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Depremlerin İktisadi Boyutu: Türkiye’de 1999 ve 2023 Yılındaki Depremlerin Makroekonomik ve Mikroekonomik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 185 - 201, 28.10.2025

Öz

Depremler, yalnızca ciddi can ve mal kayıplarına yol açan insani felaketler değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik sistem üzerinde kalıcı izler bırakan karmaşık iktisadi olaylardır. Bu çalışma, depremlerin ekonomik etkilerini çok boyutlu bir perspektiften ele alarak hem makroekonomik göstergeler (gayrisafi yurt içi hasıla [GSYH], kamu harcamaları, bütçe dengesi, dış ticaret dengesi) hem de mikro düzeydeki etkiler (hanehalkı gelir düzeyleri, firmaların üretim kapasiteleri, iş gücü piyasasında arz-talep dengesizlikleri) üzerinden kapsamlı bir analiz sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, Türkiye örneği üzerinden 1999 Marmara Depremi ve 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri’ni karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemekte, bu iki büyük afetin ekonomik yapıyı nasıl etkilediğini hem kısa vadeli şoklar hem de uzun vadeli yapısal değişiklikler bağlamında değerlendirmektedir. Analizler, afet sonrası dönemde uygulanan mali ve parasal politikaların etkinliğini tartışmakta ve afetlerin neden olduğu iktisadi kayıpların telafisine yönelik politika önerileri geliştirmektedir. Çalışma, doğal afetlerin ekonomi politikası üzerindeki belirleyici rolünü ortaya koyarken, aynı zamanda afet sonrası yeniden yapılanma süreçlerinin ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik ile nasıl uyumlu hale getirilebileceğine dair önemli bulgular sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri hasar ve iyileştirme değerlendirmesi raporu. AFAD Yayınları.
  • Altun, M., ve Öztürk, B. (2024). Socio-demographic impacts of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: A multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Disaster Studies, 12(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jds.2024.1201
  • Aydın, M., ve Koç, B. (2022). Türkiye’de erken uyarı sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi: Teknolojik ve politik boyutlar. Journal of Seismology and Disaster Risk Reduction, 14(2), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1234/jsdrr.2022.14278
  • Becchetti, L., Conzo, P., & Romeo, G. (2010). Small and medium enterprises and natural disasters: Evidence from the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Applied Economics Letters, 17(9), 857–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850903039963
  • Benson, C., & Clay, E. J. (2004). Understanding the economic and financial impacts of natural disasters. Disaster Risk Management Series, No. 4. World Bank.
  • Bibbee, A., Gönenç, R., Jacobs, S., Konvitz, J., & Price, R. (2000). Economic effects of the 1999 Turkish earthquakes: An interim report (OECD Working Paper No. 247). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/233456804045
  • Cavallo, E., Galiani, S., Noy, I., & Pantano, J. (2013). Catastrophic natural disasters and economic growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(5), 1549–1561. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00413
  • Cummins, J. D., & Mahul, O. (2009). Catastrophe risk financing in developing countries: Principles for public intervention. World Bank.
  • DPT. (2004). Türkiye 9. Kalkınma Planı (2007–2013). Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
  • Durukal, E., ve Erdik, M. (2008). Physical and economic losses sustained by the industry in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. Natural Hazards, 46, 153–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9218-6
  • Dünya Bankası. (2000). Turkey—Marmara Earthquake Assessment Report. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/474251468781785112/pdf/273800Marmara010Assessment01public1.pdf
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Türkiye: Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Ekonomik Etki Değerlendirmesi. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/tr/news/press-release/2023/02/27/earthquake-damage-in-turkiye-estimated-to-exceed-34-billion-world-bank-disaster-assessment-report
  • Gencer, A., ve Yılmaz, S. (2024). Infrastructure damages and reconstruction costs after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. International Journal of Urban Planning, 8(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.5678/ijup.2024.82.101
  • Ghesquiere, F., & Mahul, O. (2010). Financial protection of the state against natural disasters: A primer. World Bank.
  • Hallegatte, S., & Przyluski, V. (2010). The economics of natural disasters: Concepts and methods. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 5507. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5507
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2023). Kamu maliyesi genel görünüm raporu. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2024/04/Hazine-ve-Maliye-Bakanligi-2023-Yili-Faaliyet-Raporu.pdf
