Sporcuların Biyokimyasal ve Hormonal Parametrelerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 156 - 163, 30.09.2024

Sibel Yıldırım , Ömer Akyüz

Öz

Amaç: Sporcuların biyokimyasal ve hormonel parametrelerinin referans aralıklarına göre değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Metot: Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2022-2023 sezonunda aktif profesyonel futbol oynayan yaş ortalamaları 28,50±4,25 (yıl) olan 25 erkek sporcu oluşturmuştur. Müsabaka dönemindeki futbolcuların maçtan 48 saat sonra, dinlenik durumda biyokimyasal test laboratuvarında bazal kan numuneleri alınmıştır. Sporcuların biyokimyasal parametrelerinin, normal aralık içindeki ve dışındaki dağılımlarını belirlemek amacıyla frekans dağılımı hesaplanmıştır. Parametrelerin her biri için normal değerler ve bu değerlerin dışındaki yüksek veya düşük sapmalar analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Çalışma bulgularına göre, ALT ve AST değerleri sırasıyla 28,38±9,86 U/L ve 36,69±14,08 U/L, bilirubin düzeyi 1,12±0,39 mg/dL, demir düzeyi 114,58±34,63 µg/dL, ferritin düzeyi 110,95±110,94 ng/mL, glukoz düzeyi 73,62±6,76 mg/dL olduğu ve ortalama HDL kolesterol düzeyi 62,47±12,32 mg/dL, total kolesterol düzeyi 178,58±23,97 mg/dL, LDL kolesterol düzeyi 109,49±19,10 mg/dL, B12 vitamini düzeyi 575,15±251,55 pg/mL, transferin düzeyi 2,36±0,27 g/L, ve tiroglobulin düzeyi 103,94±473,45 µg/L olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Sonuç: Sporcuların büyük bir oranında ALT, AST, Ferritin, Bilurubin, Demir, Glukoz, HDL kolesterol, B12 vitamini Transferrin, Tiroglobulin değerlerinin referans aralığında ve normal düzeylerde olduğu ancak LDL kolesterol düzeylerinin sporcuların %50’sinde yüksek dağılım gösterdiği ve total kolesterol düzeylerinin de sporcuların % 11,5’inde yüksek değerlerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyokimya, Hormon, Futbol

Evaluation of the Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters of Athletes

Öz

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the biochemical and hormonal parameters of athletes using reference ranges.
Methods: The study sample consisted of 25 male athletes with an average age of 28.50±4.25 (years) who played active professional football in the 2022-2023 season. Basal blood samples were collected 48 hours after the game at rest in the biochemical testing laboratory. The frequency distribution was calculated to determine the distribution of the athletes' biochemical parameters within and outside the normal range. The normal values for each parameter and the high or low deviations from these values were analysed.
Results: According to the results of the study, ALT and AST levels were 28.38±9.86 U/L and 36.69±14.08 U/L, respectively, bilirubin level was 1.12±0.39 mg/dL, iron level was 114.58±34.63 µg/dL, ferritin level was 110.95±110.94 ng/mL, glucose level was 73.62±6.76 mg/dL and the average HDL cholesterol level was 62.47±12.32 mg/dL, the total cholesterol level 178.58±23.97 mg/dL, the LDL cholesterol level 109.49±19.10 mg/dL, the vitamin B12 level 575.15±251.55 pg/mL, the transferrin level 2.36±0.27 g/L and the thyroglobulin level 103.94±473.45 µg/L.
Conclusion: It was found that ALT, AST, ferritin, bilurubin, iron, glucose, HDL cholesterol, vitamin B12, transferrin and thyroglobulin levels were within the reference range and normal range in a large proportion of athletes, but LDL cholesterol levels were too high in 50% of athletes and total cholesterol levels were too high in 11.5% of athletes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biochemistry, Hormone, Football

