Spor Yaralanmalarından Korunma Yaklaşımları

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı spor yaralanmalarından korunma yaklaşımları ile ilgili geçmişten günümüze literatürde yer alan bilgilerinin derlenmesidir. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada spor yaralanmalarının görülme sıklığı, spor yaralanmalarından koruyucu yaklaşımlar ve tarihçesi, spor yaralanmaları oluşturan iç ve dış risk faktörleri, sık görülen spor yaralanmalarının mekanizmaları ve spesifik sebepleri, yaralanma modellerine özel geliştirilen koruyucu egzersiz programları hakkındaki bilgilere 1984-2024 yılları arasındaki literatüre PubMed’de taranarak ulaşılmış ve sonuçları derlenmiştir. Bulgular: Spor yaralanmalarından korunmaya özgü ilk kavramsal modeli Willem Van Mechelen geliştirmiştir. İleriki dönemlerde bu kavramsal model Bahr ve Holm tarafından genişletilerek spor yaralanmalarının çok etmenli sebepleri, yaralanma mekanizmalarının iç ve dış faktörlerle ilişkileri anlatılmıştır. Ayrıca her bir spor türüne özgü yaralanma paterni tanımlanmıştır. Ayak bileği sprainleri, akut diz yaralanmaları, hamstring strainleri, en sık görülen spor yaralanmalarındandır. Spesifik geliştirilen koruyucu yaklaşımlar ve koruyucu egzersiz programları yaralanma mekanizmalarına ve spor branşlarına özgü geliştirilmiştir. Tüm koruyucu programların ortak olarak dayandığı esaslar ise; propriyosepsiyon çalışmaları, core kuvveti, nöromusküler antrenman, kas hafızası, doğru teknik, tüm beden ve alt ekstremite pozisyonunun kontrolüdür. Sonuç: Sporla ilgilenen klinisyenlerin önemli rolü fiziksel aktivitede ve spora bağlı yaralanmalarda risk faktörlerini minimuma indirmektir. Birçok farklı spor branşında sık görülen yaralanma mekanizmalarına özgü geliştirilen koruyucu yaklaşımlar ve egzersiz modelleri ile spor yaralanmalarını önemli ölçüde azaltmak mümkün olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Egzersiz
• Spor Yaralanmaları
• Yaralanmaları Önleme

Sports Injury Prevention Approaches

Öz

Aim: The purpose of this study was to review the studies including protective methods from sports injuries in the literature. Methods: In this study, the information about the incidence of sports injuries, the protective methods from the sports injuries and their history, internal and external risk factors of the sports injuries, the mechanisms and specific causes of the most common sports injuries, and the protective exercise modalities specifically developed according to injury mechanisms were collected from PubMed search using the literature between 1984 and 2024, and the results were reviewed. Results: Willem Van Mechelen developed the first conceptual model specific to sports injury prevention. This conceptual model was later expanded by Bahr and Holm to explain the multifactorial causes of sports injuries and the relationship of injury mechanisms with internal and external factors. Besides, injury patterns were defined specific to the each sport type. The most common sports injuries were ankle sprains, acute knee injuries, and hamstring strains. The specific protective approaches and exercise programs were developed for each injury mechanisms and sports branches. The common principles of all the protective programs were proprioception exercises, core strength, neuromuscular training, muscle memory, correct technique, whole body and lower extremity position control. Conclusion: The important role of the sports clinicians is to minimize the risk factors in physical activities and sports-related injuries. It may be possible to significantly reduce the sports injuries with protective approaches and exercise modalities developed specifically for the injury mechanisms in many different sports branches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Exercise
• Sports Injury
• Injury Prevention

Kaynakça

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