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COLONIALISM, GERMAN EXPERIENCE AND REFLECTIONS ON HISTORY-SOUTH AFRICA AS A CASE STUDY

Yıl 2024, , 107 - 170, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1439106

Öz

Despite its severe brutality, colonialism does not necessarily lead to genocide. The economic rationality behind colonialism prevents it from annihilating the indigenous sources of labour. For instance, despite the magnitude and the applicability of Italian brutality and nationalist manipulation in Libya, the overarching economic strains/rationale might have prevented an extreme mode of annihilation similar to the German colonial project in South West Africa.
It is plausible that the Wilhelmine period contained precursors of Nazism, and, subsequently, Nazis built upon these foundations and advanced their agenda by choosing a particular project among many other competing ones.

Thus, this study investigates German colonialism, its roots, its course of action and the pertinent repercussions. After examining the nature of colonialism in general, it then raises questions on the origins and development of the German colonial legacy in particular. The paper adopts a comparative approach. Its first case study will be the German presence in South West Africa. The second case study will be the Italian presence in North Africa and British experience in South Africa. The third and final case study will be the British experience in South Africa. The cruelties of the Second Anglo Boer War (South African War provide adequate comparative.

Kaynakça

  • Christmas Number 1905, Cape Times, 49-56, downloaded from bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a8ed4a5dc12b95a4JmltdHM9MTY5MzM1MzYwMCZpZ3VpZD0zNjYwMmE2NS0xMmI2LTY1ZDUtMGVkZi0zOGNmMTM4MTY0YzYmaW5zaWQ9NTMyMA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=36602a65-12b6-65d5-0edf-38cf138164c6&psq=British+plans+to+capture+Cape+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kaWdpdGFsLmxpYi5zdW4uYWMuemEvYml0c3RyZWFtL2hhbmRsZS8xMDAxOS4yLzE2OTQ4L0FfaHVuZHJlZF95ZWFyc19hZ28ucGRmP3NlcXVlbmNlPTE&ntb=1
  • Map, Walker, Eric A., Historical Atlas of South Africa, (Cape Town: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press, 1922) https://archive.org/details/historical .
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.8.1.K, F 15/2588.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.7.1.K, F 15/2560.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.10.2K.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11. 10.2.5 K.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.2.8 K.
  • Armstrong, Henrietta E. C. Armstrong (Henrietta Esther Carolina). Camp diary of Henrietta E.C. Armstrong: experiences of a Boer nurse in the Irene Concentration Camp, 6 April-11 October 1901. Pretoria, Human Sciences Research Council, 1980. https://UnivofPretoria.on.worldcat.org/oclc/8170813.
  • Brandt, Johanna. The War Diary of Johanna Brandt. ed.by Grobler, Jackie. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007.
  • Hobhouse, Emily, Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange Rover Colonies, London. Friars Printing Association Limited, 1902.
  • Beale, C.O. “Copper in South Africa Part I,” J.S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 85 (1985): 73-80. < www. turtlesa.com/copper.html > 7 April 2024.
  • Blom, Ingeborg. “Defence Of The Cape Colony Under Batavian Rule 1803 – 1806,” Kronos 17 (1990): 19-35.
  • Brain, Jessica. “The Abolition of Slavery in Britain,” Historic UK: The History and Heritage Accommodation Guide. 12 June 2019 <https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Abolition-Of-Slavery/> (9 April 2024).
  • Cammack, Diana. “The Politics of Discontent: The Grievances of the Uitlander Refugees, 1899-1902,” Journal of Southern African Studies 8 (1982): 243–70.
  • Colin-Thomé, Percy. “Governor Van Angelbeek & The Capitulation Of The Dutch Settlements In Ceylon To The British - (1796),” Journal of the Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24 (1978–79): 20-48.
  • Cosser, Michael, F. “The story of an African giant,” ed. Vasu Redy, Narnia Bohler-Muller, Gregory Houston, Maxi Schoeman, Heather Thuynsma, The Fabric of Dissent: Public Intellectuals in South Africa, Cape Town: HCRC Press BestRed, (2020): 158-162.
  • Cooper, Frederic. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005.
  • de Villiers, Johan. “Cape Colonial Society under British rule, 1806-1834,” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day. ed. Pretorius, Fransjohan, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Erichsen, Casper W. “Concentration camps were used by the Germans in South West Africa,” The Mail&Guardian, 23 August 2001. <http://www.raceandhistory.com> (18 November 2001).
  • Fleminger, David. “1846 South Africa's First Commercial Mine,” 15 September 2023. <https://southafrica.co.za/1846-south-africas-first-commercial- mine.html > (7 April 2024).
  • --- “1854 Namaqualand Copper Fever,” <https://southafrica.co.za/1854 namaqualand-copper-fever.html> ( 7 April 2024).
  • Giliomee, Hermann, Mbenga, Bill, Nasson, Bernard. New History of South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2022.
  • Greyling, P.J. Pretoria and the Anglo-Boer War. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2000.
  • Grobler, Jackie, State Formation and Strife:1850-1900 in Giliomee et. al. --- Anglo-Boer War (South African War) 1899-1902: Historical Guide to Memorials and Sites in South Africa. Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal: Pinetown Printers, 2018.
  • Heywood A. and Maasdorp, E. (eds). The Hendrik Witbooi Papers. Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1995. King, Tessa. “The Story of the 1820 Settlers,” The 1820 Settler Correspondence 27 October 2010.
  • <https://www.eggsa.org/1820-settlers/index.php/articles-2/1820-history> (9 April 2024).
  • Le Roux, Tinus. The Boer War in Colour, Vol I Conventional War, 1899-1900. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2022.
  • McCormack, Robert. “Review Essay: Cape of Torments. Slavery and Resistance in South Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 18 (1984): 489-491.
