Farklı Konsantrasyonlardaki Kafein Çözeltilerinin Ağızda Çalkalanmasının Voleybolda Servis Performansına Etkisi: Analitik Araştırma

Öz

Amaç: Kafein (KAF) ağızda çalkalama uygulamasının sportif beceri üzerindeki etkileri net değildir ve çalışmalarda genelde %1,2’lik KAF dozu kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada farklı dozlardaki KAF çözeltilerinin ağızda çalkalama uygulamasının voleybolcuların servis isabeti ve servis atış hızı üzerine etkisinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Tekrarlı, tek kör dizaynındaki bu çalışmada, farklı günlerde %1.2, %1.8, %2.4 KAF çözeltisi ve plasebo (su) çalkalama seansları gerçekleştirilmiş, 10 saniyelik ağızda çalkalama uygulamasından hemen sonra Alnedral ve ark., (2020) tarafından geliştirilen Servis Beceri Testi ile servis atışı beşer kez tekrarlanarak servis isabet skoru ve servis atış hızı değerlendirilmiştir. Servis performanslarının seanslar arasındaki farkını test etmek için Tekrarlanan ölçümlerde varyans analizi ve farkın hangi gruptan kaynaklandığını analiz etmek için ise Bonferroni post hoc prosedürü kullanılmış; katılımcıların günlük KAF tüketimlerine göre oluşturulan iki grup arasındaki farklar Bağımsız örneklem t-testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Sonuçta, voleybolcuların Servis Beceri Testi ile elde ettiği toplam skorlarının ve Servis Beceri Testi sırasında ölçülen servis hızlarının oturumlar arasında anlamlı olarak farklı olmadığı ve %2,4 KAF ağızda çalkalama seansında servis testi toplam skorunda düşük KAF tüketen grup lehine anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgular, servis performansı üzerinde değerlendirilen KAF dozlarının etkili olmadığını göstermektedir. Bundan sonraki çalışmalarda, KAF ağızda çalkalama yönteminin voleybolda farklı teknik ve beceriye dayalı öğeler üzerinde araştırılması önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ağızda Çalkalama
• Beceri
• Kafein
• Servis
• Voleybol

The Effect of Mouth Rinsing with Different Concentration of Caffeine Solutions on Service Performance in Volleyball: Analytical Research

Öz

Aim: The effects of caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing on sports skills are not clear, and studies generally show that a 1.2% CAF dose is used. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to compare the effect of mouth rinsing application of different doses of CAF solutions on the service accuracy and service speed of volleyball players. Methods: In this a repetitive and single-blind designed study, 1.2%, 1.8%, 2.4% CAF solution and placebo (water) rinsing sessions were performed on different days. The service total score and service speed were evaluated by five times repeating services with the Service Skill Test developed by Alnedral et al., (2020). Analysis of variance in repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc procedure were used to analyze the difference in service performances between sessions; Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the difference in paired groups formed according to the participants' daily CAF consumption. Results: As a result, it was found that the service total scores and the service speed of the volleyball players with the Service Skill Test were not significantly different between the sessions, and there was a significant difference in favor of the group that consumed low CAF in the service test total score in the 2.4% CAF mouth rinse session. The findings show that the evaluated CAF doses on service performance are not effective. Conclusion: In future studies, it may be suggested to investigate the CAF mouth rinse method on different techniques and skill-based items in volleyball.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Caffeine
• Mouth Rinsing
• Serve
• Skill
• Volleyball

Kaynakça

1. Alnedral, Zonifa G. & Yendrizal (2020). A volleyball skills test instrument for advanced-level students. Journal of Physical Education & Sport. 20 (Supplement issue 3), Art 297, 2213-2219.
2. Barbosa, T.N., Parreira, L.K., Mota, J.F., Kalman, D., Saunders, B. & Pimentel, G.D. (2020). Acute caffeine mouth rinse does not improve performance in recreationally trained runners: Pilot study. Nutrire, 45(2), 1-6.
3. Beaven, CM., Maulder, P., Pooley, A., Kilduff, L. & Cook, C. (2013). Effects of caffeine and carbohydrate mouth rinses on repeated sprint performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(6), 633-637.
4. Bieleke, M., Kriech, C. & Wolff, W. (2010). Served well? A pilot field study on the effects of conveying self-control strategies on Volleyball service performance. Behavioral sciences, 9(9), 1-13.
5. Clarke, ND., Kornilios, E. & Richardson, DL. (2015). Carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinses do not affect maximum strength and muscular endurance performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 29(10), 2926-2931.
6. Da Silva, W.F., Lopes-Silva, J.P., Camati Felippe, L.J., Ferreira, G.A., Lima-Silva, A.E., Silva-Cavalcante, M.D. (2023). Is caffeine mouth rinsing an effective strategy to improve physical and cognitive performance? A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(3), 438-446.
7. De Albuquerque Melo, A., Bastos-Silva, V.J., Moura, F.A., Bini, R.R., Lima-Silva, A.E. & de Araujo, GG. (2021). Caffeine mouth rinse enhances performance, fatigue tolerance and reduces muscle activity during moderate-intensity cycling. Biology of Sport, 38(4), 517-523.
8. Del Coso, J., Pérez-López, A., Abian-Vicen, J., Salinero, JJ., Lara, B. & Valadés, D. (2014). Enhancing physical performance in male volleyball players with a caffeine-containing energy drink. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 9(6), 1013-1018.