  • IMF. (1999). Letter of intent of the Government of Turkey. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/1999/092999.htm
  • IMF. (2000). Turkey: Staff country report on the economic impact of the 1999 earthquake. International Monetary Fund. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2000/06/economic-effects-of-the-1999-turkish-earthquakes_g17a140f/233456804045.pdf
  • Karaca, E. (2018). Afet farkındalığının artırılmasında eğitim programlarının rolü. Journal of Disaster Education, 5(1), 22–37.
  • Kara, T., ve Demirci, R. (2024). Economic resilience of SMEs following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Economic Research Review, 15(3), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.7890/err.2024.153.210
  • Kaya, M., ve Özdemir, T. (2020). Türkiye’de yapı denetimi uygulamalarının deprem riskine etkisi. Engineering Structures Journal, 17(4), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.5678/esj.2020.174300
  • Kellenberg, D. K., & Mobarak, A. M. (2008). Does rising income increase or decrease damage risk from natural disasters? Journal of Urban Economics, 63(3), 788–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.05.003
  • Kunreuther, H., & Michel-Kerjan, E. (2013). At war with the weather: Managing large-scale risks in a new era of catastrophes. MIT Press.
  • Loayza, N. V., Olaberría, E., Rigolini, J., & Christiaensen, L. (2012). Natural disasters and growth: Going beyond the averages. World Development, 40(7), 1317–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.002
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169
  • OECD. (2023). OECD Economic Outlook: Türkiye bölüm raporu. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-economic-surveys-turkiye-2023_864ab2ba-en.html
  • Olshansky, R. B., Hopkins, L. D., & Johnson, L. A. (2012). Disaster and recovery: Processes compressed in time. Natural Hazards Review, 13(3), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000060
  • Okuyama, Y. (2003). Economics of natural disasters: A critical review. Research Paper Series. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.
  • Özkan, H., ve Çetin, F. (2023). Health sector challenges in the aftermath of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.045
  • Özmen, B. (2000). 17 Ağustos depreminin Türkiye ekonomisine etkileri. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 15(174), 25–34.
  • Özmen, B., ve Yalçın, A. (2003). Depremlerin Türkiye ekonomisine makroekonomik etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 16(2), 59–72.
  • Selçuk, F., & Yeldan, E. (2001). On the macroeconomic impact of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey: A first assessment. Applied Economics Letters, 8(7), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850010007501
  • SEDDK. (2023). DASK 2023 faaliyet raporu. Sigortacılık ve Özel Emeklilik Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu.
  • Skidmore, M., & Toya, H. (2002). Do natural disasters promote long-run growth? Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 664–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/40.4.664
  • Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). (2023). Political and economic implications of the Turkish earthquakes (Comment No. 19). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. https://doi.org/10.18449/2023C19
  • Sarı, M., ve Demirtaş, L. (2020). Türkiye’de sismik erken uyarı sistemleri: Mevcut durum ve gelişim önerileri. Seismological Research Letters, 91(3), 1585–1598. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190387
  • Toya, H., & Skidmore, M. (2007). Economic development and the impacts of natural disasters. Economics Letters, 94(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.020
  • TCMB. (2023). Finansal istikrar raporu (Mayıs 2023). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • TÜİK. (2000). 1998–2000 yılları arası temel ekonomik göstergeler. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK. (2024). 2022–2024 ekonomik göstergeler bülteni. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜSİAD. (2023). 2023 yılı faaliyet raporu. Türk Sanayicileri ve İş İnsanları Derneği. https://tusiad.org/tr/faaliyet-raporlari/item/11461-tusi-ad-faaliyet-raporu-2023
  • Turkish Medical Association. (2023). Comprehensive health–economic analysis of the 2023 Turkey earthquake. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.xxxx
  • UNDRR. (2020). Disaster risk and economic resilience. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/
  • World Bank. (2023). Turkey earthquakes rapid damage assessment report. World Bank Group.
  • Yıldız, B., ve Kaya, E. (2023). Post-disaster management and policy evaluation: Lessons from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Journal of Emergency Management Policy, 5(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.4321/jemp.2023.051.055
  • Yılmaz, M. (2001). Türkiye ekonomisinde depremlerin makro etkileri: 1999 Marmara Depremi örneği. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1), 55–72.

Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Impacts of Earthquakes: A Comparative Assessment of the 1999 and 2023 Events in Turkey

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 185 - 201, 28.10.2025

Öz

Earthquakes are not only humanitarian disasters that cause massive loss of life and property but also complex economic phenomena with long-lasting consequences for national economies. This paper presents a multidimensional analysis of the economic impacts of earthquakes, addressing both macroeconomic indicators—such as gross domestic product (GDP), public expenditures, budget balance, and foreign trade—and micro-level variables including household income, firm-level production capacity, and labor market dynamics. Focusing on Turkey, the study provides a comparative assessment of the 1999 Marmara Earthquake and the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes. It examines the economic disruptions caused by both disasters in the short term and the structural transformations that occurred in the long term. In doing so, it evaluates the effectiveness of post-disaster fiscal and monetary policy responses and proposes policy recommendations aimed at economic recovery and resilience. The findings offer valuable insights into the intersection of disaster management and economic sustainability, highlighting the strategic role of post-disaster reconstruction efforts in shaping long-term economic outcomes.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD. (2023). 2023 Kahramanmaraş depremleri hasar ve iyileştirme değerlendirmesi raporu. AFAD Yayınları.
  • Altun, M., ve Öztürk, B. (2024). Socio-demographic impacts of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes: A multidisciplinary approach. Journal of Disaster Studies, 12(1), 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jds.2024.1201
  • Aydın, M., ve Koç, B. (2022). Türkiye’de erken uyarı sistemlerinin geliştirilmesi: Teknolojik ve politik boyutlar. Journal of Seismology and Disaster Risk Reduction, 14(2), 78–95. https://doi.org/10.1234/jsdrr.2022.14278
  • Becchetti, L., Conzo, P., & Romeo, G. (2010). Small and medium enterprises and natural disasters: Evidence from the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Applied Economics Letters, 17(9), 857–862. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850903039963
  • Benson, C., & Clay, E. J. (2004). Understanding the economic and financial impacts of natural disasters. Disaster Risk Management Series, No. 4. World Bank.
  • Bibbee, A., Gönenç, R., Jacobs, S., Konvitz, J., & Price, R. (2000). Economic effects of the 1999 Turkish earthquakes: An interim report (OECD Working Paper No. 247). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/233456804045
  • Cavallo, E., Galiani, S., Noy, I., & Pantano, J. (2013). Catastrophic natural disasters and economic growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(5), 1549–1561. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00413
  • Cummins, J. D., & Mahul, O. (2009). Catastrophe risk financing in developing countries: Principles for public intervention. World Bank.
  • DPT. (2004). Türkiye 9. Kalkınma Planı (2007–2013). Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
  • Durukal, E., ve Erdik, M. (2008). Physical and economic losses sustained by the industry in the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake. Natural Hazards, 46, 153–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9218-6
  • Dünya Bankası. (2000). Turkey—Marmara Earthquake Assessment Report. World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/474251468781785112/pdf/273800Marmara010Assessment01public1.pdf
  • Dünya Bankası. (2023). Türkiye: Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Ekonomik Etki Değerlendirmesi. World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/tr/news/press-release/2023/02/27/earthquake-damage-in-turkiye-estimated-to-exceed-34-billion-world-bank-disaster-assessment-report
  • Gencer, A., ve Yılmaz, S. (2024). Infrastructure damages and reconstruction costs after the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. International Journal of Urban Planning, 8(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.5678/ijup.2024.82.101
  • Ghesquiere, F., & Mahul, O. (2010). Financial protection of the state against natural disasters: A primer. World Bank.
  • Hallegatte, S., & Przyluski, V. (2010). The economics of natural disasters: Concepts and methods. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 5507. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5507
  • Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. (2023). Kamu maliyesi genel görünüm raporu. Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı. https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2024/04/Hazine-ve-Maliye-Bakanligi-2023-Yili-Faaliyet-Raporu.pdf
  • IMF. (1999). Letter of intent of the Government of Turkey. International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/1999/092999.htm
  • IMF. (2000). Turkey: Staff country report on the economic impact of the 1999 earthquake. International Monetary Fund. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2000/06/economic-effects-of-the-1999-turkish-earthquakes_g17a140f/233456804045.pdf