  • Meinig, D.W. Atlantic America, 1492-1800 Vol. I of The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
  • Mossolow, Dr. N., second revised edition translated by P. Reiner. OTJIKANGO or GROSS BARMEN: The history of the First Rhenish Herero Mission Station in South West Africa 1844-1904. Windhoek: John Meinert (Pty) Ltd, 1993.
  • Nasson. B.. “Civilians in the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902,”in Laband, J. (ed.) Civilians in Wartime in Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide. London, Westport: Connecticut, 2007.
  • --- The South African War 1899-1902, London, Hodder Education Publishers, 1999.
  • Oostindie, Gert. “Dutch Atlantic Decline during the “the Age of Revolutions.” Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680-1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders, ed. Oostindie, Gert and Reitman, Jessica V. (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014), 309-335. Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. London: Abacus, 1992.
  • --- The Illustrated Boer War: Abridged Edition. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2014.
  • Pretorius, Fransjohan, The A to Z of the Anglo-Boer War, Lanham, Maryland, The Scarecrow Press, 2010.
  • --- ed., A History of South Africa from Distant Past to the Present Day. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Peires, J.. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Cattle Killing of 1856-7 2nd ed. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 2003. Potgieter, Thean and Grundlingh, Albert. “Admiral Elphinstone and the Conquest and Defence of the Cape of Good Hope, 1795-96,” Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies 35 (2007): 39-67.
  • Ross, Robert. Cape of Torments: Slavery and Resistance in South Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.
  • Roos-Muller, Beverly. Bullet in the Heart: Four Brothers ride to war 1899-1902. Johannesburg-Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2023.
  • Shell, Robert. “People of Bondage” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day, ed. Fransjohan Pretorius, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Smalberger, John. “Aspects of the History of Copper Mining in Namaqualand.” M.A. Dissertation University of Cape Town, 1969.
  • Tinus, Le Roux. The Boer War in Colour Vol. 1: Conventional War, 1899-1900. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2022.
  • Vedder, Heindrich. South West Africa in Early Times Reprinted version. London: Thomas Nelson Printers Ltd, 2016. Visagie, Jan. “The emigration of the Voortrekkers into the interior,” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day, ed. Fransjohan Pretorius, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Witchell, Nicholas. “Queen's regret over Boer War,” 10 November 1999.
  • <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/514608.stm> (9 April 2024).
  • --- From Windhoek to Auschwitz: On the relationship between Colonialism and the Holocaust, Routledge Studies in Modern European History. E-book: Routledge, 2024.
  • Dictionary of South African English <https://dsae.co.za/entry/zuurveld/ e08047> <http://dac.gov.za/content/women-and-children-who-perished-concentration-camps-south-african-war-honoured>
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire>
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Letters>
  • “Kew Letters,” Wikipedia. 22 June 2023 < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Letters > (7 April 2024)
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhanda,_South_Africa> “Makhanda, South Africa,” Wikipedia. 2017. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhanda,_South_Africa > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl>
  • “Lizzie van Zyl,” Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl> May 2021. (7 April 2024).
  • <https://esat.sun.ac.za//index.php/Batavian_Republic >
  • “Batavian Republic,” ESAT. 11 February 2017. <https://esat.sun.ac.za//index.php/Batavian_Republic > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ eastern-cape-wars-dispossession-1779-1878>
  • “Eastern Cape Wars of Dispossession,” South African History Online. 29 June 2018. <
  • https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ eastern-cape-wars-dispossession-1779-1878 > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ louis-van-mauritius-and-slave-revolt-1808>
  • “Louis van Mauritius and the Slave Revolt of 1808,” South African History Online 28 November 2017.
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ louis-van-mauritius-and-slave-revolt-1808 > (7 April 2024).
  • https://www.sahistory.org.za/ people/makhanda-nxele
  • “Makhanda Nxele,” www.sahistory.org.za. 23 August 2019.
  • < https://www.sahistory.org.za/ people/makhanda-nxele> (10 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-1820-british-settlers-arrive-south-africa#:~:text=This%20period%20saw%20one%20of,and%20food%20against%20their%20deposits>
  • “The First 1820 British Settlers Arrive in South Africa,” www.sahistory.org.za. 6 September 2022.
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-1820-british-settlers-arrive-south-africa#:~:text=This%20period%20saw%20one%20of,and%20food%20against%20their%20deposits> (10 April 2024).
  • <https://www.marsad.ly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg_.png
  • Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg_.png (2000×1917) (marsad.ly)>
  • <https://www.napoleon-empire.net/texte-officiel/traite-amiens.php >“Treaty of Amiens,” Napoléon & Empire, 3 August 2023,< https://www.napoleon-empire.net/texte-officiel/traite-amiens.php> (7 April 2024).
  • <https://theconversation.com/the-arrival-of-british-settlers-200-years-ago-continues-to-cast-a-shadow-over-south-africa-137319>
  • “The arrival of British settlers 200 years ago,” The Conversation 15 May 2020. <https://theconversation.com/the-arrival-of-british-settlers-200-years-ago-continues-to-cast-a-shadow-over-south-africa-137319> (9 Nisan 2024)
  • www. turtlesa.com/copper.html Turtle SA, “History of Copper in South Africa,” History of Copper, 8 June 2023, <www. turtlesa.com/copper.html> (7 April 2024).

