TWO NATIONS, ONE DIVIDE: EXAMINING THE ROOTS OF POLITICAL POLARIZATION IN TÜRKİYE AND THE UNITED STATES

Öz

Many factors have contributed to the global rise of political polarization in recent years – such as the electoral successes of populist leaders, the emergence of social media-based echo chambers, rising economic insecurities, and an intensifying rivalry between globalists and nationalists worldwide. In this context, a comparative study of polarization in the U.S. (United States of America) and Türkiye offers an intriguing opportunity. Examining the similarities and differences between their experiences may teach researchers a lot about the origins of polarization, its adverse effects on democratic governance and potential solutions. The Republicans and the Democrats in the U.S. have grown more ideologically opposed during the past decade in particular, leading to political violence as became evident with the 6th January 2021 Capitol Riot and the 13th July 2024 assassination attempt targeting Donald Trump. A great schism has also shaped Turkish politics as the long reign of the AKP (Justice and Development Party) since 2002 has polarized secularists and Islamists as well as Kurdish and Turkish nationalists. It will be argued that while authoritarian inclinations, political institutions, and historical legacies are distinctive to each setting; identity politics, economic inequalities, and social media driven echo chambers are major commonalities. A number of insights on reducing polarization will be derived from this comparative analysis, namely the need to build coalitions of parties/social movements representing different ideologies, reducing economic inequality, encouraging inclusive government, and promoting media diversity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Political Polarization
• Populism
• Democratic Erosion
• Türkiye
• United States

İKİ MİLLET, BİR AYRIM: TÜRKİYE VE ABD’DE SİYASİ KUTUPLAŞMANIN KÖKENLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Öz

Popülist liderlerin seçim başarıları, sosyal medya temelli yankı odalarının ortaya çıkışı, artan ekonomik güvensizlikler ve küreselciler ile milliyetçiler arasında yoğunlaşan rekabet gibi pek çok faktör son yıllarda siyasi kutuplaşmanın dünya çapında yükselişine yol açtı. Bu bağlamda, ABD (Amerika Birleşik Devletleri) ve Türkiye’deki kutuplaşma olgusunun karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi bize değerli bir fırsat sunmaktadır. Deneyimleri arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları incelemek; araştırmacılara kutuplaşmanın kökenleri, demokratik yönetimler üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri ve kutuplaşmayı azaltıcı olası çözümler hakkında çok şey öğretebilir. ABD’de Cumhuriyetçiler ve Demokratlar arasında özellikle son on yılda derin bir ideolojik uçurum oluştu ve bu durum, 6 Ocak 2021 Capitol İsyanı ve Donald Trump’a yönelik 13 Temmuz 2024’teki suikast girişiminde açıkça görüldüğü üzere siyasi şiddete de yol açtı. AKP’nin (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) 2002’den bu yana süren uzun hegemonyası ise, laikler ve İslamcıların yanı sıra Kürt ve Türk milliyetçileri arasında da çekişmelere neden oldu; böylelikle 2000’li yılların başından bu yana kutuplaşma meselesi Türk siyasetini şekillendiren temel bir olgu haline geldi. Otoriter eğilimler, siyasi kurumlar ve tarihi miraslar iki ülke arasında farklılıklar gösterirken, kimlik siyasetinin yükselişi, ekonomik adaletsizlikler ve sosyal medyanın yönlendirdiği yankı odalarının belirmesi başlıca ortak noktalarıdır. Bu karşılaştırmalı analizde söz konusu ülkelerde ve dünya çağında kutuplaşmanın azaltılmasına ilişkin faydalı öneriler elde edilecektir ve bunların başında farklı ideolojileri temsil eden partiler/toplumsal hareketlerden oluşan koalisyonlar kurmanın gerekliliği, ekonomik eşitsizliği azaltma, kapsayıcı hükümet tarzını teşvik etme ve medya çeşitliliğini sağlamak gelmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kutuplaşma
• Popülizm
• Demokratik Erozyon
• Türkiye
• ABD

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