Futbolda Kullanılan Ergojenik Destekler ve Performans Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 9, 15.03.2023

Emre Batuhan Kenger , Defne Bayar , Ezgi Arslan Tuğçe Özlü

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.1104040

Öz

Amaç: Futbol, fiziksel gereksinimlerin fazla olduğu, yüksek tempolu bir spor türüdür. Pozisyonlara göre değişen enerji harcaması ile, besinsel gereksinim, antrenman türü ve dinlenme süreleri de değişmektedir. Günümüzde kulüpler, antrenörler ve futbolcular performans arttırmak için doğru antrenmanla beraber beslenmenin de önemi kavramıştır. Yeterli ve dengeli beslenmeye ek olarak kullanılan ergojenik destek ürünleri sporcuların spesifik özelliklerini geliştirmeye, maç sonrası toparlanmayı hızlandırma ve sakatlanma riskini azaltmaya yardımcı olabilir. Bu amaçlarda hangi ürünün ne zaman ve hangi dozda kullanılması gerektiği bilinmelidir.
Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışmada en sık kullanılan ergojenik desteklerden kreatin, beta-alanin, kafein ve nitrat/nitrik oksitin futbol performansına etkileri derlenmiştir.
Bulgular: Yapılan çalışmalarda ergojenik desteklerin depar, sıçrama gücü ve koşu hızı gibi performans parametrelerinde artış, yorgunluk ve dehidrasyon gibi egzersiz performansı sınırlayan etmenler üzerine olumu etkiler gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Futbolda ergojenik desteklerin dozu ve kullanım süresi ile ilgili net öneriler sunulabilmesi için daha fazla çalışma yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Futbol, ergojenik destek, toparlanma, performans

Ergogenic Aids Used in Football and Effects on Performance

Öz

Aim: Football is a high-tempo sport with excessive physical requirements. With varying energy expenditure according to position, nutritional requirements, training types and rest durations vary. Currently, clubs, trainers and footballers understand the importance of nutrition along with correct training to increase performance. Ergogenic aid products, used in addition to sufficient and balanced nutrition, may assist in developing specific traits of sportspeople, increasing the speed of recovery after matches and reducing risk of injury. With this target, it is necessary to know which product should be taken at which time and which dose.
Methods: In this study, the effects of the most commonly used ergogenic aids of creatine, beta-alanine, caffeine and nitrate/nitric oxide on football performance were reviewed.
Results: Studies have stated that ergogenic aids increase performance parameters like sprinting, jump power and running speed and have positive effects on factors limiting exercise performance like tiredness and dehydration.
Conclusion: There is a need for more studies in order to present clear recommendations related to the dose and duration of use of ergogenic aids in football.

