Comparison of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms elite basketball players and volleyball players

Öz

Aim: The purpose of this study is to research the differences of genotype polymorphism between the elite male and elite female basketball player, volleyball player and control group.

Material and Methods: 58 basketball players (ages 24.25±4.99 years, height 188.22±12.31 cm and weight 80.62±16.34 kg), 64 volleyball players (ages 22.82±5.40 years, height 188.67±9.69 cm and weight 77.82±12.14 kg) and 122 sedentary subjects (control group) were participated randomly in the study. 5cc blood was taken control and control groups for measuring the ACE gene polymorphism. Chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA), Levene’s Tests, and frequencies of allele were used for statistical evaluation at significance level p<0.05.

Results: There were no significance differences in genotype distribution and allele frequency of the ACE gene between athletes and control group (p>0.05), basketball, volleyball and control group (p>0.05), male basketball, volleyball and control group (p>0.05), female basketball, volleyball and control group (p>0.05) and male and female athletes (p>0.05) respectively. There were no significance differences in male athletes between the genotype distribution and physical performance tests, such as 20m shuttle-run (F=1.31), vertical jump (F=0.22), and 20m sprint test (F=0.44). There were also no significance differences in female athletes between the genotype distribution and physical performance tests, such as 20m shuttle-run (F=2.03), vertical jump (F=0.10), and 20m sprint test (F=1.17).

Conclusion: ACE polymorphism genotype distribution in terms of elite female and male volleyball players with elite female and male basketball players are the same. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Genotype,Gen,Basketball,Volleyball

Angiotension dönüştürücü (Converting) Enzim (ACE) gen polimorfizminin elit basketbolcu ve voleybolcularda karşılaştırılması

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmamızda elit erkek ve bayan basketbolcu ve voleybolcuların ACE genotiplerini belirleyerek, kontrol grubu ve sporcuların genotip polimorfizmi bakımdan farklılıklarını araştırdık.

Materyal ve Yöntem: Araştırmada 58 elit basketbolcu (yaş 24.25±4.99 yıl, boy 188.22±12.31cm ve kilo 80.62±16.34kg), 64 elit voleybolcu (yaş 22.82±5.40yıl, boy 188.67±9.69cm ve kilo 77.82±12.14kg) ile 122 sedanter denek (kontrol grubu) tesadüfi olarak belirlendi. Denek ve kontrol grubundan 5cc. kan alınarak ACE gen polimorfizmleri belirlendi. Elde edilen değerlerin X², ANOVA, Levene’s Testi, t testi ve alel frekans dağılımları hesaplandı. Erkek basketbolcu ve voleybolcuların alel frekans yoğunluğu Ki-Kare testi ile değerlendirildi.

Bulgular: Sporcu ve sedanter gruplar arasında (p>0.05), basketbolcu, voleybolcu ve sedanter bireyler arasında (p>0.05), Erkek basketbolcu, voleybolcu ve sedanterler arasında (p>0.05), bayan basketbolcular, voleybocular ve sedanterler arasında (p>0.05) ve erkek ve bayan sporcular arasında (p>0.05) anlamlı bir sonuç bulunmamıştır. Erkek sporcuların genotip özellikleri ile fiziksel performans testleri (20m mekik koşusu (F=1.31), dikey sıçrama (F=0.22), 20m sprint (F=0.44)) arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunmadı. Bayan sporcularda da genotip özellikleri ile fiziksel performans testleri (20m mekik koşusu (F=2.03), dikey sıçrama (F=0.10), 20m sprint (F=1.17)) arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunmadı.

Sonuçlar: Elit bayan ve erkek basketbolcular ile elit bayan ve erkek voleybolcuların ACE polimorfizmi bakımından genotip dağılımları aynıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Genotip,Gen,Basketbol,Voleybol

Kaynakça

1. Cavalli-Sforza, L.L. & Bodmer, WF. (1971). The genetics of human populations WH Freeman, San Fransisco.
2. Çiloğlu, F. (2001). ACE gen polimorfizminin uzun mesafe koşucuları, sprinter, futbolcular ve sedenter populasyonda karşılaştırılması. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
3. Folland, J. & Leach B. (2000). Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype affects the response of human skeletal muscle to functional overload. Exp Physiol 85 (5): 575-9.
4. Gayagay, G., Yu, B., Hambly, B., Boston, T., Hahn, A., Celermajer, D.S., & Trent, R.J. (1998). Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele-the role of genes in athletic performance. Human Genetics, 103, 48–50.
5. Griendling, K.K., Murphy, T.J., Alexander, R.W. (1993) Moleculer Biology of the Renin Angiotensin System. Circulation;87 (6).
6. Gunel, T., Gümüşoğlu, E., Hosseini1, M.K., Yılmazyıldırım, E., Dolekcap, İ., Aydınlı, K. (2014) Effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and α-actinin-3 gene polymorphisms on sport performance. Molecular Medicine Reports, 9: 1422-1426. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1974
7. Hamilton, M.T. & Booth, F.W. (2000). Skeletal muscle adaption to exercise, a century of progress. J. Appl. Physiol. Jan; 88(1): 327-31.
8. Holdys, J., Kryściak, J., Stanisławski , D., Gronek, P. (2011). ACE I/D gene polymorphism in athletes of various sports di sci plines. Human Movement, 2011, vol. 12 (3), 223– 231. doi: 10.2478/v10038-011-0022-x

