THE CRISIS OF LIBERAL INTERNATIONAL ORDER AND THE STATUS OF THE SMALL STATES: THE CASE OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Öz

This article focuses on examining the causality between the international system and the resilience of small states and explains the experience of the Republic of Macedonia, which has been trying to join international organizations since 1991, as a case study. In this context, it proceeds from the basic assumption that the weaknesses of the state and their perception by the international system play a critical role in small state resilience. The article analyzes the critical weaknesses of the liberal international order’s approach to neglecting small states, then examines the critical vulnerabilities and advantages of small states that lead to the emergence of weak or failed states in the international system. In addition to explaining a unique example of a country changing its name to enter an international alliance, the article clarifies the direct relationship between the status of small states in the international system and the predatory nature of the liberal international order that creates a precarious future for small states.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liberal International Order
• Macedonia
• International System
• Small States
• EU
• NATO

LİBERAL ULUSLARARASI DÜZEN KRİZİ VE KÜÇÜK DEVLETLERİN STATÜSÜ: MAKEDONYA CUMHURİYETİ VE KUZEY MAKEDONYA CUMHURİYETİ ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Makale, uluslararası sistem ile küçük devletlerin dayanıklılığı arasındaki nedenselliği incelemeye odaklanmakta ve 1991’den bu yana uluslararası kuruluşlara katılmaya çabalayan Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nin deneyimini örnek vaka olarak açıklamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, devletin zayıflıklarının ve uluslararası sistem tarafından algılanmasının küçük devlet esnekliğinde kritik rol oynadığı temel varsayımından hareket etmektedir. Makale, liberal uluslararası düzenin küçük devletleri ihmal etmeyi öngören yaklaşımının kritik zayıflıklarını ele alarak analiz etmekte, ardından, küçük devletlerin uluslararası sistemdeki zayıf veya başarısız devletlerin ortaya çıkmasına yol açan kritik kırılganlıklarını ve avantajlarını incelemektedir. Makale, uluslararası bir ittifaka girmek için adını değiştiren bir ülkenin benzersiz bir örneğini izah etmenin yanı sıra, bu örneğin karmaşıklığından hareketle, küçük devletlerin uluslararası sistem içindeki statüsü ile küçük devletler için güvencesiz bir gelecek yaratan liberal uluslararası düzenin yırtıcı doğası arasındaki doğrudan ilişkiye açıklık getirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Liberal Uluslararası Düzen
• Makedonya
• Uluslararası Sistem
• Küçük Devletler
• AB
• NATO

Kaynakça

1. Acemoglu, Daren and Robinson, James. “Why Nations Fails” 2012. Crown Publishing Group, NY, US
2. Bailyn, Bernard. The Challenge of Modern Historiography. 1982. The American Historical Review, 87(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/1863306
3. Blazevska, Katerina. (2017) ”Платформата” ја премина Македонската граница“ Deutsche Welle, Apr 2017, Available at: https://www.dw.com/mk/платформата-ја-премина-македонската-граница/a-38481427
4. Christopher S. Browning. “Small, Smart and Salient? Rethinking Identity in the Small States Literature.” 2006. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19:4, p:669-684, Accessed 10 Dec 2020. DOI: 10.1080/09557570601003536 Eatwell, Roger and Goodwin, Matthew. “National Populism: Revolt against the liberal democracy”, 1st edn, 2018. Penguin Random House.
5. Elman, F. Miriam. “The Foreign Policies of Small States: Challenging Neorealism in Its Own”, British Journal of Political Science, 1995. Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1995), pp. 171-217, Accessed on 10 Dec 2020 https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/194084.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Acfda73178f90fb6bfd2051ece2c12cf0,
6. Fokus. “Заев и Груевски на средба со Хан” Fokus.mk, July 2015, Available at: https://fokus.mk/zaev-i-gruevski-na-sredba-so-han/
7. Fukuyama, Francis. (2016) “American Political Decay or Renewal: The meaning of the 2016 election”, Foreign Affairs, Jul/Aug 2016, Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-06-13/american-political-decay-or-renewal?utm_medium=PANTHEON_STRIPPED&utm_source=PANTHEON_STRIPPED&utm_content=PANTHEON_STRIPPED&utm_campaign=PANTHEON_STRIPPED&utm_term=PANTHEON_STRIPPED, (Accessed on: 05 Jan 2021)
8. Ivanov, Gjorge. “Consolidation of Democracy and the Civil Society” 1999. Civil Society in the Countries on Transition, edited Nadia Skenderovic Cuk and Milan Podunavac, Open University and Agency of Local Democracy, Subotica

