Ayakkabının statik ve dinamik denge performansına etkisi

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 175 - 182, 15.12.2019

Yıldız Yaprak Mehmet Ali Çetin Nisa Nur Akkaynak

https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.615678

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı ayakkabının statik ve dinamik denge performansına etkisinin olup olmadığının belirlenmesi ve kuvvet ile static ve dinamik denge arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.

Materyal ve Metot: Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi’nde okuyan 34 öğrenci (22 erkek, 12 kadın) (Yaş: 22.79±1.64 yıl, Boy: 171.65±8.04 cm; Vücut Ağırlığı (VA): 64.13±10.71 kg) bu çalışmaya katılmıştır. İzometrik kuvvet ölçümü sonrasında rastgele olarak farklı günlerde ayakkabılı ve ayakkabısız olarak dinamik ve statik denge ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizi için SPSS 16.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler normal dağılım gösterdiği için ayakkabılı ve ayakkabısız yapılan her bir denge testinde, fark olup olmadığının saptanması için “Paired-Sample t” testi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki ilişki için “Pearson korelasyon katsayısı” kullanılmıştır.

 

Bulgular: Statik testlerden stork testinde ayakkabının bir etkisinin olmadığı görülürken, flamingo denge testinde ayakkabının anlamlı (p<0.00) olarak dengeyi sağlamada etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Y denge testinde sadece sağ ayak yerde iken posterolateral yöne uzanmada çıplak ayak lehine (p<0.03), yıldız denge testinde sol ayak yerdeyken posterior yöne uzanmada çıplak ayak lehine (p<0.03), sağ ayak yerdeyken ise anteromedial yöne uzanmada ayakkabı lehine (p<0.00) anlamlı fark vardır. Y denge testi ile bacak kuvveti arasında orta düzeyde pozitif ilişki, yıldız denge testi ile yine bacak kuvveti arasında anlamlı düşük düzeyde ilişki belirlenmiştir. 

Sonuç: Ayakkabının sadece flamingo testinde dengeyi sağlamada olumlu etkisi olduğu, stork ve dinamik testlerden Y ve Yıldız denge testlerini etkilemediğini söyleyebiliriz. Denge testlerinden en çok yıldız denge testinin kuvvet performansından etkilendiğini, özellikle statik testlerin bacak kuvvetiyle ilişkisinin olmadığını belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Statik denge, Dinamik Denge, Ayakkabı, Bacak Kuvveti, Antropometri

The effect of shoes on static and dynamic balance performance

Öz

Aim: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of shoes on static and dynamic balance performance and to investigate the relationships between strength parameters and balance.

Methods: 34 students (22 males and 12 females) who studying at Hatay Mustafa Kemal University have participated in this study (Age:22.79±1.64 years, Height:171.65±8.04 cm; Body weight (BW):64.13±10.71 kg). Different dynamics and static balance tests were randomly measured with shoes and with bare feet after isometric strength measurements were performed. SPSS 16.0 software was used for the analysis of the data obtained. Since the data showed normal distribution, “Paired-Sample t-test” was used for differences between balance tests performed with shoes and bare feet. Furthermore, the relations between variables were tested with the “Pearson” correlation coefficient.

Results: The study demonstrated that the stork test performed with shoes did not affect balance, whereas at the flamingo test with shoe showed a significant (p<0.00) effect on the balance. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the posterolateral direction in favour of bare feet while the right foot was in the ground at Y balance test (p <0.03). In addition, in the star balance test (SEBT), a significant difference was found in favour of the bare feet in the posterior direction (p<0.03), and a significant difference was found in reaching the anteromedial direction in favour of the shoe at same test (p<0.00). A moderate positive correlation was determined between Y balance test and leg strength, while the significant low correlation was also found between SEBT with leg strength. 

Conclusion: We can say that the shoe has a positive effect on balance only in the flamingo test. Furthermore, SEBT was mostly affected by leg strength performance, while static tests have no relations with leg strength.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Static balance, Dynamic balance, Shoe, Leg strength, Anthropometry