Kaynakça

• Akyüz, M. (2011). Changes in serum cardiac troponin T levels in professional football players before and after the game. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(11), 1365-1368.
• Bernstein, M. S., Costanza, M. C., James, R. W., Morris, M. A., Cambien, F., Raoux, S., & Morabia, A. (2002). Physical activity may modulate effects of ApoE genotype on lipid profile. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 22(1), 133-140.
• Beşışık SK. (2003). Demir eksikliği anemisi. İçinde: Klinik Hematoloji (2.baskı). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
• Bilici, M. F. & Genç, A. (2020). Düzenli egzersiz yapan 15-17 yaş grubu kız öğrencilerin bazı karaciğer enzim aktivitelerinin incelenmesi. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 470-475.
• Cerqueira, É., Marinho, D. A., Neiva, H. P., & Lourenço, O. (2020). Inflammatory effects of high and moderate intensity exercise a systematic review. Frontiers in physiology, 10, 489354.
• Çolak, H., Kale, R., & Cihan, H. (2003). Yoğunlaştırılmış yürüyüş ve jogging programının yüksek dansiteli liporotein (hdl) ve düşük dansiteli lipoproteinler (Ldl) üzerine olan etkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 69-76.
• Damayanti, N. A., Nusdwinuringtyas, N., Tambunan, T. F. U., & Kekalih, A. (2022). The effect of high-intensity interval training on blood lactate levels and rate of perceived exertion in sedentary healthy adults. Journal Profesi Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 16(2), 155-163.
• Díaz Martínez, A. E., Alcaide Martín, M. J., & González-Gross, M. (2022). Basal values of biochemical and hematological parameters in elite athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 3059.
• Emerk K., Onat, T., Emerk, K., Sönmez, E.Y. (2006). Kanser İnsan Biyokimyası (2. Baskı). Palme Yayıncılık.
• Ferlazzo, A., Cravana, C., Fazio, E., & Medica, P. (2020). The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses. Veterinary world, 13(5), 847.
• Giovanella, L., Treglia, G., Sadeghi, R., Trimboli, P., Ceriani, L., & Verburg, F. A. (2014). Unstimulated highly sensitive thyroglobulin in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer patients: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99(2), 440-447.
• Hamedchaman, N., Riahy, S., Delpisheh, A., & Najafzadeh, Y. (2023). Exercise during the coronavirus pandemic, two sides of the same coin: the intensity-specific effect of physical training on the innate and acquired immune systems of humans. Journal of Preventive and Complementary Medicine, 2(2), 102-108.
• Hatfield, D. L., Kraemer, W. J., Volek, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Caldwell, L. K., Vingren, J. L., & Hymer, W. C. (2021). Hormonal stress responses of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in highly resistance trained women and men. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 59, 101407.
• Hazar, F., & Taşmektepligil, Y. (2008). Puberte öncesi dönemde denge ve esnekliğin çeviklik üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(1), 9-12.
• Hermann, R., Biallas, B., Predel, H. G., & Petrowski, K. (2019). Physical versus psychosocial stress: Effects on hormonal, autonomic, and psychological parameters in healthy young men. Stress, 22(1), 103-112.
• Kaynar, Ö., Öztürk, N., Kıyıcı, F., Kılıç Baygutalp, N., & Bakan, E. (2016). Kick boks sporcularında kısa süreli yoğun egzersizin karaciğer enzimleri ve serum lipit düzeyleri üzerine etkileri. Dicle Medical Journal/Dicle Tip Dergisi, 43(1), 130-134.
• Koay, Y. C., Stanton, K., Kienzle, V., Li, M., Yang, J., Celermajer, D. S., & O’Sullivan, J. F. (2021). Effect of chronic exercise in healthy young male adults: A metabolomic analysis. Cardiovascular Research, 117(2), 613-622.
• Kocahan, S., Dündar, A., & Yılmaz, Y. (2021). The effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on biochemical parameters in adolescent male athletes. Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 14-19.
• Küçük, H., Söyler, M., Ceylan, T., Ceylan, L., & Şahin, F. N. (2024). Effects of acute and chronic high-intensity interval training on serum irisin BDNF and apelin levels in male soccer referees. Journal of Men’s Health, 20(2), 120–125.