9. Doering, TM., Fell, JW., Leveritt, MD., Desbrow, B., & Shing, CM. (2014). The effect of a caffeinated mouth-rinse on endurance cycling time-trial performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 24(1), 90-97. DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0103.
10. Filip-Stachnik, A., Kaszuba, M., Dorozynski, B., Komarek, Z., Gawel, D., Del Coso, J. ve ark. (2022). Acute effects of caffeinated chewing gum on volleyball performance in high-performance female players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 84(1), 92-102.
11. Foskett, A., Ali, A., & Gant, N. (2009). Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated soccer activity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(4), 410–423. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.19.4.410
12. Fredholm, BB. (1982). Adenosine actions and adenosine receptors after 1 week treatment with caffeine. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 115(2), 283–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07078.x
13. Guest, N.S., Van Dusseldorp, T.A., Nelson, M.T., Grgic, J., Schoenfeld, B.J., Jenkins, N.D.M. et al. (2021). International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 18(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4
14. Harpaz, E., Tamir, S., Weinstein, A. & Weinstein, Y. (2017). The effect of caffeine on energy balance. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 28(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0090.
15. Karayigit, R(b)., Ali, A., Rezaei, S., Ersoz, G., Lago-Rodriguez, A., Domínguez, R. ve ark. (2021). Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on strength, muscular endurance, and cognitive performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18, 1-10.
16. Karayigit, R (a)., Koz, M., Sánchez-Gómez, A., Naderi, A., Yildirim, UC., Domínguez, R. & Gur, F. (2021). High dose of caffeine mouth rinse increases resistance training performance in men. Nutrients, 13(11), 3800.
17. Karayiğit, R, Yaşlı, BÇ., Karabıyık, H., Koz, M. & Ersöz, G. (2017). Effect of serial caffeine mouth rinse on Wingate anaerobic performance. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 15(4), 191-196.
18. Kaszuba, M., Klocek, O., Spieszny, M. & Filip-Stachnik, A. (2023). The Effect of Caffeinated Chewing Gum on Volleyball-Specific Skills and Physical Performance in Volleyball Players. Nutrients, 15(1), 91.
19. Lorenzo Calvo, J., Fei, X., Domínguez, R. & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2021). Caffeine and Cognitive Functions in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13, 868. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030868
20. McLellan, TM., Caldwell, JA., & Lieberman, HR. (2016). A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical, and occupational performance. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 71, 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001
21. Moras, G., Peña, J., Rodríguez, S., Vallejo, L., Tous-Fajardo, J. & Mujika, I. (2008). A comparative study between serve mode and speed and its effectiveness in a high-level volleyball tournament. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 48(1), 31-36.
22. Pak, İ.E., Cuğ, M., Volpe, S.L. & Beaven, C.M. (2020). The effect of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on kicking performance in competitive Taekwondo athletes during Ramadan. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38(7), 795-800.
23. Pallarés, JG., Fernández-Elías, VE., Ortega, JF., Muñoz, G., Muñoz-Guerra, J. & Mora-Rodríguez, R. (2013). Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: Performance and side effects. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 45(11), 2184–2192. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829a6672
24. Perez-Lopez, A., Salinero, J.J., Abian-Vicen, J., Valades, D., Lara, B., Hernandez, C., Del Coso, J. (2015). Caffeinated energy drinks improve volleyball performance in elite female players. Medicine and Science In Sports And Exercise, 47(4), 850-856.
25. Pickering, C. (2019). Are caffeine’s performance-enhancing effects partially driven by its bitter taste? Medical Hypotheses. 131(June). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2019.1 09301
26. Sökmen, B., Armstrong, L.E., Kraemer, W.J., Casa, D.J., Dias, J.C., Judelson, D.A., et al. (2008). Caffeine use in sports: considerations for the athlete. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(3), 978-986.
27. Stuart, G.R., Hopkins, W.G., Cook, C., & Cairns, S.P. (2005). Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(11), 1998–2005. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000177216.21847.8a
28. Tan, Z.S., Burns, S.F., Pan, J.W., Kong, P.W. (2020). Effect of caffeine ingestion on free-throw performance in college basketball players. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 18(2), 62-67.
29. Tan, Z.S., Sim, A., Kawabata, M. & Burns, S.F. (2021). A Systematic Review of the Effects of Caffeine on Basketball Performance Outcomes. Biology. 11(1), 17.
30. Valhondo, Á., Fernández-Echeverría, C., González-Silva, J., Claver, F., Moreno, MP. (2018). Variables that predict serve efficacy in elite men’s volleyball with different quality of opposition sets. Journal of human kinetics, 61(1), 167-177.
31. Venier, S., Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2019). Caffeinated gel ingestion enhances jump performance, muscle strength, and power in trained men. Nutrients, 11(4), 937. DOI:10.3390/nu11040937
32. Virdinli, S.G., Kutlay, E., Yuzbasioglu, Y., Vollaard, N.B., Nalcakan, G.R. (2022). The effect of mouth rinsing with different concentrations of caffeine solutions on reaction time. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(8), 928-933.
33. Wickham, K.A, Spriet, L.L. (2018). Administration of caffeine in alternate forms. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 79-91. DOI:10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2
34. Zbinden-Foncea, H., Rada, I., Gomez, J., Kokaly, M., Stellingwerff, T., Deldicque, L. & Peñailillo, L. (2018). Effects of caffeine on countermovement-jump performance variables in elite male volleyball players. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(2), 145-150.