DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND STATISTICAL MODELING OF COMPRESSIVE STRTENGTH OF CEMENT MORTARS CONTAINING RECYCLED WASTE BRICK DUST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Öz

Brick dust is a waste material with pozzolanic nature. It is important to recycle this waste material without causing environmental pollution. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the usability of waste brick dust (WBD) in cement in terms of 7 and 28-day compressive strength performance. For this purpose, WBD was added as a replacement for Portland cement (CEM I 52.5 N) in amounts of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% by weight in accordance with TS EN 197-1 and compressive strength test was conducted. Based on the experimental results, surface response methodology (RSM) analysis was performed in order to estimate the 7 and 28-day compressive strengths of WBD-substituted cement mortar with the help of statistical model. The results showed that increasing the pozzolanic additive (WBD) caused a decrease in mechanical strength at 7 and 28 days (short and medium term). At a 95 % level of confidence, the effect of multiple factors on the target response was studied using statistical analysis of analysis of variance (ANOVA) results. The coefficient of determination (R2) value obtained as 0.99 show the reliability and performance of the proposed model. As a result of optimization, the optimal response value for compressive strength was found to be 60.57 MPa and the desirability value was found to be 1. In this study, it was concluded that the optimization performed using RSM is an effective approach for the mixed design of cements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Waste
• compressive strength
• optimization
• brick dust
• response surface methodology (RSM)

GERİ DÖNÜŞTÜRÜLMÜŞ ATIK TUĞLA TOZU İÇEREN ÇİMENTO HARÇLARININ BASINÇ DAYANIMININ TEPKİ YÜZEYİ METODOLOJİSİ KULLANILARAK TASARIM OPTİMİZASYONU VE İSTATİSTİKSEL MODELLEMESİ

Öz

Tuğla tozu puzolanik özellik gösteren atık bir malzemedir. Bu atık malzemenin çevre kirliliğine neden olmadan geri kazanımı önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada atık tuğla tozunun çimento içerisinde kullanılabilirliğinin 28 günlük basınç dayanımı performansı açısından değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla atık tuğla tozu (ATT), TS EN 197-1 standardına uygun olarak ağırlıkça %0, %2.5, %5, %7.5 ve %10 oranlarında Portland çimento (CEM I 52.5 N) yerine ikame edilmiş ve basınç dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneysel sonuçlara dayalı olarak ATT ikameli çimento harcının 7 ve 28 günlük basınç dayanımlarını istatistiksel model yardımıyla tahmin etmek amacıyla yanıt yüzey metodolojisi (YYM) analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, puzolanik katkının (ATT) artmasının, 7 ve 28 günde (kısa ve orta vadede) mekanik dayanımda azalmaya neden olduğunu göstermiştir. %95'lik bir güven seviyesinde, birden fazla faktörün hedef yanıt üzerindeki etkisi, varyans analiz (ANOVA) sonuçlarının istatistiksel analizi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. 0,99 olarak elde edilen belirleme katsayısı (R2) değeri, önerilen modelin güvenilirliğini ve performansını göstermektedir. Optimizasyon sonucunda basınç dayanımı için optimal yanıt değeri, 60.57 MPa ve istenirlik değeri 1 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada, YYM kullanılarak yapılan optimizasyonun çimentoların karma tasarımı için etkili bir yaklaşım olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık
• basınç dayanımı
• optimizasyon
• tuğla tozu
• yanıt yüzey metodolojisi (YYM)