• Leite, C. D., Zovico, P. V., Rica, R. L., Barros, B. M., Machado, A. F., Evangelista, A. L., & Bocalini, D. S. (2023). Exercise-induced muscle damage after a high-intensity interval exercise session: Systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(22), 7082.
• Malczewska, J., Bach, W., & Stupnicki, R. (2000). The effects of physical exercise on the concentrations of ferritin and transferrin receptor in plasma of female judoists. International journal of sports medicine, 21(03), 175-179.
• Małkowska, P., & Sawczuk, M. (2023). Cytokines as biomarkers for evaluating physical exercise in trained and non-trained individuals: a narrative review. International journal of molecular sciences, 24(13), 11156.
• Newton, R. U., & Galvao, D. A. (2008). Exercise in prevention and management of cancer. Current treatment options in oncology, 9, 135-146.
• Peake, J. M., Neubauer, O., Della Gatta, P. A., & Nosaka, K. (2017). Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. Journal of applied physiology,122, 559-570.
• Pourtaghi, G., Bidel, H., Madvari, R. F., Akhondikalour, M., & Samadi, M. (2021). Effect of regular physical activity on metabolic parameters and anthropometric indices in obese military personnel: a quasi-experimental study. Turkish Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 25(4), 361-369.
• Rusdiawan, A., Sholikhah, A. M. A., & Prihatiningsih, S. (2020). The Changes in pH Levels, Blood Lactic Acid and Fatigue Index to Anaerobic Exercise on Athlete After NaHCO 3 Administration. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences, 16, 50-56.
• Sadiq, I. Z. (2023). Free radicals and oxidative stress: Signaling mechanisms, redox basis for human diseases, and cell cycle regulation. Current Molecular Medicine, 23(1), 13-35.
• Sarıakçalı, B., Ceylan, L., & Eliöz, M. (2020). Evaluation of end-seasonal vitamin d plasma lipid and other biochemical measurements in professional football players The case of sivas province in turkey. Progress In Nutrıtıon, 22(2), 1-8.
• Sarıakçalı, B., Duman, G., Ceylan, L., Polat, M., Hazar, S., & Eliöz, M. (2021). Spor bilimleri fakültesinde uygulama eğitimin biyokimyasal ve hematolojik parametrelere etkisi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 222-232.
• Swift, D. L., Johannsen, N. M., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2012). The effect of different doses of aerobic exercise training on total bilirubin levels. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 44(4), 569.
• Şekeroğlu, M. R., Bati, B., Çokluk, E., & Öztürk, M. (2019). Tiroglobulin ölçümlerinin düşük titrelerdeki anti-tiroglobulinle interferansının araştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 26(3), 296-304.
• Şenel, Ö., & Akyüz, M. (2010). The occurrence of muscle damage ın male soccer players. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health, 10(1) 55-59.
• Takahashi, K., Kitaoka, Y., Matsunaga, Y., & Hatta, H. (2020). Effect of post-exercise lactate administration on glycogen repletion and signaling activation in different types of mouse skeletal muscle. Current Research in Physiology, 3, 34-43.
• Talaghir, L.G., Gheonea, V., Rus, C.M., Cretu, C.M., & Iconomescu, T.M. (2018). Statistical analysis of hospitalized morbidity indicators based on DRG in Romanian Public Hospitals. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 61, 163-186.
• Tas, M., Senturk, E., Ekinci, D., Demirdag, R., Comakli, V., Bayram, M., ... & Supuran, C. T. (2019). Comparison of blood carbonic anhydrase activity of athletes performing interval and continuous running exercise at high altitude. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 34(1), 218-223.
• Turğut, M., & Sarikaya, M. (2020). Effect of calisthenics exercise program on some liver enzyme values and blood lipids. BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience,11(2), 72-81.
• Ziolkowski, W., Ziemann, E., Hermann-Antosiewicz, A., Borkowska, A., Laskowski, R., & Antosiewicz, J. (2014). Are the health effects of exercise related to changes in iron metabolism?. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 7(1), 33-43.