OSMANLI İMPARATORLUĞU’NDA 1876 NİSAN AYAKLANMASININ ULUSLARARASI YANSIMALARI

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 15, 11 - 46, 01.03.2014

Ayten Kılıç

Öz

1876 Nisan’ındaki isyanının önemi sadece onun kendine mahsusniteliğinde ya da etki alanında değil aynı zamanda teşvik edilenuluslararası etkilerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. İsyan kötü hazırlanmış,kötü uygulanmış ve tamamen başarısızdır. Yenilgiyle sonuçlanmıştır.Buna rağmen, yenilgi Büyük Güçlerin müdahalesine bir yol sağlamasıbakımından bir başarıdır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Müslüman olan tekbüyük güçtü. Rumeli’de ikamet eden geniş bir Hristiyan nüfusu yönetentek Müslüman devletti. 19. Yüzyıl boyunca, Büyük Güçler olanAvusturya-Macaristan, Büyük Britanya, Fransa, Rusya ve sonradangelen Almanya ve İtalya, Balkan Hristiyanlarının kalplerini veakıllarını kazanmak için tam kapsamlı bir mücadele yürütmüştür veböylece onları kendi etki alanlarına çekmişlerdir. Bulgar isyanı,Bulgaristan’ın bir devlet olarak ortaya çıkmasına sebep olan olaylarzinciri içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Denenebilir ki, 1876 isyanı,Avrupa’nın haritasını değiştiren ve Almanya’nın lider pozisyonundaolduğu yeni bir güçler dengesi yaratan 1877-78 Osmanlı Rus çıkmasısebep olmuştur

Anahtar Kelimeler

1878 İsyanı, Bulgaristan, Büyük Güçler, Osmanlıİmparatorluğu

THE INTERNATIONAL REPERCUSSIONS OF THE 1876 APRIL UPRISING WITHIN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

Öz

The importance of the 1876 April uprising lies not in itsunique nature or scope but in the international repercussions that itincited. The rebellion itself was ill-prepared, ill executed and utterlyunsuccessful. It ended in defeat. Nonetheless, the defeat was a success,in the sense that it provided the avenue by which Great Powersintervention could occur. The Ottoman Empire was the only Muslimgreat power. It was also the only Muslim state to rule over a vastChristian population, a great number of which resided in Rumelia.Throughout the nineteenth century the Great Powers - AustriaHungary, Great Britain, France, Russia and the latecomers, Germanyand Italy - engaged in a full-fledged struggle to win the hearts andminds of the Balkan Christians, and thus draw them into their ownsphere of influence. The Bulgarian revolt became an important step ina chain of events that would eventually result in the creation of a newstate, Bulgaria. It could be argued that the April uprising in 1876 leddirectly to the outbreak of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-78, whichwould change the map of Europe and create a new balance of power inwhich Germany would play a leading role

Anahtar Kelimeler

1878 April Uprising, Bulgaria, Great Powers, OttomanEmpires

Kaynakça

• Archival Material:
• Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivleri (BOA): Hariciye Siyasi Evrakı (HR.SYS.) Collection
• British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print, Part I, Vol.II, Series B, eds. K. Bourne and D.C. Watt, University Publication of America, 1984- Newspapers:
• (The London) Daily News articles published on 22 August 1876, 5 September 1876
• Popolo Romano, 25 August 1876, No. 235.
• “Rapporto di S. E. Saadoullah Bey a Sua Alteza il Gran-Visir,” Gazetta d’Italia, 16 January 1877. Books and Articles:
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• ———————, Turkey and Its People.
• Sahara, Tetsuya, “Two Different Images,” War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and the Treaty of Berlin, ed. M. Hakan Yavuz with Peter Sluglett, Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, Utah Series in Middle Eastern Studies, 2011.
• Schuyler, Eugene, Selected Essays with a Memoir by Evelyn Schuyler Schaeffer.
• Stoyanoff, Zachary, Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent.
• Suny, Ronald G, Göçek, Fatma M. and Naimark, Norman M., A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• The diaries of Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (1826-93) between 1878 and 1893: a selection, ed. John Vincent, Oxford: Leopard’s Head Press, 2003.
• London Daily News of 22 August 1876.
• Todorov, N., “Aprilskoto v’stanie i negovoto miasto v Iztochnata kriza (1875-1878)”, Aprilskoto v’stanie i iztochnata kriza 1875-1878 eds. N. Todorov and S. Damianov, Sofia: BAN, 1977.
• Walker, Dale, Januarius MacGahan: The Life and Campaigns of an American War Correspondent.
• Yıldırım, Bülent, Bulgaristan’daki Ermeni Komitelerinin Osmanlı Devleti Aleyhine Faaliyetleri (1890-1918), Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2014.