YERLEŞİMCİ SÖMÜRGECİLİĞİ BAĞLAMINDA KIRIM TATAR SÜRGÜNÜ

Öz

Kırım Tatarlarının, Sovyetler Birliği tarafından etnik temizliğeuğratılmaları, bunu takiben Rus ve Ukraynalıların Kırım Tatarlarınıntopraklarına yerleştirilmeleri ve Kırım yarımadasındaki Tatarca yeradlarının değiştirilmesi, Amerika kıtası, Afrika, Avusturalya veFilistin’de yaşanan yerleşimci sömürgecilik ile bir takım benzerliklertaşımaktadır. Buna ek olarak, Kırım Tatarlarının Özbekistan, Urallarve sürgün edildikleri diğer yerlerde maruz kaldıkları muamelenin deyerli halkların yerleşimci sömürgeciler tarafından maruz bırakıldıklarımuamele ile benzerlikleri olduğu görülmektedir. Ne var ki, bubenzerlikler tarihçiler ve diğer sosyal bilimciler tarafından hakkıylaincelenmemiştir. Aksine, Sovyetler Birliği’nde yaşanan olaylar,Avrupalılar ve yerli halklar arasında farklı coğrafyalarda gelişensömürgeci ve etno-ırksal ilişkilerin tamamen dışında ele alınmıştır. Bumakale, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki çeşitli yerli halklara karşı yürütülenpolitikaların, şimdiye kadar daha derinlemesine çalışılmış olan GüneyAfrika ve Filisin’deki gibi yerleşimci sömürgecilikle nasılkıyaslanabileceğine dair bir ilk deneme olmayı hedeflemektedir. Buçerçevede bu makale, özel olarak, Kırım Tatar tehciri ve çeşitli yasaldüzenlemeler çerçevesinde yaşanan Özbekistan’daki uzun sürgündöneminin yerleşimci sömürgeciliği ile bazı noktalarda önemlibenzerlikler taşıyan bir örnek olarak ele almaktadır. Bu makalenin, bukonu hakkında gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalar için bir esin kaynağıolması ümit edilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kırım Tatarları, Sürgün, NKVD (İç İşleri HalkKomiserliği), Yerleşimci sömürgeciliği, özel yerleşim

THE DEPORTATION OF THE CRIMEAN TATARS IN THE CONTEXT OF SETTLER COLONIALISM

Öz

The Soviet ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars, thesubsequent settlement of their lands with Russians and Ukrainians, andthe de-Tatarization of the peninsula’s place names has a number ofsimilarities with various cases of settler colonialism in the Americas,Africa, Australia, and Palestine. The treatment of the exiled CrimeanTatars in Uzbekistan, the Urals, and other regions also had a number ofsimilarities with how settler colonies treated their indigenouspopulations. These similarities, however, have not been thoroughlyexplored by historians and other scholars. Instead the USSR has beenconsidered as being completely outside of the framework of colonial andethno-racial relations that developed between Europeans andindigenous peoples in other parts of the world. This article seeks to makea first attempt at suggesting ways in which Soviet policies towardsvarious indigenous peoples in the USSR can be compared to the betterstudied cases of settler colonialism in places like South Africa andPalestine. In particular it uses the Soviet deportation of the CrimeanTatars and their prolonged exile in Uzbekistan under various legalrestrictions as a case study comparable in a number of important waysto settler colonialism. It is hoped that this article will inspire furtherinquiries and research in a comparative manner regarding this topic

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crimean Tatars, Deportation, NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs), Settler Colonialism, Special Settlement

Kaynakça

1. Bugai, N.F. ed., Iosif Stalin – Lavrentiiu Berii. “Ikh nado deportirovat’,” Dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii. Moscow: Druzhba narodov, 1992.
2. Bugai, N.F. L. Beria – I. Stalinu: ‘Soglasno vashemu ukazaniiu..’ Moscow: AIRO XX, 1995.
3. Bugai, N.F., ed., Deportatsiia narodov kryma: Dokumenty, fakty, kommentarii. Moscow: Insan, 2002.
4. Dzhemilev, Mustafa, ed., Shest’desiat shestaia godovshchina Krymskoi ASSR:
5. Demonstratsii i mitingi krymskhikh tatar. London: Society for Central Asian Studies, 1987.
6. Fisher, Alan W., The Crimean Tatars. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, 1978.
7. Hind, Robert J., ‘The Internal Colonial Concept,’ Comparative Studies in Society and History, vol. 26, no. 3, 1984.
8. Hirsch, Francine, ‘Race without the Practice of Racial Politics,’ Slavic Review, vol. 61, no. 1 (Spring 2002).