Kaynakça

1. Abdellatief, M., Walid, E.E., Hani, A., Ahmed M.T., 2023. Production and Optimization of Sustainable Cement Brick Incorporating Clay Brick Wastes Using Response Surface Method. Ceramics International, 49, (6), 9395–9411.
2. Adamu, M., Haruna, S.I., Ibrahim, Y.E., Alanazi, H., 2022. Investigating the Properties of Roller-Compacted Rubberized Concrete Modified with Nanosilica Using Response Surface Methodology. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, 7, (1), 1–13.
3. Amiri, H., Azadi, S., Karimaei, M., Sadeghi, H., Dabbaghi, F., 2022. Multi-Objective Optimization of Coal Waste Recycling in Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103472.
4. Arif, R., Khitab, A., Kırgız, M.S., Khan, B.R.N., Tayyab, S., Khan, R.A., Anwar, W., Arshad, M.T., 2021. Experimental Analysis on Partial Replacement of Cement with Brick Powder in Concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00749.
5. Arjomandi, A., Mousavi, R., Tayebi, M., Nematzadeh, M., Gholampour, A., Aminian, A., Gencel, O., 2023. The Effect of Sulfuric Acid Attack on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Containing Waste Nylon Aggregates: Experiments and RSM-Based Optimization. Journal of Building Engineering, 64, 105500.
6. Arsenovic, M., Radojević, Z., Jakšić, Ž., Pezo. L., 2015. Mathematical Approach to Application of Industrial Wastes in Clay Brick Production — Part II: Optimization. Ceramics International, 41, (3), 4899–4905.
7. Azizpour, F., Qaderi, F., 2020. Optimization, Modeling and Uncertainty Investigation of Phenolic Wastewater Treatment by Photocatalytic Process in Cascade Reactor. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, (7), 6315–6342.
8. Badogiannis, E., Kakali, G., Dimopoulou, G., Chaniotakis, E. Tsivilis., S., 2005. Metakaolin as a Main Cement Constituent. Exploitation of Poor Greek Kaolins. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27, (2), 197–203.