Kaynakça

• Ackland, T. R., Elliott, B. C., & Bloomfield, J. (2009). J. Applied Anatomy and Biomechanics in Sport. 2nd ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 211-215.
• Arnadottir, S. A. & Mercer, V. S. (2000). Effects of Footwear on Measurements of Balance and Gait in Women Between the Ages of 65 and 93 Years. Phys Ther, 80, 17–27.
• Atılgan, O.E., Akın, M., Alpkaya, U., & Pınar, S. (2012). Elit Bayan Cimnastikçilerin Denge Aletindeki Denge Kayıpları ile Denge Parametreleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. International Journal of Human Sciences, (9)2, 1260-1271.
• Bandy, B. D., & Sanders, B. (2007). Therapeutic Exercise for Physical Therapist Assistants Techniques for Intervention. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 214-216.
• Blackburn, T., Guskiewicz, K., Petschauer, M., & Prentice, W. (2000). Balance and Joint Stability: The Relative Contributions of Proprioception and Muscular Strength. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 9, 315-328.
• Booysen, M. J., Gradidge, P. J., & Watson, E. (2015). The Relationships of Eccentric Strength and Power with Dynamic Balance in Male Footballers. J. Sports Sci, 33(20), 2157–2165.
• Carter, N. D., Khan, K.M., Mallinson, A., & Janssen, P.A. (2002). Knee Strength is a Significant Determinant of Static and Dynamic Balance as well as Quality of Life in Older
• Community-Dwelling Women with Osteoporosis. Gerontology, 48, 360–368.
• Dewey, D., & Tupper, D. (2004). Developmental Motor Disorders: A Neuropsychological Perspective, New York: Guilford. 211-213.
• Forte, R., Boreham, C. A., De Vito, G., Ditroilo, M., & Pesce, C. (2014). Measures of Static Postural Control Moderate the Association of Strength and Power with Functional Dynamic Balance. Aging Clin Exp Res, 26(6), 645–653.
• Gatev, P., Thomas, S., Kepple, T., & Hallet, M. (1999). Feed Forward Strategy of Balance During Quiet Stance in Adults. J Physiol, 1999, 514(3), 915–28.
• Goonetilleke, R. S. (Ed.), (2012). The Science of Footwear. CRC Press, 514-515.
• Güçhan, Z., Özaydınlı, E. I., Demirel, S., Yüzlü, V., & Nilgün, B. E. K. (2014). Ayakkabı Kullanımı ile Ayak Deformiteleri, Denge ve Fonksiyonel Performans Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 1(1), 35-42.
• Heyward, V. H., & Gibson, A. L. (2018). Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription. Illinois: Human Kinetics Boks. 156, 342.
• Hosoda, M., Yoshimura, O., Takayanagi, K., Kobayashi, R., Minematsu, A., Sasaki, H., Maejima, H., Matsuda, Y., Araki, S., Nakayama, A., Ishibashi, T. & Terazono T. (1998). The Effects of Footwear on Standing Postural Control. J Phys Ther Sci, 10: 47–51.
• Kinzey, S. J., & Armstrong, C. W. (1998). The Reliability of the Star-Excursion Test in Assessing Dynamic Balance. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 27(5),356-60.
• Lockie, R. G., Schultz, A. B., Callaghan, S. J., & Jeffriess, M. D. (2013). The Effects of Isokinetic Knee Extensor and Flexor Strength on Dynamic Stability as Measured by Functional Reaching. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 21, 301–309.
• Lord, S. R., Bashford, G. M., Howland, A., & Munroe, B. J. (1999). Effects of Shoe Collar Height and Sole Hardness on Balance in Older Women. J Am Geriatr Soc, 47, 681–684.
• Lord, S.R., Allen, G.M., Williams, P., & Gandevia, S.C. (2014). Risk of falling: Predictors Based on Reduced Strength in Persons Previously Affected by Polio. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 83, 757–763.
• McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The Relationship Between Maximum Unilateral Squat Strength and Balance in Young Adult Men and Women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 282–288.
• Menant, J. C., Perry, S. D., Steele, J. R. Menz, H. B., Munro, B. J., & Lord, S. R. (2008). Effects of Shoe Characteristics on Dynamic Stability When Walking on Even and Uneven Surfaces in Young and Older People. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 89(10), 1970-1976.
• Menz, H. B., & Lord, S. R. (1999). Footwear and Postural Stability in Older People. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 89(7), 346–57.
• Palmieri, R. M., Ingersoll, C. D. Stone, M. B., & Krause, B. A. (2002). Center of Pressure Parameters Used in the Assessment of Postural Control. J Sport Rehabil, 11, 51–66.
• Plisky, P. J., Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Kiesel, K. B., Underwood, F. B., & Elkins, B. (2009). The Reliability of an Instrumented Device for Measuring Components of the Star Excursion Balance Test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 4(2), 92–99.
• Reiman, M. P., & Manske, R. C. (2009). Functional Testing in Human Performance. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, Sf.105.
• Robbins, E. S., Gouw, G. J., & McClaran, J. (1992). Shoe Sole Thickness and Hardness Influence Balance in Older Men. J Am Geriatr Soc, 40(11), 1089–94.
• Robbins, S. E., & Waked, E. (1997). Balance and Vertical Impact in Sports: Role of Shoe Sole Materials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 78, 463.
• Rose, W., Bowser, B., McGrath, R, Salerno, j., Wallace, j., & Davis, I. (2011). Effect of Footwear on Balance. American Society of Biomechanics Annual Meeting. Long Beach, CA, http://www.asbweb.org/conferences/2011/pdf/344.
• Simeonov, P., Hsiao, H., Powers, J., Ammons, D., Amendola, A., Kau, T. Y. & Cantis, D. (2008). Footwear Effects on Walking Balance at Elevation. Ergonomics, 51 (12), 1885-1905.
• Tsigilis, N., Douda, H., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2002). Test-Retest Reliability of the Eurofit Test Battery Administered to University Students. Percept Mot Skills, 95, 1295-1300.
• Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., & Frank, J. S. (1990). Assessment of Balance Control in Humans. Med Prog Technol, 16, 31–51.
• Wyon, M. A., Cloak, R., Lucas, J., & Clarke, F. (2013). Effect of Midsole Thickness of Dance Shoes on Dynamic Postural Stability. Medical Problems of Performing Artists, 28(4), 195–198.