9. Jones, A. & Montgomery, H.E. (2002). Human performance: a role for the ACE genotype? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 30 (4): 184-90.
10. Karjalainen, J., Kujala, U.M, Stolt, A., Mantysaari, M., Viitasalo, M., Kainulainen, K., Kontula, K. (1999) Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol, Aug;34(2):494-9.
11. Kunstlinger, U., Ludwig, H.G., Stegemann, J. (1987). Metabolic Changes During Voleyball Matches, J. Sports Science, 8(5):315-22 October.
12. Levin, B. (2000). Genes VII. Oxford Üniversity Pres, New York.
13. McInnes, S.E., Carlson, J.S., Jones, C.J., McKenna, M.J. (1995). The Physiological Load Imposed on Basketball Players During Competition, J. Sports Science, 13(5):387-97 October; 1995.
14. Montgomery, H., Clarkson, P., Barnard, M., Bell, J., Brynes, A., Dollery, C., Hajnal, J., Hemingway, H., Mercer, D., Jarman, P., Marshall, R., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Saeed, N., Talmud, P., Thomas, L., Jubb, M., World, M., and Humphries, S. (1999). Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training. Lancet 353: 541-545.
15. Montgomery, H.E., Marshall, R.M., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C., Hayward, M., Holliman, D.E., Jubb, M., World, M., Thomas, E.L., Brynes, A.E., Saeed, N., Barnard, M., Bell, J.D., Prasad, K., Rayson, M., Talmud, P.J., & Humphries, S.E. (1998). Human gene for physical performance. Nature, 393, 221–222.
16. Montgomery, H.E., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C.M., Prasad, K., Losi, M.A., Hemingway, H., Statters, D., Jubb, M., Girvain, M., Varnava, A., World, M., Deanfield, J., Talmud, P., McEwan, J.R., McKenna, W.J. and Humphries, S. (1997). Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training. Circulation 96: 741-747.
17. Myerson, S., Hemingway, H., Budget, R., Martin, J., Humphries, S., Montgomery, H. (1999). Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 87: 1313-1316.
18. Nazarov, I.B., Woods, D.R., Montgomery, H.E., Shneider, O.V., Kazakov, V.I., Tomilin, N.V., & Rogozkin, V.A. (2001) The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes. European Journal of Human Genetics, 9, 797–801.
19. Passarge, M. & Passarge, E. (1995). Color Atlas of Genetics. TMP, New York.
20. Rankinen, T., Wolfarth, B., Simoneau, J.A., Maier-Lenz, D., Rauramaa, R., Rivera, M.A., Boulay, M.R., Chagnon, Y.C., Perusse, L., Keul, J., Bouchard, C. (2000) No association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme ID polymorphism and elite endurance athlete status. J Appl Physiol, May;88(5):1571-5.
21. Shahmoradi, S., Ahmadalipour, A., Salehi, M. (2014). Evaluation of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in Iranian elite athletes. Adv Biomed Res. 3:207. DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.143242
22. Şahin, İ. (2005). Angiotensin Dönüştürücü Enzim (ACE) Gen Polimorfizminin Elit Güreşçiler ve Normal Populasyonda Karşılaştırılması, Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
23. Taylor, R.R., Mamotte, C.D., Fallon, K., Van Bockxmeer, F.M. (1999) Elite athletes and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Appl Physiol, 1999;Sep 87:1035–7.
24. Thomis, M.A., Huygens, W., Heuninckx, S., Chagnon, M., Maes, H.M.M., Claessens, A.L., Vlietinck, R., Bouchard, C., Buenen, G.P. (2004) Exploration of myostatin polymorphisms and the angiotensin–converting enzyme insertion/deletion genotype in responses of human muscle to strength training. Eur. J. Appl. Phsiol. 2004.
25. Woods, D.R., Brull, D., Montgomery, H.E. (2000). Endurance and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Sci Prog 83:317–336.
26. Woods, D., Hickman, M., Jamshidi, Y., Brull, D., Vassiliou, V., Jones, A., Humphries, S., Montgomery, H. (2001) Elite swimmers and the D allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism. Hum Genet 108:230–232.