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SOSYALİST BİR DEVLETTE ANGARYA EMEK: EMEK ORDUSUNDAKİ KAZAKİSTAN VE ORTA ASYALI ETNİK ALMANLAR - 1941-1957

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 18, 73 - 100, 01.03.2017

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Stalin rejimi, tomrukçuluk,madencilik ve çeşitli sanayi alanlarında yoğun olarak angarya emekkullanımına gitmiştir. Her ne kadar SSCB’de sivillerin zorla endüstriyelemek olarak kullanımları yaygın bir uygulama olmuş olsa da, bu emekgücünü oluşturan gruplardan biri, sadece sanayinin askerileştirilmesive angarya emek çerçevesinde değerlendirilemeyecek bir örnek teşkiletmiştir. Halk Savunma Komiserliği, “düşman” ve “güvenilmez”milliyetlere mensup 40.000 civarında Sovyet vatandaşına hizmetmecburiyeti getirerek, Urallar, Sibirya, Kazakistan, Orta Asya veSSCB’nin diğer bölgelerinde angarya emek olarak kullanılmaları üzereHalk İçişleri Komiserliği’nin emrine vermiştir. Savaş dönemindeangarya emek gücünü oluşturan bu grup içinde etnik Almanlar 316.000erkek ve kadın ile en büyük bölümü oluşturmuşlardır. Bu hususiangarya emek ordusu sonradan emek ordusu (trudarmiia) olarakanılmıştır. Siviller ve terhis edilen askeri personelden oluşan bu emekordusu işçi kıtaları halinde NKVD-MVD’nin emrine verilmiştir veçalışma kamplarında (gulag) kullanılmıştır

