Araştırma Makalesi
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AVRUPA DÖNGÜSEL EKONOMİSİNİN KAPSAMLI BİR ANALİZİ: AVRUPA ÜLKELERİ NE KADAR DÖNGÜSEL?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 203 - 226, 20.02.2025

Öz

Ekonomik ve ticari faaliyetlerin sürdürülmesi, üretim ve tüketimin küresel ekonominin vazgeçilmez ve temel süreçleri olması nedeniyle, dünya çapında üretilen atıkların toplamı endişe verici bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Doğrusal ekonominin artan tehdit edici sonuçlarının farkında olan Avrupa Birliği (AB), hammadde çıkarımını azaltmak ve birincil malzemelerin geri dönüşümünü artırmak için Döngüsel Ekonomi (CE) modelini genişletme eğilimindedir. Bu makale, Döngüsel Ekonomi modelinin Avrupa’daki kapsamını ve gelişimini incelemektedir. Araştırma sorularımız şunlardır: AB ülkeleri ne kadar döngüseldir? Avrupa toplamında ve her AB üye ülkesinde döngüsellik oranı nedir? Döngüsel ekonomi modelini uygulamada hangi ülkeler daha başarılıdır ve geri dönüşüm ve yeniden kullanım için en önemli ve uygun sektörler hangileridir? Çalışmamızda öncelikle AB’deki politikaların analizi yapılmış olup, ilgili belge ve dokümanlar ile yasal çerçeve sunularak AB politika verileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmamızın nicel araştırma kısmında ise 2004 ile 2022 yılları arasında Avrupa genelindeki ve her AB ülkesindeki döngüsellik oranları değerlendirilmiş olup, döngüsel ekonominin Avrupa'daki başarıları sektörel bazda incelenmiştir. Neticede, Avrupa’da son yıllardaki nispeten yüksek ve yükselen döngüsellik seviyesine rağmen döngüsel ekonomideki büyüme oranının, AB'nin 2030 hedeflerine ulaşmak için yeterli olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • • Bocken, Nancy M. P. & De Pauw, Ingrid & Bakker, Conny & Van Der Grinten, Bram (2016), “Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy”, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, Vol. 33, no: 5, pp. 308-320.
  • • Calisto Friant, M. & Vermeulen, W. J. V. & Salomone, R. (2021), “Analysing European Union circular economy policies: words versus actions”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 27, pp. 337-353.
  • • Camilleri, Mark Anthony (2019), “The Circular Economy’s Closed Loop and Product Service Systems for Sustainable Development: A Review and Appraisal”, Sustainable Development, Vol. 27, no: 3, pp. 530-536.
  • • Camilleri, Mark Anthony (2020), “European Environment Policy for The Circular Economy: Implications for Business and Industry Stakeholders”, Sustainable Development, Vol. 28, no: 6, pp. 1804-1812.
  • • Circle Economy Foundation Report (2024), The Circularity Gap Report 2023, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023
  • • Ellen MacArthur Foundation, “What is a Circular Economy”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview
  • • European Commission (2015), “First Circular Economy Action Plan”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/circular-economy/first-circular-economy-action-plan_en
  • • European Commission (2020), “Circular Economy Action Plan”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en
  • • European Commission (2023), “Improved circular economy monitoring framework now live”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20230515-1
  • • European Environment Agency (2020), “The Bellagio Declaration Circular Economy Monitoring Principles”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/waste/measuring-europes-circular-economy/BellagioDeclaration.pdf
  • • European Environment Agency (2023), “Accelerating the Circular Economy in Europe: State and Outlook 2024”, 21.03.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/accelerating-the-circular-economy