9. Gazprom. “South Stream construction to create conditions for developing gasification and gas-fired power generation in Macedonia” News, Sep 2013, Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2013/september/article170592/
10. Goetschel, Laurent. “Small States inside and outside of the European Union”. 1998. Springer p:15
11. Hajdari, Una. “Tongue-tied: Bulgaria’s language gripe blocks North Macedonia’s EU path”, Politico, Dec, 2020, Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/bulgaria-north-macedonia-eu-accession-talks-language-dispute/
12. Handle, Michael. “Weak States in International System”, 1990. Routledge, NY
13. Hey, Jeanne A. K. (ed.) (2003), Small States in World Politics, London: Lynne Rienner.
14. IMF (2015) “Fromer Republic of Macedonia – Country report”, IMF Country Report No. 15/242, Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr15242.pdf
15. International Court of Justice (2011), Press release No:2011/37 from 5 December 2011, Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/142/16841.pdf
16. Interim Accord (1995) No: 32193, Available at: https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/MK_950913_Interim%20Accord%20between%20the%20Hellenic%20Republic%20and%20the%20FYROM.pdf
17. Ikenberry, John. (2009) “Liberal Internationalism 3.0: America and the Dilemmas of Liberal World Order” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 7, No. 1, Mar. 2009, pp. 71-87 Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40407217.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A3cac8dc4a27cfc06bd4a9b20a66093cd (Accessed on 25 Dec 2020)
18. Ikenberry, John. (2011) ““Liberal Leviathan: the origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order” Princeton University Press, New Jersey, US
19. Ikenberry, John (2020) “Liberal Internationalism - Robert Wright & John Ikenberry [The Wright Show], 2 Sep 2020, Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5X_muSLGBKY, (Accessed on: 04 Jan 2021) Mearsheimer J. John. ‘Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order”. International Security. 2019; 43 (4): 7–50.
20. North Atlantic Council, (2008), “Bucharest Summit Declaration”, Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm
21. NATO (2008) “Bucharest Summit Declaration”, Press Relace Apr, 2008, Available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm Ney, Joseph. “The Future of Power”, 2011. Public Affairs, New York,
22. Netpress. “Груевски и Заев на средба со Хан и европратениците” Netpress.com.mk, July 2015, Available at: https://netpress.com.mk/gruevski-i-zaev-na-sredba-so-han-i-evropratenicite/
23. Parliament of Republic of Macedonia. “Constitutions”, 1992. Sobranie of Republic of Macedonia, Available at: https://www.sobranie.mk/content/Odluki%20USTAV/UstavSRSM.pdf
24. Pravdiko. “Decree for promulgation of the law on conclusion, ratification, and execution of international agreements” 1998. Available at: https://www.pravdiko.mk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Zakon-za-skluchuvan-e-ratifikatsija-i-izvrshuvan-e-na-megunarodni-dogovori-22-01-1998.pdf
25. Petrushevska, Dragana. “North Macedonia government debt at 52% at end-July”, SeeNews, 31 August 2021, Available at: https://seenews.com/news/n-macedonias-govt-debt-at-52-of-gdp-at-end-july-752578
26. Purkiss, Jessica. “Russian Warlords and British PR Firms: Macedonian’s Information War”, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Sep 2018, Available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2018-09-28/russian-warriors-and-british-pr-firms-macedonias-information-war
27. Press24 “Заев: Зошто да давам оставка? За Мицкоски да дојде и премиер да биде? 2021. Web News, Available at: https://press24.mk/zaev-zoshto-da-davam-ostavka-za-mickoski-da-dojde-i-premier-da-bide
28. Payne, Anthony. “Small states in the global politics of development.” 2004. The Round Table, 93:376, p:623-635, Accessed 10 Dec 2020. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0035853042000289209
29. Kaplan D. Robert, “The Revenge of Geography”, 2012. Random House, Inc., New York.
30. Katzenstein, Peter “Small States in World Market” 1985. Cornel University Press, New York, US
31. Rodrik, Dani. “The Globalization Paradox” 2011. WW Northon and Company, NY.
32. Rosenau James. “Study of the World Politics: Globalization and Governance”. 2006. Routledge, NY
33. Spykman J. Nickolas. “Geography and Foreign Policy, I “, The American Political Science Review, Feb., 1938, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Feb., 1938),
34. State Election Committee “Report of the Referendum in 2018”, 2018. SEC, Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lAGxUaJI5epNrQJjM_57UHyRjR56-Aqj/view
35. Seraphinoff, Michail. () “The Ohrid peace agreement, how is it working ten years later? 2011. The Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, Available at: https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/09/Seraphinoff_REECASNW.pdf
36. Tsafos, Nikos. “Turkish Stream Opportynities”, CSIS, Nov 2018, Available at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/turkstream-opportunity
37. Taseva, Slagjana “Grand corruption and tailor made laws in the Republic of North Macedonia”, Transparency International Macedonia, 2020, Available at: https://transparency.mk/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/grand_corruption_and_tailor_made_laws_in_republic_of_north_macedonia.pdf
38. Vankovska, Bilijana. “Lilliputian Foreign Policy of a Small State: The Case of the Republic of Macedonia” 2017. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343103574
39. Vankovska, Biljana. “The Role of the Ohrid Framework Agreement and the Peace Process in Macedonia” Longo editore, Ravena, in Stefano Bianchini et al (eds.), Regional Cooperation, Peace Enforcement, and the Role of the Treaties in the Balkans, Jan 1, 2007 Available at: https://www.academia.edu/1267906/The_role_of_the_Ohrid_framework_agreement_and_the_peace_process_in_Macedonia
40. Vankovska, Biljana. “Macedonia in NATO: What has changed?” Turkish Policy Quarterly, Summer 2020, Available at: http://turkishpolicy.com/article/1019/macedonia-in-nato-what-has-changed
41. Vankovska Biljana. “David vs. Gholiat: The Macedonian position in the so-called “Name Dispute” with Greece” 2010. Challenges of Europeanization. No:58. Issue:3. p:438-467 Accessed 05 Dec 2020 https://www.academia.edu/41284683/David_vs_Goliath_The_Macedonian_position_s_in_the_so_called_Name_Dispute_with_Greece
42. Ulrich Beck. “Power in the Global Age: A New Global Political Economy.” Malden Mass: Polity Press. 2005
43. Ugrinovska, Sonja. “Rumen Radev with Ultimatum to Skopje”, 2021, Sloboden Pecat, Accessed 25 Oct 2021. https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/rumen-radev-so-ultimatum-do-skopje-prvo-prava-za-bugarite-pa-pregovori-so-eu/
44. UN Security Council (1993), Resolution 817, Available at: http://unscr.com/files/1993/00817.pdf
45. US Department of State, (2021) 2021 Investment Climate Statements: North Macedonia, Available at: https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-investment-climate-statements/north-macedonia/