Son Gelişmeler Işığında Fransa’nın Ruanda’daki Rolüne İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 21, 139 - 168, 02.12.2020

Ceyda Acicbe

Öz

Ruanda Devlet Başkanı Juvénal Habyarimana’yı taşıyan uçağın 6 Nisan 1994’te vurularak düşürülmesi Tutsi ve Hutular arasında on yıllardır süren çatışmayı tetikledi ve 100 gün içerisinde 800.000’den fazla Ruandalı korkunç derecedeki şiddet olayları sonucunda aşırı uç Hutular tarafından öldürüldü. Bu olay bazı devletlerin, batı merkezli kurum ve kuruluşların Ruanda’daki rolünün sorgulanmasına yol açtı. Söz konusu aktörler, Ruanda’daki rollerine ilişkin olarak çeşitli eleştiri ve suçlamalarla karşı karşıya kaldılar. Eleştirilerin merkezinde yer alan devletlerden biri de Fransa’dır. Bu makale, bu suçlama ve eleştirilerin arkasında yatan sebepleri gözden geçirmenin yanı sıra, medyada yer alan son gelişmeler ışığında Fransa’nın Ruanda’daki rolüne ilişkin bir değerlendirme sunmayı hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the United Nations, the Catholic Church

An Evaluation Regarding the Role of France in Rwanda in the Light of Recent Developments

Öz

The shooting down of the airplane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana on 6 April 1994 triggered decades-long conflict between Tutsi and Hutu, and more than 800,000 Rwandans were killed by Hutu extremists in Rwanda during 100 days of horrible violence. This incident led to the questioning of the role of states, western-based international institutions, and organizations in Rwanda. The actors in questioned have faced various criticisms and accusations regarding their role in Rwanda. One of the states at the center of criticisms is France. This study aims to review the reasons behind these accusations and criticisms, as well as present an evaluation regarding the role of France in Rwanda in the light of recent developments in the media.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rwandan Genocide of 1994, the united nations, the Catholic Church