Kaynakça

  • GARF (State Archives of the Russian Federation)
  • RGASPI (Russian State Archive of Social and Political History) Interviews:
  • Margarita Ivanovna Funk in Kant, Kyrgyz Republic on 14 November 2010
  • Felix Littau in Kant, Kyrgyz Republic on 14 November 2010
  • Auman, V.A. and V.G. Chebotareva, eds. Istoriia rossiiskikh nemtsev v dokumentakh (1763-1992 gg.). Moscow: MIGP, 1993.
  • Bugai, N.F. ed., Iosif Stalin – Lavrentiiu Berii: “Ikh nado deportirovat’” Dokumenty, fakty, Kommentarii. Moscow: Druzhba narodov, 1992.
  • Bugai, N.F. ed., “Mobilizovat’ nemtsev v rabochie kolonny…I. Stalin”: Sbornik Dokumentov (1940-e gody). Moscow: Gotika, 1998.
  • Bugai, N.F. Oni srazhalis’ za rodinu: Predstaviteli repressirovannykh narodov SSSR na frontakh Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Moscow: Novyi Khorongraf, 2005.
  • Eisfeld, Alfred ed. Iz istorii nemtsev Kyrgyzstana 1917-1999 gg. Bishkek: Sham, 2000.
  • Karpykova, G.A. ed. Iz Istorii nemtsev Kazakhstana (1921-1975 gg.): Sbornik dokumentov: Arkhiv Presidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan. Almaty - Moscow: Gotika, 1997.
  • Berdinskikh, Viktor. Spetsposelenty: Politicheskaia ssylka narodov sevetskoi Rossii. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2005.
  • Cherkaz’ianova, I.V. “Deportatsiia sovetskikh nemtsev: psikhologicheskie posledstviia i vliianie na grazhdanskuiu identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir.” In Grazhdanskaia identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v istoricheskoi pamiati potomkov, edited by. A.A. German, 77-87. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Daes, Nelly, ed. Gone without a Trace: German-Russian Women in Exile, trans. Nancy Bernhardt Holland. Lincoln, NE: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 2001.
  • Efremova-Shershukova, N.A. “Deportatsiia nemtsev na territoriu Kazakskoi SSR: prichiny I mekhanizm provedeniia.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 866-876. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Eisfeld, Alfred. Die Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus der Wolgarepublik 1941-1957. Munchen: Ost-Europa Institut, 2003.
  • Gentshke, V.L. “Nekotorye aspekty vnuternnikh ethnicheskikh deportatsii na primere nemtskogo i koreiskogo naseleniia SSSR,” in Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 136-144. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • German, A.A. Bolshevistskaia vlast’ i nemetskaia avtonomiia na Volge (1918-1941). Saratov: Izdatel’stvo saratovskogo univeriteta, 2004.
  • German, A.A. “Sovetskie nemtsy v lageriakh NKVD v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: vklad v pobedy,” Voenno-istoricheskiie issledovaniia Povolzh’e, Sb. Nauch. Saratov: Izd-vo: Nauchnaia kniga, 2006, issue no. 7.
  • German, A.A. and A.N. Kurochkin. Nemtsy SSSR v trudovoi armii (1941-1945). Moscow: Gotika, 1998.
  • German, A.A. and O. Silant’evoi. “Vyselit ‘ s treskom”. Ochevidtsy i issledovateli o tragedy i rossiiskikh nemtsev: Sb. Nauchn. Statei i vospominanii. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011 / “Fortjagen muss man sie”. Zeitzungen und Forscher berichten ueber die Tragoedie der Russlanddeutschen. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Gheith, Jehanne and Katherine Jolluck. Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile. Houndsmills, Bassingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Gribanova, E. “K voprosy o trudovykh mobilizatsiiakh nemtskoi natstional’nosti usloviiakh lits nemetskoi natsional’nosti i usloviiakh ikh truda byta v promyshlennosti Kazakhstana v 1940-x godakh (Na dokumentakh arkhiva presidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan).” In Nemtsy SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v pervoe poslevoennoe desiatiletie 1941-1955 gg, edited by A.A. German, 168-177. Moscow: Gotika, 2001.
  • Khan, Valeriy. “Uzbekistani Koreans in the Labor Army during World War II,” International Journal of Central Asian Studies 11 (2006): 59-71.
  • Kirillov, V.M. and N.V. Matveeva. “Trudmobilizovannye nemtsy na Urale: sostoianie i novye aspekty issledovaniia problem.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 627-655. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Krieger, Viktor. “Patriots or Traitors? – The Soviet Government and the ‘German-Russians’ After the Attack on the USSR by National Socialist Germany.” In Russian-German Special Relations in the Twentieth Century: A Closed Chapter, edited by Karl Schloegel, 133- 163. New York: Berg Publishers, 2006.
  • Krieger, Viktor. Bundesbuerger russlanddeutscher Herkunft: Historische Schluesselerfahrungen und kollektives Gedaechtnis. Muenster: Lit Verlag, 2013.
  • Krongardt, G.K. Nemtsy v Kyrgyzstane: 1880-1990 gg. Bishkek: Ilim, 1997.
  • Kurochkin, A.N. “Sotsial’no-politicheskoe polozhenie nemetskogo naseleniia SSSR, mobilizovannogo v “trudovuiu armii” v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941-1945 gg.).” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 181-193. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Malamud, G. “Mobilizovannye sovetskie nemtsy na Urale v 1942-1948 gg.” In Nakazannyi narod: Repressii protiv rossiiskikh nemtsev, edited by I.L. Shcherbakova, 128-145. Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999.
  • Matley, Ian. “The Population and the Land” in Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, A Historical Overview 3rdedition. Edited by Edward Allworth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.
  • Matveeva, N.V. “Vliianie uslovii truda i zhizni na vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtse trudarmeitsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny.” In Grazhdanskaia identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v istoricheskoi pamiati potomkov, edited by A.A. German, 145-154. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Mel’nik, T.F. “Arkhangel’skaia oblast’ v 1940-e gody, kak region po ispol’zovaniiu prinutl’nogo truda poliakov, esontsev, karelo-finnov, nemtsev.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 562-582. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Mukhina, Irina. “To Be Like All But Different: Germans in Soviet Trudarmee,” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 5 (2011): 857-874.
  • Pak, B.D. and N.F. Bugai. 140 let v Rossii: Ocherk istorii rossiiskikh koreitsev. Moscow: IV RAN, 2004.
  • Pohl, J. Otto. “Soviet Apartheid: Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of Ethnic Germans in the USSR,” Human Rights Review 13, no. 2 (2012): 205- 224.
  • Shadt, A. “Pravoi status rossiiskikh nemtsev v SSSR (1940-1950-e gg.), Nemtsy SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v pervoe poslevoennoe desiatiletie 1941-1955 gg, edited by A.A. German. Moscow: Gotika, 2001.
  • Polian, Pavel. Against their Will: the History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.
  • Simon, Gerhard. Nationalism and Policy toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society, trans. Karen and Oswald Forster. Westview Press: Boulder CO, 1991.
  • John B. Toews, ed. and trans., Journeys: Mennonite Stories of Faith and Survival in Stalin’s Russia. Winnipeg, Man.: Kindred Productions, 1998.
  • Weitz, Eric. “Racial Politics without the Concept of Race: Reevaluating Soviet Ethnic and National Purges.” Slavic Review 61, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 1-29.
  • Zemskov, Viktor. Spetsposelentsy v SSSR 1930-1960. Moscow: Nauka, 2005.

