PONTUS MESELESİ: GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Öz

Bu makale uluslararası kamuoyunda “Pontus Sorunu” olaraktanımlanan, Osmanlı Devleti’nin son yıllarında ve Milli Mücadeledöneminde Karadeniz bölgesinde yaşayan, imparatorluğun Rum tebaasınınayaklanmaları, bölgede yaşanan topluluklar arası çatşma ve son olarakRum tebaanın nüfus mübadelesi ile Yunanistan’a göç etmesi olaraközetlenebilecek sorunsalı tanımlamayı ve analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Buçerçevede sorunun tarihsel ve sosyo-kültürel arka planı incelenmekte vegünümüzde “Pontus soykırımı” iddialarının uluslararası kamuoyunungündemine nasıl ve ne amaçla getirildiği yorumlanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pontus Sorunu, Rum, Osmanlı Devleti, Yunanistan

THE PONTUS QUESTION: A GENERAL VIEW

Öz

This article intends to analyze the problematic known by theinternational public opinion as “the Pontus Question,” which can besummarized as the uprisings of the Greek subjects living in the Black SeaRegion of the Ottoman Empire during the last years of the Empire and theTurkish National Struggle, the subsequent inter-communal clashes, and themigration of these Greek subjects to Greece with the population exchange.Within this framework, it examines the historical and socio-culturalbackground of this question and elaborates why and how it has nowadaysbeen presented to the international public opinion as “the Pontic Genocide”allegations

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pontus Question, Greek, Ottoman Empire, Greece, Population Exchange

Kaynakça

1. Harry Tsirkinidis, At Last We Uprooted Them… The Genocide of Pontos, Thrace and Asia Minor through the French Archives, Athens: Kyriakidis Brothers Publishing House, 1993.
2. Matthew Smith Anderson, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923: A Study in International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1966
3. A. L. Macfie, The Eastern Question, 1774-1923, London, New York: Longman, 1994.
4. Lobanov Rostovsky, “Anglo-Russian Relations through the Centuries,” Russian Review, Cilt 7, Sayı 2, (Spring, 1948), ss. 41-52.
5. Roderic H. Davison “‘Russian Skill and Turkish Imbecility’: The Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji Reconsidered,” Slavic Review, Cilt 35, Sayı 3, (Eylül, 1976), ss. 463-483.
6. Charles Jelavich and Barbara Jelavich, The Balkans, Englewood Cliffs: New Jersey, 1965.
7. Lawrence Meriage, “The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question,” Slavic Review, Cilt 37, Sayı 3, (Eylül, 1978), ss. 421-439.
8. Stefanos Yerasimos, Milliyetler ve Sınırlar: Balkanlar, Kafkasya ve Ortadoğu, çeviren Şirin Tekeli, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1994.

9. Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
10. Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
11. Anton Bertram, “The Orthodox Privileges in Turkey, with Special Reference to Wills and Successions,” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, Cilt 10, Sayı 1, 1909, ss. 126-140.
12. Theodore Papadopoullos, “Orthodox Church and Civil Authority,” Journal of Contemporary History, Cilt 2, Sayı 4, Church and Politics, (Ekim, 1967), ss. 201-209.
13. İlber Ortaylı, İmparatorluğun En Uzun Yüzyılı, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2003.
14. Halil Inalcik, “Capital Formation in the Ottoman Empire,” The Journal of Economic History, Cilt 29, Sayı 1, The Tasks of Economic History, (Mart 1969), ss. 97-140.
15. Daniel Panzac, “International and Domestic Maritime Trade in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th Century,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Cilt 24, Sayı 2, (Mayıs, 1992), ss. 189-206.
16. G. P. Henderson, “Greek Philosophy From 1600 to 1850,” The Philosophical Quarterly, Cilt 5, Sayı 19, (Nisan, 1955), ss. 157-165.
17. Constanze Guthenke, Placing Modern Greece: The Dynamics of Romantic Hellenism, 1770-1840, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
18. Thomas Naff, “Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Cilt 83, Sayı 3, (Auğustos - Eylül, 1963), ss. 295-315.
19. Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1993.
20. Wayne S. Vucinich, “The Nature of Balkan Society under Ottoman Rule,” Slavic Review, Cilt 21, Sayı 4, (Aralık, 1962), ss. 597-616.
21. Herkül Millas, Geçmişten Bugüne Yunanlılar: Dil, Din ve Kimlikleri, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2003.
22. Valerie A. Carras, “Some Ecumenical Principles for Teaching and Writing History,” Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Cilt 35, Sayı 3/4, (Yaz/Sonbahar 1998), ss. 387-400.
23. David Brewer, The Greek War of Independence: The Struggle for Freedom from Ottoman Oppression and the Birth of the Modern Greek Nation, New York: The Overlook Press, 2003.
24. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, Cilt 4, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1982.
25. Duane Koenig, “A Report from the Ionian Islands, December 1810,” The Journal of Modern History, Cilt 15, Sayı 3, (Eylül, 1943), ss. 223-226.
26. C. W. Crawley, “John Capodistrias and the Greeks before 1821,” Cambridge Historical Journal, Cilt 13, Sayı 2, 1957, ss. 162-182.
27. C. W. Crawley, “Anglo-Russian Relations 1815-40,” Cambridge Historical Journal, Cilt 3, Sayı 1, 1929, ss. 47-73.
28. Salahi Sonyel, The Turco-Greek Imbroglio: Pan-Hellenism and the Destruction of Anatolia, Ankara: SAM Papers, 1999.
29. Theodore George Tatsios, The Megali Idea and the Greek Turkish War of 1897: The Impact of the Cretan Problem on Greek Irredentism, 1866- 1897, Boulder: East European Monographs, 1984.
30. Michael Llewellyn Smith, Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919-1922, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1998.
31. Michael M. Finefrock, “Atatürk, Lloyd George and the Megali Idea: Cause and Consequence of the Greek Plan to Seize Constantinople from the Allies, June-August 1922,” The Journal of Modern History, Cilt 52, Sayı 1, Mart 1980, ss. D1047-D1066.
32. Richard Clogg, “The Greek millet in the Ottoman Empire,” Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis (der.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society I, The Central Lands içinde, New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982.
33. Richard Clogg, “The Byzantine Legacy in the Modern Greek World: The Megali Idea,” Lowell Clucas (der.), The Byzantine Legacy in Eastern Europe içinde, Boulder: East European Monographs, 1988.
34. Salahi Sonyel, Minorities and the Destruction of the Ottoman Empire, Ankara: Turkish Historical Society Publications, 1993.
35. Mehmet Uğur Ekinci, “The Origins of the 1897 Ottoman-Greek War: A Diplomatic History,” Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bilkent Üniversitesi, Tarih Bölümü, Temmuz 2006.
36. Richard Clogg, “Anadolulu Hıristiyan Karındaşlarımız: The Turkish Speaking Greeks of Asia Minor,” John Burke and Stathis Gauntlett (der.), Neohellenism içinde, Canberra: Australian National University Publications, 1992
37. Dimitri Korobeinikov, “Orthodox Communities in Eastern Anatolia in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Part 1: The Two Patriarchates: Constantinople and Antioch,” Al-Masaq, Cilt 15, Sayı 2, (Eylül 2003), ss. 197-214.
38. Alıntılanan Gerasimos Augustinos, The Greeks of Asia Minor: Confession, Community, and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century, Kent: The Kent State University Press, 1992.
39. Kemal Karpat, Ottoman Population 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.
40. Justin McCarthy, Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire, New York: New York University Press, 1983.
41. Kemal Karpat, “Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82- 1893,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Cilt 9, 1978, ss. 237-274.
42. Enver Ziya Karal, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İlk Nüfus Sayımı (1831), Ankara, 1943, ss. 214-215, alıntılanan Mesut Çapa, Pontus Meselesi, Trabzon: Serander Yayınları, 2001.
43. Jakob Philip Fallmerayer, Doğu’dan Frangmanlar, Hüseyin Salihoğlu (çev.), Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 2002, ss. 54-55.
44. Mark Levene, “Creating a Modern ‘Zone of Genocide’: The Impact of Nation and State-Formation on Eastern Anatolia, 1878-1923,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Cilt 12, Sayı 3, (Kış 1998), ss. 393-433.
45. Henry Morgenthau, I Was Sent to Athens, New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1929, kitabın tam metni için http://www.hri.org/docs/Morgenthau/
46. Mustafa Balcıoğlu, İki İsyan Bir Paşa, İstanbul: Babil Yayıncılık, 2003.
47. Pontus Meselesi: Teflkilat – Rum fiekavet ve Fecayi-i Hükümetin İstitlaat ve Tedabiri: Avrupa Hükümetleriyle Muhabere, Ankara: [Belirtilmeyen Yayıncı], 1922.
48. Ali Güler, İşgal Yllarında Yunan Gizli Teşkilatları, Ankara: Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 1988.
49. Mahmut Goloğlu, Trabzon Tarihi: Fetihten Kurtuluşa Kadar, Trabzon: Serander Yayınları, 2000.
50. Yusuf Sarınay, “Pontus Meselesi ve Yunanistan’ın Politikası”, Berna Türkdoğan (der.) içinde, Pontus Meselesi ve Yunanistan’ın Politikası: Makaleler, Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 1999.
51. Sabahattin Özel, Milli Mücadelede Trabzon, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1991.
52. Ertuğrul Zekai Ökte, “Yunanistan’ın İstanbul’da Kurduğu Gizli İhtilal Cemiyeti (Kordus),” Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, Sayı 40, Ocak 1971, ss. 22-23.
53. Süleyman Beyoğlu, “Milli Mücadele’de Giresun’un Yeri ve Önemi,” Giresun Tarihi Sempozyumu: Bildiriler içinde, Giresun: Giresun Belediyesi Yayınları, 1997.
54. Yerasimos, op. cit., s. 418. Yerasimos’un alıntıladığı bu alıntıyı Ksenofon Stratigos, I Ellas en Mikra Asia (Greece in Asia Minor), Athens: [Belirtilmemiş Yayıncı], 1925.
55. Onur Yıldırım, Diplomacy and Displacement: Reconsidering the Turco- Greek Exchange of Populations, 1922-1934, New York & London: Routledge, 2006.
56. Harry J. Psomiades, The Eastern Question: The Last Phase: A Study in Greek-Turkish Diplomacy, New York: Pella Publishing Company, 2000.
57. John A. Petropulos, “The Compulsory Exchange of Populations: Greek- Turkish Peace-making, 1922-1930,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Cilt 2, (1976), ss. 135-160.
58. Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde Türk-Yunan ilişkileri için bkz. Dimitrios Costas (der.), The Greek-Turkish Conflict in the 1990s: Domestic and External Influences, London: Macmillan, 1991. .