  • • European Parliament Research Service (2023), “Circular Economy: Definition, Importance and Benefits”, Date of Accession: 15.10.2024 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20230927PHT05951/20230927PHT05951_original.png.
  • • Fitch-Roy, Oscar & Benson, David & Monciardini, David (2020), “Going around in circles? Conceptual Recycling, Patching and Policy Layering in The EU Circular Economy Package”, Environmental Politics, Vol. 29, no: 6, pp. 983-1003.
  • • Hagelüken, Christian & Lee-Shin, Ji Un & Carpentier, Annick & Heron, Chris (2016), “The EU Circular Economy and Its Relevance to Metal Recycling”, Recycling, Vol. 1, no: 2, pp. 242-253.
  • • Hartley, Kris & Van Santen, Ralf & Kirchherr, Julian (2020), “Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU)”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 155, pp. 1-10.
  • • Interreg Central Europe (2024), “Circular Material Use Rate in Europe”, 11.06.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.interreg-central.eu/news/circular-material-use-rate-in-europe/#:~:text=Although%20the%20EU's%20CMUR%20has,consumption%20has%20remained%20rather%20stable
  • • Kirchherr, Julian & Piscicelli, Laure & Bour, Ruben & Kostense-Smit, Erica & Muller, Jennifer & Huibrechtse-Truijens, Anne & Hekkert, Marko (2018), “Barriers to the circular economy: Evidence from the European Union (EU)”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 150, pp. 264-272.
  • • Kirchherr, Julian & Yang, Nan-Hua Najda & Schulze-Spüntrup, Frederik & Heerink, Maarten J. & Hartley, Kris (2023), “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 194, pp. 1-32.
  • • Marino, Alfonso & Pariso, Paolo (2020), “Comparing European Countries' Performances in the Transition Towards the Circular Economy”, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 729, pp. 1-12.
  • • Mazur Wierzbicka, Ewa (2021), “Circular economy: advancement of European Union countries”, Environmental Sciences Europe, Vol. 33, no: 111, pp. 1-15.
  • • Mhatre, Purva & Panchal, Rohit & Singh, Anju & Bibyan, Shyam (2021), “A Systematic Literature Review on the Circular Economy Initiatives in the European Union”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 26, pp. 187-202.
  • • Michelini, Gustavo & Moraes, Renato N. & Cunha, Renata N. & Costa, Janaina M.H. & Ometto, Aldo R. (2017), “From Linear to Circular Economy: PSS Conducting the Transition”, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 64, pp. 2-6.
  • • Mihai, Mihaela & Todose, Daniela Manea & Titan, Emilia & Vasile, Valentina (2018), “Correlations in the European Circular Economy”, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, Vol. 52, no: 4, pp. 61-78.
  • • Milios, Leonidas (2018), “Advancing to a Circular Economy: Three Essential Ingredients for a Comprehensive Policy Mix”, Sustainability Science, Vol. 13, pp. 861-878.
  • • Pardo, Romain & Schweitzer, Jean-Pierre “A Long-term Strategy for a European Circular Economy – Setting the Course for Success”, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/think_2030_circular_economy.pdf
  • • Statista, “Circular Material Use Rate In The European Union 2010-2022”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1316475/circular-material-use-rate-in-european-union-by-country/
  • • World Economic Forum (2022), “What Is the Circular Economy, and Why Does It Matter That It Is Shrinking?”, 14.06.2022, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/what-is-the-circular-economy/
  • • World Resources Forum (2024), “Where Next for Circular Economy Monitoring? An Overview of European Developments”, 23.01.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.wrforum.org/wrf23/where-next-for-circular-economy-monitoring-an-overview-of-european-developments/
  • • Yuan, Xueliang & Wang, Xujiang & Zuo, Jian (2013), “Renewable Energy in Buildings in China— A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.