Anahtar Kelimeler

football, ergogenic aid, recovery, performance

Kaynakça

• Bagghi, D., Nair, S., & Sen, C. (2013). Nutrition and enhanced sports performance. London: Elsevier.
• Bangsbo, J. (2014). Physiological demands of football. Sports Science Exchange, 27(125), 1-6.
• Bellinger, PM (2014). β -Alanine Supplementation for athletic performance: An update. J Strength Cond Res, 28(6):1751-1770.
• Blancquaert, L., Everaert, I., & Derave, W. (2015). Beta-alanine supplementation, muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 18(1), 63-70.
• Brouns, F. (2003). Essentials of sports nutrition. John Wiley & Sons.
• Buford, T. W., Kreider, R. B., Stout, J. R., Greenwood, M., Campbell, B., Spano, M., et al (2007). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4(1), 1-8.
• Claudino, J. G., Mezêncio, B., Amaral, S., Zanetti, V., Benatti, F., Roschel, H., et al (2014). Creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players. Journal of the international society of sports nutrition, 11(1), 1-6.
• Cooper, R., Naclerio, F., Allgrove, J., & Jimenez, A. (2012). Creatine supplementation with specific view to exercise/sports performance: an update. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1-11.
• Cox, G., Mujika, I., Tumilty, D., & Burke, L. (2002). Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 12(1), 33-46.
• Erdman, K. A., Thomas, D. T., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Nutrition and athletic performance. Dietitians of Canada, 1-46.
• Evans, M., Tierney, P., Gray, N., Hawe, G., Macken, M., & Egan, B. (2018). Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum improves repeated sprint performance of team sport athletes with low habitual caffeine consumption. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 28(3), 221-227.
• Giulianotti, R., & Robertson, R. (2004). The globalization of football: a study in the glocalization of the ‘serious life’. The British journal of sociology, 55(4), 545-568.
• Glaister, M., Howatson, G., Abraham, C. S., Lockey, R. A., Goodwin, J. E., Foley, P., & McInnes, G. (2008). Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10), 1835-1840.
• Goldstein, E. R., Ziegenfuss, T., Kalman, D., Kreider, R., Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., et al (2010). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 1-15.
• Greenwood, M., Kreider, R. B., Greenwood, L., & Byars, A. (2003). Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation. Journal of athletic training, 38(3), 216.
• Guerra Jr, M. A., Caldas, L. C., De Souza, H. L., Vitzel, K. F., Cholewa, J. M., Duncan, M. J., & Guimarães-Ferreira, L. (2018). The acute effects of plyometric and sled towing stimuli with and without caffeine ingestion on vertical jump performance in professional soccer players. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-7.
• Hall, M., & Trojian, T. H. (2013). Creatine supplementation. Current sports medicine reports, 12(4), 240-244.
• Hobson, R. M., Saunders, B., Ball, G., Harris, R. C., & Sale, C. (2012). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis. Amino acids, 43(1), 25-37.
• Hoffman, J. R., Emerson, N. S., & Stout, J. R. (2012). β-alanine supplementation. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 11(4), 189-195.
• Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ross, R., Kang, J., Stout, J. R., & Wise, J. A. (2008). Short-duration β-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutrition research, 28(1), 31-35.
• Hogervorst, E. E. F., Bandelow, S., Schmitt, J., Jentjens, R. O. Y., Oliveira, M., Allgrove, J., et al (2008). Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(10), 1841-1851.
• Jones, A. M. (2014). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports medicine, 44(1), 35-45.
• Kern, B. D., & Robinson, T. L. (2011). Effects of β-alanine supplementation on performance and body composition in collegiate wrestlers and football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(7), 1804-1815.
• Lara, B., Gonzalez-Millán, C., Salinero, J. J., Abian-Vicen, J., Areces, F., Barbero-Alvarez, J. C., et al (2014). Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players. Amino acids, 46(5), 1385-1392.
• Maughan, R. J., Burke, L. M., Dvorak, J., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Peeling, P., Phillips, S. M., et al (2018). IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 28(2), 104-125.
• Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Calleja-Gonzalez, J., Marqués-Jiménez, D., Caballero-García, A., Córdova, A., & Fernández-Lázaro, D. (2019). Effects of creatine supplementation on athletic performance in soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 11(4), 757.
• Nyakayiru, J., Jonvik, K. L., Trommelen, J., Pinckaers, P. J., Senden, J. M., Van Loon, L. J., & Verdijk, L. B. (2017). Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players. Nutrients, 9(3), 314.
• Oliveira, C. C., Ferreira, D., Caetano, C., Granja, D., Pinto, R., Mendes, B., et al (2017). Nutrition and supplementation in soccer. Sports, 5(2), 28.
• Porrini, M., & Del Boʼ, C. (2016). Ergogenic aids and supplements. Sports Endocrinology, 47, 128-152.
• Ramírez-Campillo, R., González-Jurado, J. A., Martínez, C., Nakamura, F. Y., Peñailillo, L., Meylan, C. M., et al (2016). Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 19(8), 682-687.
• Ranchordas, M. K., King, G., Russell, M., Lynn, A., & Russell, M. (2018). Effects of caffeinated gum on a battery of soccer-specific tests in trained university-standard male soccer players. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 28(6), 629-634.
• Roberts, P. A., Fox, J., Peirce, N., Jones, S. W., Casey, A., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2016). Creatine ingestion augments dietary carbohydrate mediated muscle glycogen supercompensation during the initial 24 h of recovery following prolonged exhaustive exercise in humans. Amino acids, 48(8), 1831-1842.
• Rosas, F., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Martínez, C., Caniuqueo, A., Cañas-Jamet, R., McCrudden, E., et al (2017). Effects of plyometric training and beta-alanine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players. Journal of human kinetics, 58, 99.
• Saunders, B., Elliott-Sale, K., Artioli, G. G., Swinton, P. A., Dolan, E., Roschel, H., et al (2017). β-alanine supplementation to improve exercise capacity and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(8), 658-669.
• Saunders, B., Sunderland, C., Harris, R. C., & Sale, C. (2012). β-alanine supplementation improves YoYo intermittent recovery test performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1-5.
• Schneiker, K. T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L. P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(3), 578-585.
• Suzuki, I., Sakuraba, K., Horiike, T., Kishi, T., Yabe, J., Suzuki, T., et al (2019). A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine improved 10-min full-power cycling test performance in male collegiate soccer players: a randomized crossover trial. European journal of applied physiology, 119(5), 1075-1084.
• Thompson, C., Vanhatalo, A., Jell, H., Fulford, J., Carter, J., Nyman, L., et al (2016). Dietary nitrate supplementation improves sprint and high-intensity intermittent running performance. Nitric Oxide, 61, 55-61.
• Thompson, C., Wylie, L. J., Fulford, J., Kelly, J., Black, M. I., McDonagh, S. T., et al (2015). Dietary nitrate improves sprint performance and cognitive function during prolonged intermittent exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 115(9), 1825-1834.
• Trexler, E. T., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Hoffman, J. R., Wilborn, C. D., Sale, C., et al (2015). International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-14.
• Tscholl, P., Junge, A., & Dvorak, J. (2008). The use of medication and nutritional supplements during FIFA World Cups 2002 and 2006. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(9), 725-730.
• Turkoz, Y., & Ozerol, E. (1997). Nitrik oksit’in etkileri ve patolojik rolleri. Journal of Turgut Özal Medical Centeri 1997;4(4):453-461.
• Wylie, L. J., Kelly, J., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., Skiba, P. F., Winyard, P. G., et al (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships. Journal of applied physiology, 115(3), 325-336.
• Wylie, L. J., Mohr, M., Krustrup, P., Jackman, S. R., Ermιdis, G., Kelly, J., et al (2013). Dietary nitrate supplementation improves team sport-specific intense intermittent exercise performance. European journal of applied physiology, 113(7), 1673-1684.
• Zafeiridis, A. (2014). The effects of dietary nitrate (beetroot juice) supplementation on exercise performance: A review. American Journal of Sports Science, 2(4), 97-100.