9. Hussein, Hussein Abu and Fiona Mckay, Access Denied: Palestinian Land Rights in Israel. London: Zed Books, 2003.
10. Ibragimov, Ayder, ed., Krimski studii: Informatsiinii biuletin, no. 5-6, (September-November 2000).
11. Khamzin, Ali, ‘Krymskie Tatary v Uzbekistane.’ Seriia <> No. 11, Dec. 2004.
12. Kozelsky, Mara, ‘Causalities of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War,’ Slavic Review, vol. 67, no. 4 (Winter 2008).
13. Pohl, J. Otto, Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937-1949. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.
14. Pohl, J. Otto, ‘Stalin’s Genocide Against the “Repressed Peoples”,’Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 2, no. 2, June 2000.
15. Pohl, J. Otto, Shallow Roots: The Exile Experiences of Russian- Germans, Crimean Tatars, and Meskhetian Turks in Comparative Perspective. Ph.D. diss., School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 2004.
16. Pohl, J. Otto, ‘Socialist Racism: Ethnic Cleansing and Racial Exclusion in the USSR and Israel,’ Human Rights Review, vol. 7, no. 3, April- June 2006.
17. Pohl, J. Otto, ‘Kirim Tatarlina Karşi Dűzmce Vatana Ihanet Suçlaamari’ [The False Charges of Treason against the Crimean Tatars] trans. Selami Kaçamak, Emel, no. 230, January-March 2010.
18. Pohl, J. Otto, ‘Soviet Apartheid: Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of the Ethnic Germans in the USSR,’ Human Rights Review, vol. 13, no. 2, 2012.
19. Pohl, J. Otto, ‘Colonialism in one Country: The Deported Peoples of the USSR as an Example of Internal Colonialism,’ Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Religion , vol. 5, no. 7, May 2014.
20. Pobol, N and P. Polian, eds., Staliniskie deportatsii 1928-1953: Dokumenty. Moscow: MFD, Materik, 2005.
21. Polian, Pavel, Against their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.
22. Radio Liberty, Sobranie dokumentov samizdata (Materialy perepechatay iz Arkhiv Samizdata
23. Smith, Jeremy, The Bolsheviks and the National Question 1917-1923. London: MacMillan Press, 1999.
24. Snipp, Matthew, ‘The Changing Political and Economic Status of American Indians: From Captive Nations to Internal Colonies,’ The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 45, no. 2, 1986.
25. Statiev, Alexander, ‘Soviet Ethnic Deportations: Intent versus Outcome,” Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 11, no. 2-3 (June-September 2009).
26. Tashkentskii protsess: Amsterdam, Herzen Fund, 1976.
27. Tsarevskaia-Diakana, T.V., ed., Spetspereselentsy v SSSR. Moscow: Rosspen, 2004.
28. Uehling, Greta, Having a Homeland: Recalling the Deportation, Exile, and Repatriation of Crimean Tatars to their Historic Homeland. Ph.D. diss. University of Michigan, 2000.
29. Weiner, Amir, ‘Nothing but Certainty,’ Slavic Review, vol. 61, no. 1 (Spring 2002).
30. Williams, Brian, ‘Hidden Ethnocide in the Soviet Borderlands: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Crimean Tatars, ‘ Journal of Genocide Research, vol. 4, no. 3 (Septmeber 2002).
31. Wilson, Andrew, ‘Politics in and around Crimea: A Difficult Homecoming, ‘The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, edited by Edward Allworth, pp. 281-322. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.
32. Zemskov, V.N., Spetsposelentsy, 1930-1960. Moscow: Nauk, 2005.
33. Margaret Ziolkowksi, Margaret, Alien Visions: The Chechens and Navajos in Russian and American Literature. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005.