FORCED LABOR IN A SOCIALIST STATE: ETHNIC GERMANS FROM KAZAKHSTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA IN THE LABOR ARMY - 1941-1957

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 18, 73 - 100, 01.03.2017

Öz

During World War II the Stalin regime made extensive use offorced labor in a variety of industries including logging, mining, andindustrial construction. Although the conscription of civilians forindustrial labor was common in the USSR during this time, oneparticular component of this labor went far beyond the meremilitarization of factories and definitely crossed over into the categoryof forced labor. The NKO (People’s Commissariat of Defense)conscripted about 400,000 Soviet citizens belonging to “enemy” and“unreliable” nationalities and handed them over to the NKVD(People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) as a labor force in theUrals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia and other areas of the USSR.Ethnic Germans formed the largest contingent of these forced laborerswith 316,000 men and women mobilized during the war. This particularinstitution of forced labor became known as the labor army(trudarmiia). This labor army consisted of civilians and dischargedmilitary personnel mobilized into labor columns to work in correctivelabor camps (GULag) and civilian commissariats under police (NKVDMVD) supervision

Kaynakça

  • GARF (State Archives of the Russian Federation)
  • RGASPI (Russian State Archive of Social and Political History) Interviews:
  • Margarita Ivanovna Funk in Kant, Kyrgyz Republic on 14 November 2010
  • Felix Littau in Kant, Kyrgyz Republic on 14 November 2010
  • Auman, V.A. and V.G. Chebotareva, eds. Istoriia rossiiskikh nemtsev v dokumentakh (1763-1992 gg.). Moscow: MIGP, 1993.
  • Bugai, N.F. ed., Iosif Stalin – Lavrentiiu Berii: “Ikh nado deportirovat’” Dokumenty, fakty, Kommentarii. Moscow: Druzhba narodov, 1992.
  • Bugai, N.F. ed., “Mobilizovat’ nemtsev v rabochie kolonny…I. Stalin”: Sbornik Dokumentov (1940-e gody). Moscow: Gotika, 1998.
  • Bugai, N.F. Oni srazhalis’ za rodinu: Predstaviteli repressirovannykh narodov SSSR na frontakh Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny. Moscow: Novyi Khorongraf, 2005.
  • Eisfeld, Alfred ed. Iz istorii nemtsev Kyrgyzstana 1917-1999 gg. Bishkek: Sham, 2000.
  • Karpykova, G.A. ed. Iz Istorii nemtsev Kazakhstana (1921-1975 gg.): Sbornik dokumentov: Arkhiv Presidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan. Almaty - Moscow: Gotika, 1997.
  • Berdinskikh, Viktor. Spetsposelenty: Politicheskaia ssylka narodov sevetskoi Rossii. Moscow: Novoe Literaturnoe Obozrenie, 2005.
  • Cherkaz’ianova, I.V. “Deportatsiia sovetskikh nemtsev: psikhologicheskie posledstviia i vliianie na grazhdanskuiu identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir.” In Grazhdanskaia identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v istoricheskoi pamiati potomkov, edited by. A.A. German, 77-87. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Daes, Nelly, ed. Gone without a Trace: German-Russian Women in Exile, trans. Nancy Bernhardt Holland. Lincoln, NE: American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, 2001.
  • Efremova-Shershukova, N.A. “Deportatsiia nemtsev na territoriu Kazakskoi SSR: prichiny I mekhanizm provedeniia.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 866-876. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Eisfeld, Alfred. Die Aussiedlung der Deutschen aus der Wolgarepublik 1941-1957. Munchen: Ost-Europa Institut, 2003.
  • Gentshke, V.L. “Nekotorye aspekty vnuternnikh ethnicheskikh deportatsii na primere nemtskogo i koreiskogo naseleniia SSSR,” in Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 136-144. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • German, A.A. Bolshevistskaia vlast’ i nemetskaia avtonomiia na Volge (1918-1941). Saratov: Izdatel’stvo saratovskogo univeriteta, 2004.
  • German, A.A. “Sovetskie nemtsy v lageriakh NKVD v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny: vklad v pobedy,” Voenno-istoricheskiie issledovaniia Povolzh’e, Sb. Nauch. Saratov: Izd-vo: Nauchnaia kniga, 2006, issue no. 7.
  • German, A.A. and A.N. Kurochkin. Nemtsy SSSR v trudovoi armii (1941-1945). Moscow: Gotika, 1998.
  • German, A.A. and O. Silant’evoi. “Vyselit ‘ s treskom”. Ochevidtsy i issledovateli o tragedy i rossiiskikh nemtsev: Sb. Nauchn. Statei i vospominanii. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011 / “Fortjagen muss man sie”. Zeitzungen und Forscher berichten ueber die Tragoedie der Russlanddeutschen. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Gheith, Jehanne and Katherine Jolluck. Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of Soviet Incarceration and Exile. Houndsmills, Bassingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