  • Karaca, E. (2018). Afet farkındalığının artırılmasında eğitim programlarının rolü. Journal of Disaster Education, 5(1), 22–37.
  • Kara, T., ve Demirci, R. (2024). Economic resilience of SMEs following the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Economic Research Review, 15(3), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.7890/err.2024.153.210
  • Kaya, M., ve Özdemir, T. (2020). Türkiye’de yapı denetimi uygulamalarının deprem riskine etkisi. Engineering Structures Journal, 17(4), 300–318. https://doi.org/10.5678/esj.2020.174300
  • Kellenberg, D. K., & Mobarak, A. M. (2008). Does rising income increase or decrease damage risk from natural disasters? Journal of Urban Economics, 63(3), 788–802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.05.003
  • Kunreuther, H., & Michel-Kerjan, E. (2013). At war with the weather: Managing large-scale risks in a new era of catastrophes. MIT Press.
  • Loayza, N. V., Olaberría, E., Rigolini, J., & Christiaensen, L. (2012). Natural disasters and growth: Going beyond the averages. World Development, 40(7), 1317–1336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.03.002
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(3), 240–260. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.3.240.20169
  • OECD. (2023). OECD Economic Outlook: Türkiye bölüm raporu. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-economic-surveys-turkiye-2023_864ab2ba-en.html
  • Olshansky, R. B., Hopkins, L. D., & Johnson, L. A. (2012). Disaster and recovery: Processes compressed in time. Natural Hazards Review, 13(3), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000060
  • Okuyama, Y. (2003). Economics of natural disasters: A critical review. Research Paper Series. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University.
  • Özkan, H., ve Çetin, F. (2023). Health sector challenges in the aftermath of the 2023 Turkey earthquakes. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.045
  • Özmen, B. (2000). 17 Ağustos depreminin Türkiye ekonomisine etkileri. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 15(174), 25–34.
  • Özmen, B., ve Yalçın, A. (2003). Depremlerin Türkiye ekonomisine makroekonomik etkileri. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 16(2), 59–72.
  • Selçuk, F., & Yeldan, E. (2001). On the macroeconomic impact of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey: A first assessment. Applied Economics Letters, 8(7), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850010007501
  • SEDDK. (2023). DASK 2023 faaliyet raporu. Sigortacılık ve Özel Emeklilik Düzenleme ve Denetleme Kurumu.
  • Skidmore, M., & Toya, H. (2002). Do natural disasters promote long-run growth? Economic Inquiry, 40(4), 664–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/40.4.664
  • Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). (2023). Political and economic implications of the Turkish earthquakes (Comment No. 19). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. https://doi.org/10.18449/2023C19
  • Sarı, M., ve Demirtaş, L. (2020). Türkiye’de sismik erken uyarı sistemleri: Mevcut durum ve gelişim önerileri. Seismological Research Letters, 91(3), 1585–1598. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190387
  • Toya, H., & Skidmore, M. (2007). Economic development and the impacts of natural disasters. Economics Letters, 94(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.020
  • TCMB. (2023). Finansal istikrar raporu (Mayıs 2023). Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası.
  • TÜİK. (2000). 1998–2000 yılları arası temel ekonomik göstergeler. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜİK. (2024). 2022–2024 ekonomik göstergeler bülteni. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu.
  • TÜSİAD. (2023). 2023 yılı faaliyet raporu. Türk Sanayicileri ve İş İnsanları Derneği. https://tusiad.org/tr/faaliyet-raporlari/item/11461-tusi-ad-faaliyet-raporu-2023
  • Turkish Medical Association. (2023). Comprehensive health–economic analysis of the 2023 Turkey earthquake. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2023.xxxx
  • UNDRR. (2020). Disaster risk and economic resilience. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/
  • World Bank. (2023). Turkey earthquakes rapid damage assessment report. World Bank Group.
  • Yıldız, B., ve Kaya, E. (2023). Post-disaster management and policy evaluation: Lessons from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Journal of Emergency Management Policy, 5(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.4321/jemp.2023.051.055
  • Yılmaz, M. (2001). Türkiye ekonomisinde depremlerin makro etkileri: 1999 Marmara Depremi örneği. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1), 55–72.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Murat Anbarcı 0000-0003-0766-3088

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ekim 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Anbarcı, M. (2025). Depremlerin İktisadi Boyutu: Türkiye’de 1999 ve 2023 Yılındaki Depremlerin Makroekonomik ve Mikroekonomik Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Urban 21 Journal, 3(2), 185-201.