ULUSAL HÜKÜMETLERİN KRİPTO PARALARI DÜZENLEME ARZULARINI WESTFALYA ÖNCESİ EGEMENLİK KAVRAMLARI ARACILIĞIYLA ANLAMAK

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 23, 141 - 164, 26.09.2022

Ali Oğuz Diriöz

https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1167457

Öz

Kripto para birimleri, elektronik para birimleri ve blok zinciri finansal teknolojiler (Fintech), ulusal hükümetlerin özellikle güvenlik endişelerini öne sürerek belirli düzenlemeler getirmeye çalıştığı tartışmalı konulardır. Kripto para birimleri, suç ve terör örgütlerinin kara para aklama gibi, takip edilemeyen işlemleri için kullanılabilmekte ve bu nedenle ciddi güvenlik riskleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu yeni teknolojilerin pek çok hararetli savunucuları için, hükümetlerin düzenlemeler dayatma istekleri olumsuz karşılanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bu teknolojilerin kullanımı küresel ekonomide genişlemeye devam edeceği için, büyük ulus devletlerin çoğu bunları düzenleme altına almayı arzu etmektedir. Ulusal egemenliğin bir aracı olan para birimini, esasen Vestfalya modern devlet sistemi çağından çok önceki kavramlarla yorumlamak gerekir. Fintech’i düzenleme arzusu, İncil zamanlarına, Vestfalya’nın egemen ve bağımsız modern ulus devlet kavramının çok öncesine kadar uzanan bir egemen güç kavramından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu egemenlik kavramı, para basma yetkisine dayanır. Ayrıca böyle bir egemen güç kavramı, Antik Roma’da, Ortaçağ Avrupa’sında ve erken İslam egemen güç anlayışında görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, ulusal veya uluslararası düzeydeki düzenlemelerle ilgili herhangi bir tartışmaya başlamadan önce, küresel olarak paranın nasıl bir egemenlik sembolü olduğunu anlamak önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kripto Para, Egemenlik, Küreselleşme, Düzenleme, Uluslararası İlişkiler

UNDERSTANDING NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS’ DESIRE TO REGULATE CRYPTO CURRENCIES THROUGH PRE-WESTPHALIAN CONCEPTS OF SOVEREIGNTY

Öz

Crypto currencies, electronic currencies and block chain financial technologies (Fintech), have been debated issues whereby national governments are trying to put certain regulation upon them, especially citing security concerns. Crypto currencies can be used for money laundering, untraceable transactions of criminal and terrorist organizations and thus constitute genuine security risks. To many evangelists of these new technologies, governmental desires to impose regulations is viewed negatively. However, although usage of these technologies will likely continue to expand in the global economy, there is a desire to put them under regulation by most of the major nation states. It is necessary to understand the essence of currency as a tool of national sovereignty long before the age of the Westphalian concept of the modern state system. The desire to regulate Fintech derives from a concept of sovereign power that goes back to biblical times and far beyond the Westphalian notion of the sovereign and independent modern nation state. That notion of sovereignty rests on the power to mint money. Furthermore, the concept of such a sovereign power is observed in Ancient Rome, Medieval Europe as well as the early Islamic understanding of sovereign power. Thus it is essential to understand globally how the symbol of money has been a sovereignty symbol before starting any discussions on national or international levels of regulations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sovereignty, Crypto currency, Globalization, Regulation, International Relations

