına onay”, 07.12.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/guncel/abdden-polonyaya-375-milyar-dolarlik-tank-ve-askeri-muhimmat-satisina-onay-728961.html.
83. • TRT Haber (2022), “Polonya Rus oligarkların 33 milyon 700 bin euroluk mal varlıklarını dondurdu”, 24.03.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonya-rus-oligarklarin-33-milyon-700-bin-euroluk-mal-varliklarini-dondurdu-666691.html.
84. • TRT Haber (2022), “Polonya, Ukrayna'ya savaş uçağı göndermeyecek”, 07.03.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonya-ukraynaya-savas-ucagi-gondermeyecek-661529.html.
85. • TRT Haber (2022), “Polonya'daki ABD askeri üssü genişletiliyor”, 08.11.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonyadaki-abd-askeri-ussu-genisletiliyor-721996.html.
86. • TRT Haber (2022), “Polonya'dan Rus şirketlerine ve iş adamlarına yaptırım kararı”, 26.04.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonyadan-rus-sirketlerine-ve-is-adamlarina-yaptirim-karari-675967.html.
87. • TRT Haber (2022), “Ukrayna, İngiltere ve Polonya'dan üçlü ittifak”, 18.02.2022, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/ukrayna-ingiltere-ve-polonyadan-uclu-ittifak-655964.html.
88. • TRT Haber (2023), “İngiltere ve Polonya, Ukrayna'da 700 kişilik geçici köy evleri inşa edecek”, 28.03.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/ingiltere-ve-polonya-ukraynada-700-kisilik-gecici-koy-evleri-insa-edecek-756577.html.
89. • TRT Haber (2023), “Polonya Parlamentosunun alt kanadı, AB'nin şart koştuğu yasal reformu onayladı”, 13.01.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonya-parlamentosunun-alt-kanadi-abnin-sart-kostugu-yasal-reformu-onayladi-738001.html.
90. • TRT Haber (2023), “Polonya'dan Ukrayna'ya veto: Milyarlarca dolara satın aldığımız silahlarımızı devredemeyiz”, 22.09.2023, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/polonyadan-ukraynaya-veto-milyarlarca-dolara-satin-aldigimiz-silahlarimizi-devredemeyiz-797481.html.
91. • United Nations Peacemaker (2014), “Seven years since Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://peacemaker.un.org/UA-ceasefire-2014.
92. • Ünalmış, A. Nafiz & Şafak, Oğuz (2019), “Karadeniz’de Rusya-ABD Rekabeti ve Ukrayna Krizi”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı: 7, ss. 1-10.
93. • World Bank (2021), “GDP (current US$)-Poland”, Erişim Tarihi: 17.02.2024, Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=PL.