Kaynakça

• Akhavan, Payam. “The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: The Politics and Pragmatics of Punishment.” The American Journal of International Law 90, no. 3 (July 1996): 501-510.
• Armstrong, Mark. “Rwanda genocide.: French court ruling could shed light on France’s role.” Euronews, June 7, 2020. https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/07/rwanda-genocide-french-court-ruling-could-shed-light-on-france-s-role.
• Barria, Lilian A. and Steven D. Roper. “How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Analysis of the ICTY and the ICTR.” The International Journal of Human Rights 9, no. 3 (September 2005): 349-368.
• Çakır, Arzu. “Fransa Ruanda Soykırımındaki Rolünü Araştırıyor.” Amerika’nın Sesi, April 7, 2019. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/fransa-ruanda-soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1ndaki-rolunu-arast%C4%B1r%C4%B1yor/4865629.html.
• “Catholic Church in Rwanda apologises for role in 1994 genocide.” CCadio, November 22, 2016. http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2016/11/22/catholic_church_in_rwanda_apologises_for_role_in_genocide/en-1273928.
• Çoban Öztürk, Ebru. “Uzlaşma Süreçleri ve Uluslararası Mahkemenin Sonlandırılması Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 12, no. 48 (2016): 37-53.
• Davies, Lizzy. “Rwanda genocide: France was at fault, Sarkozy admits.” The Guardian, February 25, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/25/sarkozy-rwanda-genocide-kagame.
• “French court allows Access to Rwandan genocide archives.” Aljazeera, June 12, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/06/french-court-access-rwandan-genocide-archives-200612181820909.html.
• Gunduz, Rahmi. “Fransa, Ruanda’daki soykırımın araştırılması için tarihçilerden oluşan bir komisyon kuruyor.” Euronews, April 5, 2019. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/04/05/fransa-ruandadaki-soykirimin-arastirilmasi-icin-bir-komisyon-kuruyor-ruandada-ne-oldu.
• Huliaras, Asteris C. “The ‘anglosaxon conspiracy’: French perceptions of the Great Lakes crisis.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 4 (1998): 593-609.
• Landale, Brigitte Benoit and Huw Llewellyn. “The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals: The Beginning of the End for the ICTY and ICTR.” International Organization Law Review 8, (2011): 349-364.
• Magnarella, Paul J. “Recent Developments in the International Law of Genocide: An Anthropological Perspective on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.” In Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, edited by Alexander Laban Hinton, 310-322. University of California Press, 2002.
• Mamdani, Mahmood. When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton University Press, 2020.
• Mbonyinshuti, Jean d'Amour. “Catholic Church apologises for role in 1994 Genocide.” The New Times, November 21, 2016. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/205558.
• McNulty, Mel. “France’s role in Rwanda and external military intervention: A double discrediting.” International Peacekeeping 4, no. 3, (Autumn 2007): 24-44.
• Melvern, Linda. “The Security Council in the Face of Genocide.” Journal of International Criminal Justice, no. 3 (2005): 847-860.
• Melvern, Linda. “France and genocide: the murky truth.” The Times, August 8, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20110604230457/http:/www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article4481353.ece.
• Mugisha, Ivan R. and Gahigi, Moses K. “Felicien Kabuga’s lawyers fight extradition.” The East African, May 26, 2020. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/felicien-kabuga-s-lawyers-fight-extradition-1442076.
• Newbury, Catherine. “Background to Genocide: Rwanda.” A Journal of Opinion 23, no. 2 (1995): 12-17.
• Newbury, Catherine, and Newbury, David. “A Catholic Mass in Kigali: Contested Views of the Genocide and Ethnicity in Rwanda.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/ La Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 33, no. 2/3 (1999): 292-328.
• Özcan, Yusuf. “Ruanda soykırımı sorumlularından Kabuga, BM nezdinde açılan mahkemeye teslim edilecek.” Anadolu Agency, June 3, 2020. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ruanda-soykirimi-sorumlularindan-kabuga-bm-nezdinde-acilan-mahkemeye-teslim-edilecek/1863823.
• Quell, Molly. “Paris Court Orders Transfer of Rwanda Genocide Suspect to UN Tribunal.” Courthouse News Service, June 3, 2020. https://www.courthousenews.com/paris-court-orders-transfer-of-rwanda-genocide-suspect-to-un-tribunal/.
• Reyntjens, Filip. “Rwanda: Genocide and Beyond.” Journal of Refugee Studies 9, no. 3 (1996): 240-251.
• “Ruanda Soykırımı’nı tetikleyen suikastla ilgili soruşturmanın yeniden açılması talebine Fransız yargısından ret.” Sputnik Türkiye, July 3, 2020. https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/202007031042382642-ruanda-soykirimini-tetikleyen-suikastla-ilgili-sorusturmanin-yeniden-acilmasi-talebine-fransiz/.
• “Ruanda soykırımının sorumlularından Felicien Kabuga, Fransa’da yakalandı.” Sputnik Türkiye, May 16, 2020. https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/202005161042055574-ruanda-soykiriminin-sorumlularindan-felicien-kabuga-fransada-yakalandi/.
• “Ruanda’da 20 Fransız yetkiliye soykırım suçlaması.” Euronews, November 20, 2016. https://tr.euronews.com/2016/11/30/ruanda-da-20-fransiz-yetkiliye-soykirim-suclamasi.
• “Rwanda genocide: UN ashamed, says Ban Ki-moon.” BBC News, April 7, 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26917419.
• “Sarkozy: Bazı hatalar yaptık.” BBC News, February 25, 2010. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2010/02/100225_rwanda.
• Sencerman, Öncel. “Batılı Koloniyel Güçlerin 1994 Ruanda Soykırımına Etkisi.” Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, no. 18 (2013): 35-75.
• Taştekin, Ali Murat. “Catholic Church in Rwanda Apologizes for Role in Genocide.” Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM), December 5, 2016. https://avim.org.tr/en/Yorum/CATHOLIC-CHURCH-IN-RWANDA-APOLOGIZES-FOR-ROLE-IN-GENOCIDE.
• Taştekin, Ali Murat. “France is Accused of Diverting Attention From its Role in the Genocide Committed in Rwanda.” Center for Eurasian Studies (AVİM), December 12, 2016. https://avim.org.tr/en/Yorum/FRANCE-IS-ACCUSED-OF-DIVERTING-ATTENTION-FROM-ITS-ROLE-IN-THE-GENOCIDE-COMMITTED-IN-RWANDA-1.
• Taştekin, Ali Murat. “Pope Finally Apologizes for Church’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide.” Center for European Studies (AVİM), March 23, 2017. https://avim.org.tr/en/Yorum/POPE-FINALLY-APOLOGIZES-FOR-CHURCH-S-ROLE-IN-THE-RWANDAN-GENOCIDE.
• Taylor, Christopher C. “The Cultural Face of Terror in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.” In Annihilating Difference: The Anthropology of Genocide, edited by Alexander Laban Hinton, 137-178. University of California Press, 2002.
• U.N. Security Council. Security Council resolution 955 (1994) [on establishment of an International Tribunal for Rwanda and adoption of the Statute of the Tribunal]. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/198038. (accessed on Oct. 27, 2020).
• Van Hoyweghen, Saskia. “The Disintegration of the Catholic Church of Rwanda: A Study of the Fragmentation of Political and Religious Auhority.” African Affairs 95, no. 380 (1996): 379-401.