Sömürgecilik, Alman Deneyimi ve Güney Afrika Örneği Üzerinden Diğer Sömürgecilik Deneyimleri ile Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2024, , 107 - 170, 23.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1439106

Öz

Alman sömürgecilik deneyimi, çeşitli sömürgecilik tarihleri ile karşılaştırılarak, ortak ve farklı noktaları irdelenmekte, diğer bir taraftan Alman tarihi ile Holokost arasında bir nedensellik bağı olup olmadığı araştırılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Christmas Number 1905, Cape Times, 49-56, downloaded from bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a8ed4a5dc12b95a4JmltdHM9MTY5MzM1MzYwMCZpZ3VpZD0zNjYwMmE2NS0xMmI2LTY1ZDUtMGVkZi0zOGNmMTM4MTY0YzYmaW5zaWQ9NTMyMA&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=36602a65-12b6-65d5-0edf-38cf138164c6&psq=British+plans+to+capture+Cape+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kaWdpdGFsLmxpYi5zdW4uYWMuemEvYml0c3RyZWFtL2hhbmRsZS8xMDAxOS4yLzE2OTQ4L0FfaHVuZHJlZF95ZWFyc19hZ28ucGRmP3NlcXVlbmNlPTE&ntb=1
  • Map, Walker, Eric A., Historical Atlas of South Africa, (Cape Town: Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press, 1922) https://archive.org/details/historical .
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.8.1.K, F 15/2588.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.7.1.K, F 15/2560.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.10.2K.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11. 10.2.5 K.
  • Photo-Courtesy of Voortreeker Museum, 3.11.2.8 K.
  • Armstrong, Henrietta E. C. Armstrong (Henrietta Esther Carolina). Camp diary of Henrietta E.C. Armstrong: experiences of a Boer nurse in the Irene Concentration Camp, 6 April-11 October 1901. Pretoria, Human Sciences Research Council, 1980. https://UnivofPretoria.on.worldcat.org/oclc/8170813.
  • Brandt, Johanna. The War Diary of Johanna Brandt. ed.by Grobler, Jackie. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2007.
  • Hobhouse, Emily, Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange Rover Colonies, London. Friars Printing Association Limited, 1902.
  • Beale, C.O. “Copper in South Africa Part I,” J.S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 85 (1985): 73-80. < www. turtlesa.com/copper.html > 7 April 2024.
  • Blom, Ingeborg. “Defence Of The Cape Colony Under Batavian Rule 1803 – 1806,” Kronos 17 (1990): 19-35.
  • Brain, Jessica. “The Abolition of Slavery in Britain,” Historic UK: The History and Heritage Accommodation Guide. 12 June 2019 <https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Abolition-Of-Slavery/> (9 April 2024).
  • Cammack, Diana. “The Politics of Discontent: The Grievances of the Uitlander Refugees, 1899-1902,” Journal of Southern African Studies 8 (1982): 243–70.
  • Colin-Thomé, Percy. “Governor Van Angelbeek & The Capitulation Of The Dutch Settlements In Ceylon To The British - (1796),” Journal of the Sri Lanka Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24 (1978–79): 20-48.
  • Cosser, Michael, F. “The story of an African giant,” ed. Vasu Redy, Narnia Bohler-Muller, Gregory Houston, Maxi Schoeman, Heather Thuynsma, The Fabric of Dissent: Public Intellectuals in South Africa, Cape Town: HCRC Press BestRed, (2020): 158-162.
  • Cooper, Frederic. Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005.
  • de Villiers, Johan. “Cape Colonial Society under British rule, 1806-1834,” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day. ed. Pretorius, Fransjohan, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Erichsen, Casper W. “Concentration camps were used by the Germans in South West Africa,” The Mail&Guardian, 23 August 2001. <http://www.raceandhistory.com> (18 November 2001).
  • Fleminger, David. “1846 South Africa's First Commercial Mine,” 15 September 2023. <https://southafrica.co.za/1846-south-africas-first-commercial- mine.html > (7 April 2024).
  • --- “1854 Namaqualand Copper Fever,” <https://southafrica.co.za/1854 namaqualand-copper-fever.html> ( 7 April 2024).