  • Gribanova, E. “K voprosy o trudovykh mobilizatsiiakh nemtskoi natstional’nosti usloviiakh lits nemetskoi natsional’nosti i usloviiakh ikh truda byta v promyshlennosti Kazakhstana v 1940-x godakh (Na dokumentakh arkhiva presidenta Respubliki Kazakhstan).” In Nemtsy SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v pervoe poslevoennoe desiatiletie 1941-1955 gg, edited by A.A. German, 168-177. Moscow: Gotika, 2001.
  • Khan, Valeriy. “Uzbekistani Koreans in the Labor Army during World War II,” International Journal of Central Asian Studies 11 (2006): 59-71.
  • Kirillov, V.M. and N.V. Matveeva. “Trudmobilizovannye nemtsy na Urale: sostoianie i novye aspekty issledovaniia problem.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 627-655. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Krieger, Viktor. “Patriots or Traitors? – The Soviet Government and the ‘German-Russians’ After the Attack on the USSR by National Socialist Germany.” In Russian-German Special Relations in the Twentieth Century: A Closed Chapter, edited by Karl Schloegel, 133- 163. New York: Berg Publishers, 2006.
  • Krieger, Viktor. Bundesbuerger russlanddeutscher Herkunft: Historische Schluesselerfahrungen und kollektives Gedaechtnis. Muenster: Lit Verlag, 2013.
  • Krongardt, G.K. Nemtsy v Kyrgyzstane: 1880-1990 gg. Bishkek: Ilim, 1997.
  • Kurochkin, A.N. “Sotsial’no-politicheskoe polozhenie nemetskogo naseleniia SSSR, mobilizovannogo v “trudovuiu armii” v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny (1941-1945 gg.).” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 181-193. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Malamud, G. “Mobilizovannye sovetskie nemtsy na Urale v 1942-1948 gg.” In Nakazannyi narod: Repressii protiv rossiiskikh nemtsev, edited by I.L. Shcherbakova, 128-145. Moscow: Zven’ia, 1999.
  • Matley, Ian. “The Population and the Land” in Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, A Historical Overview 3rdedition. Edited by Edward Allworth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994.
  • Matveeva, N.V. “Vliianie uslovii truda i zhizni na vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtse trudarmeitsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny.” In Grazhdanskaia identichnost’ i vnutrennii mir rossiiskikh nemtsev v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v istoricheskoi pamiati potomkov, edited by A.A. German, 145-154. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Mel’nik, T.F. “Arkhangel’skaia oblast’ v 1940-e gody, kak region po ispol’zovaniiu prinutl’nogo truda poliakov, esontsev, karelo-finnov, nemtsev.” In Nachal’nyi period Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i deportatsiia rossiiskikh nemtsev: vzglaiady i otsenki cherez 70 let, edited by A.A. German, 562-582. Moscow: MSNK – press, 2011.
  • Mukhina, Irina. “To Be Like All But Different: Germans in Soviet Trudarmee,” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 5 (2011): 857-874.
  • Pak, B.D. and N.F. Bugai. 140 let v Rossii: Ocherk istorii rossiiskikh koreitsev. Moscow: IV RAN, 2004.
  • Pohl, J. Otto. “Soviet Apartheid: Stalin’s Ethnic Deportations, Special Settlement Restrictions, and the Labor Army: The Case of Ethnic Germans in the USSR,” Human Rights Review 13, no. 2 (2012): 205- 224.
  • Shadt, A. “Pravoi status rossiiskikh nemtsev v SSSR (1940-1950-e gg.), Nemtsy SSSR v gody Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny i v pervoe poslevoennoe desiatiletie 1941-1955 gg, edited by A.A. German. Moscow: Gotika, 2001.
  • Polian, Pavel. Against their Will: the History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2004.
  • Simon, Gerhard. Nationalism and Policy toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union: From Totalitarian Dictatorship to Post-Stalinist Society, trans. Karen and Oswald Forster. Westview Press: Boulder CO, 1991.
  • John B. Toews, ed. and trans., Journeys: Mennonite Stories of Faith and Survival in Stalin’s Russia. Winnipeg, Man.: Kindred Productions, 1998.
  • Weitz, Eric. “Racial Politics without the Concept of Race: Reevaluating Soviet Ethnic and National Purges.” Slavic Review 61, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 1-29.
  • Zemskov, Viktor. Spetsposelentsy v SSSR 1930-1960. Moscow: Nauka, 2005.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA73DC35UD
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

J. Otto Pohl Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 18

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Pohl, J. Otto. “SOSYALİST BİR DEVLETTE ANGARYA EMEK: EMEK ORDUSUNDAKİ KAZAKİSTAN VE ORTA ASYALI ETNİK ALMANLAR - 1941-1957”. Uluslararası Suçlar Ve Tarih, sy. 18 (Mart 2017): 73-100.