Kaynakça

• Adam J. Szubin, A. National Terrorist Financing Risk Assessment – 2015, 2015, Department of the Treasury, Web Site: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=789253
• Ali Oğuz Diriöz, “AB Yeşil Mutabakat Kapsamında Yeşil Ekonomiye Dönüşüm Süreci, Türkiye-AB İlişkilerine Olası Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi” Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, 22 (2021): 107-130.
• “Alibaba To Stop Selling Bitcoin Mining Machines In China” Nasdaq, September 28, 2021: https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/alibaba-to-stop-selling-bitcoin-mining-machines-in-china-2021-09-28
• Allison Christians, “Sovereignty, taxation and social contract” Minnesota Journal of International Law 18, (2009): 99
• Dani Rodrik, The globalization paradox: Democracy and the future of the world economy. (WW Norton & Company, 2012).
• David A. Westbrook, City of gold: An apology for global capitalism in a time of discontent. (Routledge, 2004)
• Drug Enforcement Administration, “National Drug Threat Assessment (DEA-DCT-DIR-040- 17)” (2017): 130 Web Site: https://www.dea.gov/docs/DIR-040- 17_2017-NDTA
• E. Fuat Keyman, and Ahmet İçduygu, “Globalization, civil society and citizenship in Turkey: Actors, boundaries and discourses” Citizenship Studies, 7 no:2 (2003): 219-234.
• Faruk Akar, "XVI. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tedavül Eden Ayarı Bozuk (Kırkık) Akçelerin İktisadi Hayata Etkileri", Kadim , 2 (Ekim 2021), 129-144.
• Fernando E. Alvarez, David Argente, and Diana Van Patten, « Are Cryptocurrencies Currencies? Bitcoin as Legal Tender in El Salvador” (No. w29968). National Bureau of Economic Research. (2022)
• Francis Shin, “What's behind China’s cryptocurrency ban?” World Economic Forum, China, January 31, 2022: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/what-s-behind-china-s-cryptocurrency-ban/
• Gabriel Weimann, “The emerging role of social media in the recruitment of foreign fighters” in Foreign Fighters Under International Law and Beyond (TMC Asser Press, 2016): 77-95
• https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/28/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-us-government-should-avoid-regulating-crypto.html
• https://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/042015/why-governments-are-afraid-bitcoin.asp
• Jeannette Graulau, “Ownership of mines and taxation in Castilian laws, from the middle ages to the early modern period: the decisive influence of the sovereign in the history of mining” Continuity and Change, 26, no:1 (April 2011): 13-44.
• John David Penner, “Why central banks dislike cryptocurrencies; The instability of cryptocurrency poses a challenge to central banks. Are regulation and stablecoins the right response?” IBM Business Operations Blog, April 19, 2022 , https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/why-central-banks-dislike-cryptocurrencies/ ( Accessed 21.08.2022).
• John Gerard Ruggie, “International regimes, transactions, and change: embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order.” International organization, 36 no:2(1982): 379-415.
• Joshua Baron, Angela O’Mahony, David Manheim, Cynthia Dion-Schwarz, “National Security Implications of Virtual Currency: Examining the Potential for Non-State Actors Development” RAND Corporation, (2015): ix–x, Web Site: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1231.html.
• King James Bible, Mark 12:17; https://biblehub.com/mark/12-17.htm
• “Kripto paranın hukuki altyapısı için harekete geçildi” TRT Haber December 28, 2021. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/kripto-paranin-hukuki-altyapisi-icin-harekete-gecildi-639567.html
• Lewis Sanders, “Bitcoin: Islamic State’s Online Currency Venture,” DW, September 20, 2015, http://www.dw.com/en/bitcoin-islamic-states-online-currency-venture/a-18724856.
• MacKenzie Sigalos, “ Tesla CEO Elon Musk says U.S. government should avoid regulating crypto” CNBC, September 28, 2021
• Mark A. Jamison, “Net neutrality policies and regulation in the United States.” Review of Network Economics, 17 no :3 (2018) : 151-173.
• Montenegro Public Finance Synthesis Report: Restoring Sustainability and Strengthening Efficiency of Public Finance. World Bank Group. (2019)
• Mustafa Halil Yörükoğlu, “İslâm’ın İlk Asırlarında Altın Para” Derin Tarih, Mayıs, 2021, https://www.derintarih.com/ozel-dosya/islamin-ilk-asirlarinda-altin-para/
• Nedim Türkmen, “İstanbul ‘Kripto Wall Street’ ”, Sözcü, August 08, 2022, Web Site: https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2022/yazarlar/nedim-turkmen/istanbul-kripto-wall-street-7294229/
• Olivia Capozzalo, “Putin Adviser Says ‘CryptoRuble’ Will Circumvent Sanctions, Government Remains Divided,” Cointelegraph, January 2, 2018 Web Site: https://cointelegraph.com/news/putin-adviser-sayscryptoruble-will-circumvent-sanctions-government-remains-divided
• Orhan Onur Gemici, “PKK'nın uyuşturucu ticaretine Barış Pınarı Harekatıyla darbe vuruluyor”, Anadolu Ajansı, November 21, 2019 Web Site: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/pkknin-uyusturucu-ticaretine-baris-pinari-harekatiyla-darbe-vuruluyor/1651578
• Ryan L. Frebowitz, “Cryptocurrencies and state sovereignty” (Master’s thesis) Naval Postgraduate School of Monterey, California, 2018)
• Şevket Pamuk, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Paranın Tarihi (İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2017), 5, 14.
• Shannon Liao, “Inside Russia’s Love-Hate Relationship with Bitcoin,” The Verge, October 31, 2017 https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/31/16387042/russia-putin-bitcoin-regulation-ethereumblockchain-technology.
• « Sikke » İslam Ansiklopedisi, 2022, Web Site : https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sikke
• Stephen D. Krasner, S. D. Sovereignty (Princeton University Press, 1999)
• Steven D. Brown, “Cryptocurrency and Criminality: The Bitcoin Opportunity,” The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 89, no. 4 (2016): 336.
• “Thodex vurgununun üzerinden bir yıl geçti” TRT Haber, April 20, 2022; https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/thodex-vurgununun-uzerinden-bir-yil-gecti-674052.html
• “Why Governments are Wary of Crypto currency”, Investopedia, 2022 Web Site:
• William Ridgeway, The origin of metallic currency and weight standards. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1892) , v.