A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN CIRCULAR ECONOMY: HOW CIRCULAR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 203 - 226, 20.02.2025

Öz

As the pursuit of economic and commercial activities, production and consumption are fundamental and indispensable processes of the global economy, the total waste generated becomes an alarming issue worldwide. The European Union (EU), aware of the increasingly threatening consequences of the linear economy, tends to expand the Circular Economy (CE) model to reduce raw material extraction and increase the recycling of primary materials. This article explores the scope and evolution of the Circular Economy model in Europe. Our research questions are as follows: How circular are EU member states? What is the circularity rate in Europe and each EU member state? Which countries are more successful in implementing the circular economy model and what are the most important and suitable sectors for recycling and reuse? We examine the policy data through the EU, first by evaluating the policy analysis in the EU, presenting the relevant documents and regulatory framework in the EU. Then we use quantitative data to assess the circularity rate in Europe and each EU country between 2004 and 2022 and explore the achievements of CE in Europe by sectorial materials. Our findings indicate that despite the relatively high and rising circularity level in Europe, the current growth rate in the circular economy is not sufficient to reach the EU’s 2030 objectives.

Kaynakça

  • • Bocken, Nancy M. P. & De Pauw, Ingrid & Bakker, Conny & Van Der Grinten, Bram (2016), “Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy”, Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, Vol. 33, no: 5, pp. 308-320.
  • • Calisto Friant, M. & Vermeulen, W. J. V. & Salomone, R. (2021), “Analysing European Union circular economy policies: words versus actions”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 27, pp. 337-353.
  • • Camilleri, Mark Anthony (2019), “The Circular Economy’s Closed Loop and Product Service Systems for Sustainable Development: A Review and Appraisal”, Sustainable Development, Vol. 27, no: 3, pp. 530-536.
  • • Camilleri, Mark Anthony (2020), “European Environment Policy for The Circular Economy: Implications for Business and Industry Stakeholders”, Sustainable Development, Vol. 28, no: 6, pp. 1804-1812.
  • • Circle Economy Foundation Report (2024), The Circularity Gap Report 2023, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.circularity-gap.world/2023
  • • Ellen MacArthur Foundation, “What is a Circular Economy”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/topics/circular-economy-introduction/overview
  • • European Commission (2015), “First Circular Economy Action Plan”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/circular-economy/first-circular-economy-action-plan_en
  • • European Commission (2020), “Circular Economy Action Plan”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://environment.ec.europa.eu/strategy/circular-economy-action-plan_en
  • • European Commission (2023), “Improved circular economy monitoring framework now live”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/wdn-20230515-1
  • • European Environment Agency (2020), “The Bellagio Declaration Circular Economy Monitoring Principles”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/waste/measuring-europes-circular-economy/BellagioDeclaration.pdf
  • • European Environment Agency (2023), “Accelerating the Circular Economy in Europe: State and Outlook 2024”, 21.03.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/accelerating-the-circular-economy
  • • European Parliament Research Service (2023), “Circular Economy: Definition, Importance and Benefits”, Date of Accession: 15.10.2024 from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/images/20230927PHT05951/20230927PHT05951_original.png.
  • • Fitch-Roy, Oscar & Benson, David & Monciardini, David (2020), “Going around in circles? Conceptual Recycling, Patching and Policy Layering in The EU Circular Economy Package”, Environmental Politics, Vol. 29, no: 6, pp. 983-1003.
  • • Hagelüken, Christian & Lee-Shin, Ji Un & Carpentier, Annick & Heron, Chris (2016), “The EU Circular Economy and Its Relevance to Metal Recycling”, Recycling, Vol. 1, no: 2, pp. 242-253.
  • • Hartley, Kris & Van Santen, Ralf & Kirchherr, Julian (2020), “Policies for transitioning towards a circular economy: Expectations from the European Union (EU)”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 155, pp. 1-10.
  • • Interreg Central Europe (2024), “Circular Material Use Rate in Europe”, 11.06.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.interreg-central.eu/news/circular-material-use-rate-in-europe/#:~:text=Although%20the%20EU's%20CMUR%20has,consumption%20has%20remained%20rather%20stable
  • • Kirchherr, Julian & Piscicelli, Laure & Bour, Ruben & Kostense-Smit, Erica & Muller, Jennifer & Huibrechtse-Truijens, Anne & Hekkert, Marko (2018), “Barriers to the circular economy: Evidence from the European Union (EU)”, Ecological Economics, Vol. 150, pp. 264-272.
  • • Kirchherr, Julian & Yang, Nan-Hua Najda & Schulze-Spüntrup, Frederik & Heerink, Maarten J. & Hartley, Kris (2023), “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions”, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 194, pp. 1-32.
  • • Marino, Alfonso & Pariso, Paolo (2020), “Comparing European Countries' Performances in the Transition Towards the Circular Economy”, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 729, pp. 1-12.
  • • Mazur Wierzbicka, Ewa (2021), “Circular economy: advancement of European Union countries”, Environmental Sciences Europe, Vol. 33, no: 111, pp. 1-15.
  • • Mhatre, Purva & Panchal, Rohit & Singh, Anju & Bibyan, Shyam (2021), “A Systematic Literature Review on the Circular Economy Initiatives in the European Union”, Sustainable Production and Consumption, Vol. 26, pp. 187-202.
  • • Michelini, Gustavo & Moraes, Renato N. & Cunha, Renata N. & Costa, Janaina M.H. & Ometto, Aldo R. (2017), “From Linear to Circular Economy: PSS Conducting the Transition”, Procedia CIRP, Vol. 64, pp. 2-6.
  • • Mihai, Mihaela & Todose, Daniela Manea & Titan, Emilia & Vasile, Valentina (2018), “Correlations in the European Circular Economy”, Economic Computation and Economic Cybernetics Studies and Research, Vol. 52, no: 4, pp. 61-78.
  • • Milios, Leonidas (2018), “Advancing to a Circular Economy: Three Essential Ingredients for a Comprehensive Policy Mix”, Sustainability Science, Vol. 13, pp. 861-878.
  • • Pardo, Romain & Schweitzer, Jean-Pierre “A Long-term Strategy for a European Circular Economy – Setting the Course for Success”, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://circulareconomy.europa.eu/platform/sites/default/files/think_2030_circular_economy.pdf
  • • Statista, “Circular Material Use Rate In The European Union 2010-2022”, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1316475/circular-material-use-rate-in-european-union-by-country/
  • • World Economic Forum (2022), “What Is the Circular Economy, and Why Does It Matter That It Is Shrinking?”, 14.06.2022, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/what-is-the-circular-economy/
  • • World Resources Forum (2024), “Where Next for Circular Economy Monitoring? An Overview of European Developments”, 23.01.2024, Date of Accession: 07.09.2024 from https://www.wrforum.org/wrf23/where-next-for-circular-economy-monitoring-an-overview-of-european-developments/
  • • Yuan, Xueliang & Wang, Xujiang & Zuo, Jian (2013), “Renewable Energy in Buildings in China— A review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 24, pp. 1-8.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa ve Bölge Çalışmaları, Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Dilara Sülün

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Şubat 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Sülün, Dilara. “A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN CIRCULAR ECONOMY: HOW CIRCULAR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE?”. UPA Strategic Affairs 6, sy. 1 (Şubat 2025): 203-26.