9. Bheel, N., Ali, M.O.A., Shafiq, N., Almujibah, H.R., Awoyera, P., Benjeddou, O., Shittu, A., Olalusi, O.B., 2023. Utilization of Millet Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material in Eco-Friendly Concrete: RSM Modelling and Optimization. Structures, 49, 826–841.
10. Binici, H., Kapur, S., Arocena, J., Kaplan, H., 2012. The Sulphate Resistance of Cements Containing Red Brick Dust and Ground Basaltic Pumice with Sub-Microscopic Evidence of Intra-Pore Gypsum and Ettringite as Strengtheners. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34, (2), 279–287.
11. Çüçen, A., Altuncı, Y.T., 2023. Horasan Harcında Şeker Pancarı Posasının Lif Katkı Olarak Kullanılabilirliğinin Araştırılması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, (1), 85–95.
12. Habibi, A., Ramezanianpour, A.M., Mahdikhani, M., 2021. RSM-Based Optimized Mix Design of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials Based on Waste Generation and Global Warming Potential. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 167, 105420.
13. Habibi, A., Ramezanianpour, A.M., Mahdikhani, M., Bamshad, O., 2021. RSM-Based Evaluation of Mechanical and Durability Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing GGBFS and Silica Fume. Construction and Building Materials, 270, 121431.
14. Hammoudi, A., Moussaceb, K., Belebchouche, C., Dahmoune, F., 2019. Comparison of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Prediction in Compressive Strength of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 209, 425–436.
15. Haque, M., Ray, S., Mita, A.F., Bhattacharjee, S., Shams, M.J.B., 2021. Prediction and Optimization of the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete Containing Rice Husk Ash and Glass Fiber Using Response Surface Methodology. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14, e00505.
16. Ho, C.M., Doh, S.I., Li, X., Chin, S.C., Ashraf, T., 2022. RSM-Based Modelling of Cement Mortar with Various Water to Cement Ratio and Steel Slag Content. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 128:103256.
17. Hou, D., Chen, D., Wang, X., Wu, D., Ma, H., Hu, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Yu, R., 2020. RSM-Based Modelling and Optimization of Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Rapid-Repair Materials. Construction and Building Materials, 263, 120190.
18. Khodaii, A., Haghshenas, H.F., Tehrani, H.K., 2012. Effect of Grading and Lime Content on HMA Stripping Using Statistical Methodology. Construction and Building Materials, 34, 131–135.
19. Kocak, Y., Tasci, E., Kaya, U., 2013. The Effect of Using Natural Zeolite on the Properties and Hydration Characteristics of Blended Cements. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 720–727.
20. Koksal, F., Nazlı, T., Benli, A., Gencel, O., Kaplan, G., 2021. The Effects of Cement Type and Expanded Vermiculite Powder on the Thermo- Mechanical Characteristics and Durability of Lightweight Mortars at High Temperature and RSM Modelling. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 15, e00709.
21. Li, L.G., Lin, Z.H., Chen, G.M., Kwan, A.K.H., 2020. Reutilizing Clay Brick Dust as Paste Substitution to Produce Environment-Friendly Durable Mortar. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 122787.
22. Ma, Z., Tang, Q., Wu, H., Xu, J., Liang, C., 2020. Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Cement Composites with Various Fineness and Contents of Waste Brick Powder from C&D Waste. Cement and Concrete Composites, 114, 103758.
23. Mohammed, M.K., Al-Hadithi, A.I., Mohammed, M.H., 2019. Production and Optimization of Eco-Efficient Self Compacting Concrete SCC with Limestone and PET. Construction and Building Materials, 197, 734–746.
24. Naceri, A., Hamina, M.C., 2009. Use of Waste Brick as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Mortar. Waste Management, 29, (8), 2378–2384.
25. Nassar, A.I., Thom, N., Parry, T., 2016. Optimizing the Mix Design of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures Using Response Surface Methodology. Construction and Building Materials, 104, 216–229.
26. Nematzadeh, M., Shahmansouri, A.A., Fakoor, M., 2020. Post-Fire Compressive Strength of Recycled PET Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Steel Fibers: Optimization and Prediction via RSM and GEP. Construction and Building Materials, 252, 119057.
27. Aman, A.M.N., Selvarajoo, A., Lau, T.L., Chen, W.H., 2023. Optimization via Response Surface Methodology of Palm Kernel Shell Biochar for Supplementary Cementitious Replacement. Chemosphere, 313, 137477.
28. Ouyang, X., Wang, L., Fu, J., Xu, S., Ma, Y., 2021. Surface Properties of Clay Brick Powder and Its Influence on Hydration and Strength Development of Cement Paste. Construction and Building Materials, 300, 123958.
29. Perraki, T., Kontori, E., Tsivilis, S., Kakali, G., 2010. The Effect of Zeolite on the Properties and Hydration of Blended Cements. Cement and Concrete Composites, 32, (2), 128–133.
30. Sabour, M., Dezvareh, G., Bazzazzadeh, R., 2019. Corrosion Prediction Using the Weight Loss Model in the Sewer Pipes Made from Sulfur and Cement Concretes and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Construction and Building Materials, 199, 40–49.
31. Shao, J., Gao, J., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., 2019. Study on the Pozzolanic Reaction of Clay Brick Powder in Blended Cement Pastes. Construction and Building Materials, 213, 209–215.
32. Shi, J., Zhao, L., Han, C., Han, H., 2022. The Effects of Silanized Rubber and Nano-SiO2 on Microstructure and Frost Resistance Characteristics of Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Construction and Building Materials, 344, 128226.
33. Pali, H.S., Sharma, A., Kumar, M., Annakodi, V.A., Nguyen, V.N., Singh, N.K., Singh, Y., Balasubramanian, D., Deepanraj, B., Truong, T.H., Nguyen, P.Q.P., 2023. Enhancement of Combustion Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Using TiO2 Nanofluid Blends through RSM. Fuel, 331, 125681.
34. Tremiño, R.M., Real-Herraiz, T., Letelier, V., Ortega, J.M., 2021. Four-Years Influence of Waste Brick Powder Addition in the Pore Structure and Several Durability-Related Parameters of Cement-Based Mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 306, 124839.
35. TS EN 196-1, 2016. Çimento Deney Metodları- Bölüm 1: Dayanım Tayini. Ankara.
36. Waqar, A., Bheel, N., Almujibah, H.R., Benjeddou, O., Alwetaishi, M., Ahmad, M., Sabri, M.M.S., 2023. Effect of Coir Fibre Ash (CFA) on the Strengths, Modulus of Elasticity and Embodied Carbon of Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Optimization. Results in Engineering, 17, 100883.
37. Witek-Krowiak, A., Chojnacka, K., Podstawczyk, D., Dawiec, A., Bubala, K., 2014. Application of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Methods in Modelling and Optimization of Biosorption Process. Bioresource Technology, 160, 150–160.
38. Zhao, Y., Gao, J., Liu, C., Chen, X., Xu, Z., 2020. The Particle-Size Effect of Waste Clay Brick Powder on Its Pozzolanic Activity and Properties of Blended Cement. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118521.