  • Giliomee, Hermann, Mbenga, Bill, Nasson, Bernard. New History of South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg, 2022.
  • Greyling, P.J. Pretoria and the Anglo-Boer War. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2000.
  • Grobler, Jackie, State Formation and Strife:1850-1900 in Giliomee et. al. --- Anglo-Boer War (South African War) 1899-1902: Historical Guide to Memorials and Sites in South Africa. Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal: Pinetown Printers, 2018.
  • Heywood A. and Maasdorp, E. (eds). The Hendrik Witbooi Papers. Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia, 1995. King, Tessa. “The Story of the 1820 Settlers,” The 1820 Settler Correspondence 27 October 2010.
  • <https://www.eggsa.org/1820-settlers/index.php/articles-2/1820-history> (9 April 2024).
  • Le Roux, Tinus. The Boer War in Colour, Vol I Conventional War, 1899-1900. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2022.
  • McCormack, Robert. “Review Essay: Cape of Torments. Slavery and Resistance in South Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 18 (1984): 489-491.
  • Meinig, D.W. Atlantic America, 1492-1800 Vol. I of The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
  • Mossolow, Dr. N., second revised edition translated by P. Reiner. OTJIKANGO or GROSS BARMEN: The history of the First Rhenish Herero Mission Station in South West Africa 1844-1904. Windhoek: John Meinert (Pty) Ltd, 1993.
  • Nasson. B.. “Civilians in the Anglo-Boer War 1899-1902,”in Laband, J. (ed.) Civilians in Wartime in Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide. London, Westport: Connecticut, 2007.
  • --- The South African War 1899-1902, London, Hodder Education Publishers, 1999.
  • Oostindie, Gert. “Dutch Atlantic Decline during the “the Age of Revolutions.” Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680-1800: Linking Empires, Bridging Borders, ed. Oostindie, Gert and Reitman, Jessica V. (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014), 309-335. Pakenham, Thomas. The Scramble for Africa. London: Abacus, 1992.
  • --- The Illustrated Boer War: Abridged Edition. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2014.
  • Pretorius, Fransjohan, The A to Z of the Anglo-Boer War, Lanham, Maryland, The Scarecrow Press, 2010.
  • --- ed., A History of South Africa from Distant Past to the Present Day. Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Peires, J.. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Cattle Killing of 1856-7 2nd ed. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 2003. Potgieter, Thean and Grundlingh, Albert. “Admiral Elphinstone and the Conquest and Defence of the Cape of Good Hope, 1795-96,” Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies 35 (2007): 39-67.
  • Ross, Robert. Cape of Torments: Slavery and Resistance in South Africa. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983.
  • Roos-Muller, Beverly. Bullet in the Heart: Four Brothers ride to war 1899-1902. Johannesburg-Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2023.
  • Shell, Robert. “People of Bondage” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day, ed. Fransjohan Pretorius, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Smalberger, John. “Aspects of the History of Copper Mining in Namaqualand.” M.A. Dissertation University of Cape Town, 1969.
  • Tinus, Le Roux. The Boer War in Colour Vol. 1: Conventional War, 1899-1900. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2022.
  • Vedder, Heindrich. South West Africa in Early Times Reprinted version. London: Thomas Nelson Printers Ltd, 2016. Visagie, Jan. “The emigration of the Voortrekkers into the interior,” in A History of South Africa from the Distant Past to the Present Day, ed. Fransjohan Pretorius, Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2022.
  • Witchell, Nicholas. “Queen's regret over Boer War,” 10 November 1999.
  • <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/514608.stm> (9 April 2024).
  • --- From Windhoek to Auschwitz: On the relationship between Colonialism and the Holocaust, Routledge Studies in Modern European History. E-book: Routledge, 2024.
  • Dictionary of South African English <https://dsae.co.za/entry/zuurveld/ e08047> <http://dac.gov.za/content/women-and-children-who-perished-concentration-camps-south-african-war-honoured>
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Ottoman_Empire>
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Letters>
  • “Kew Letters,” Wikipedia. 22 June 2023 < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Letters > (7 April 2024)
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhanda,_South_Africa> “Makhanda, South Africa,” Wikipedia. 2017. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhanda,_South_Africa > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl>
  • “Lizzie van Zyl,” Wikipedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_van_Zyl> May 2021. (7 April 2024).
  • <https://esat.sun.ac.za//index.php/Batavian_Republic >
  • “Batavian Republic,” ESAT. 11 February 2017. <https://esat.sun.ac.za//index.php/Batavian_Republic > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ eastern-cape-wars-dispossession-1779-1878>
  • “Eastern Cape Wars of Dispossession,” South African History Online. 29 June 2018. <
  • https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ eastern-cape-wars-dispossession-1779-1878 > (7 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ louis-van-mauritius-and-slave-revolt-1808>
  • “Louis van Mauritius and the Slave Revolt of 1808,” South African History Online 28 November 2017.
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/ louis-van-mauritius-and-slave-revolt-1808 > (7 April 2024).
  • https://www.sahistory.org.za/ people/makhanda-nxele
  • “Makhanda Nxele,” www.sahistory.org.za. 23 August 2019.
  • < https://www.sahistory.org.za/ people/makhanda-nxele> (10 April 2024).
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-1820-british-settlers-arrive-south-africa#:~:text=This%20period%20saw%20one%20of,and%20food%20against%20their%20deposits>
  • “The First 1820 British Settlers Arrive in South Africa,” www.sahistory.org.za. 6 September 2022.
  • <https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/first-1820-british-settlers-arrive-south-africa#:~:text=This%20period%20saw%20one%20of,and%20food%20against%20their%20deposits> (10 April 2024).
  • <https://www.marsad.ly/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/07/Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg_.png
  • Map_of_traditional_provinces_of_Libye-en.svg_.png (2000×1917) (marsad.ly)>
  • <https://www.napoleon-empire.net/texte-officiel/traite-amiens.php >“Treaty of Amiens,” Napoléon & Empire, 3 August 2023,< https://www.napoleon-empire.net/texte-officiel/traite-amiens.php> (7 April 2024).
  • <https://theconversation.com/the-arrival-of-british-settlers-200-years-ago-continues-to-cast-a-shadow-over-south-africa-137319>
  • “The arrival of British settlers 200 years ago,” The Conversation 15 May 2020. <https://theconversation.com/the-arrival-of-british-settlers-200-years-ago-continues-to-cast-a-shadow-over-south-africa-137319> (9 Nisan 2024)
  • www. turtlesa.com/copper.html Turtle SA, “History of Copper in South Africa,” History of Copper, 8 June 2023, <www. turtlesa.com/copper.html> (7 April 2024).
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Afrika Çalışmaları
Bölüm Özel Bölüm: Tarihsel Miraslar ve Bunların Modern Hukuk Sistemleri ve Kimlik Politikaları Üzerindeki Etkileri
Yazarlar

Yekta Noyan 0009-0003-5610-2655

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Noyan, Yekta. “Sömürgecilik, Alman Deneyimi Ve Güney Afrika Örneği Üzerinden Diğer Sömürgecilik Deneyimleri Ile Karşılaştırılması”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, sy. 25 (Eylül 2024): 107-70. https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1439106.