TÜRKİYE'DE ÇEVRESEL SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK ÇERÇEVESİNDE SERA GAZI EMİSYONLARI İLE EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL GÖSTERGELER ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1-2, 44 - 57, 27.12.2025

Olcay Servet

https://doi.org/10.30711/utead.1760387

Öz

Hızlı ekonomik büyüme ve iş genişlemesinden kaynaklanan gelişen nüfus, sera gazı emisyonlarında artışa yol açmıştır. Artan emisyon seviyeleri, iklim değişikliği ve küresel ısınma gibi birçok çevresel sorunla bağlantılıdır ve bu durum halk sağlığı ve güvenliği için büyük tehditler oluşturmaktadır. Sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmaya yönelik politikalar geliştirmek, bu emisyonları etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesine ve incelenmesine dayanır. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma Türkiye’de 1990-2021 yılları arasında kişi başına düşen GSYH, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı, nüfus büyüklüğü, sanayileşme ve yabancı yatırımların sera gazı emisyonları üzerindeki etkisini zaman serisi verileri kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalışmada Dinamik En Küçük Kareler (DOLS) yöntemi, Johansen eşbütünleşme testi ve Otoregresif Dağıtılmış Gecikmeli (ARDL) model gibi birden fazla ekonometrik yöntem uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, sonuçların güvenilirliğini artırmak ve karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme sunmak için Tam Değiştirilmiş En Küçük Kareler (FMOLS) ve Kanonik Eşbütünleşme Regresyonu (CCR) yöntemleriyle tahminler yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, sera gazı emisyonları kişi başına düşen gelir seviyeleri, demografik büyüme ve sanayi süreçleri gibi faktörler tarafından yönlendirilirken, yenilenebilir enerjiye geçiş emisyonların azalmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar FMOLS ve CCR yöntemleriyle yapılan sağlamlık testleriyle doğrulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarını teşvik etmek, yeşil dönüşüm projelerini desteklemek ve enerji verimliliği uygulamaları ile karbon yakalama teknolojilerinin kullanımını artırmak suretiyle karbon ayak izinin azaltılmasına yönelik stratejiler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

: Sera Gazı Emisyonu , Kişi Başına GSYİH , Yenilenebilir Enerji , Endüstrileşme

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INDICATORS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN TURKEY

Öz

Rapid financialboom and a developingpopulace, stemming from business expansion, have induced an uptick in greenhouse fueloline emissions. Increasing stages of emissions are related to numerous environmental problems, inclusive ofweatherextrade and worldwide warming, which pose full-size threats to public fitness and safety. Creating guidelines to lower greenhouse fueloline emissions relies upon on spotting and inspecting the elements that affectthose emissions. To reap this, this studies investigates how in keeping with capita GDP, renewable electricity use, populace size, industrialization, and overseas investments affect greenhouse fueloline emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2021 the use of time collection data. The examineappliedmore than onestrategies for econometric examination, inclusive of the DOLS method, the Johansen cointegration test, and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. Furthermore, to reinforce the reliability and help a comparative overview of the results, estimates the use of the FMOLS and the Canonical Cointegration Regression had beenadditionally determined. According to the findings, greenhouse fueloline emissions are pushedvia way of means ofelementsinclusive ofman or womanprofitsstages, demographic boom, and business processes, while a shift closer to renewable electricityperforms a functionof their reduction. The conclusions reached had beentestedvia robustness examsthe use of FMOLS and CCR strategies. This examineaffordsstrategies for decreasing the carbon footprint via way of means ofselling investments in renewable electricity, backing inexperienced transformation projects, and making use ofelectricityperformancetasksalong side carbon seize technologies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Greenhouse Gas Emissions , GDP Per Capita , Renewable Energy , Industrialization

Kaynakça

• Alnour, M. (2021). The relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in Turkey. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 59, 290-314.
• Alper, F.Ö. and Alper, A.E. (2017). Carbon dioxide emission, economic growth, energy consumption relation: ARDL bound testing approach for Turkey. Sosyoekonomi, 25(33), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.292114.
• Camkaya, S. (2024). Analysis of the Impact of renewable energy and industrialization on the environment within the framework of the STIRPAT-Kaya-EKC Hypothesis: Evidence from the AARDL model. Bingöl University Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 8(1), 107-125.
• Canbay, S. (2019). The effects of economic growth and renewable energy consumption on environmental pollution in Turkey. Maliye Dergisi, 176, 140-151.
• Cetintaş, H., Bicil, I.M., and Turkoz, K. (2016). Relationship between CO2 emissions energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53, 57-67.
• Doganlar, M., Mike, F., Kızılkaya, O., and Karlılar, S. (2021). Testing the long-run effects of economic growth, financial development and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Turkey: new evidence from RALS cointegration test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 32554–32563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12661-y.
• Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531.
• Dulkadiroglu, H. (2018). Investigation of electricity generation in Turkey in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Omer Halisdemir University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 7(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.369948.
• Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T.J., and Stock, J.H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813-836
• Erkisi K. and Celik, D. (2020). The relationship between CO2 emission, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: A case of Turkey. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 9(2):844-857.
• Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https://doi:10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
• Karamıklı, A., Sasmaz, M.Ü. (2021). The effects of renewable energy consumption on economic growth and health expenditures in Turkey. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, (46), 293-30. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.846221
• Kılınc, E.C. and Altıparmak, H. (2020). An application on the effect of enviromental tax on CO2 emissions. ODÜ Journal of Social Sciences, 10 (1), 217-227.
• Kızılkaya, O., Coban, O. and Sofuoglu, E. (2015). Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and openness in Turkey: Cointegration analysis. EconWorld2015, IRES, Torino, Italy, 18-20 August, 2015.
• Kızılkaya, O. (2017). The impact of economic growth and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Turkish Economic Review, 4(1), 106-118.
• Kızılkaya, F. (2023). The effects of clean energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey: Long and short-run analysis. International Journal of Academic Accumulation, (6), 40-47 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10003946.
• Konat, G. (2021). The relationship between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth in Turkey: Evidence from structural break tests. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1),105-122.
• Kurt, U., Kılıc, C. and Ozekicioglu, H. (2019). Effects of foreign direct investments on 〖CO〗_2 emissions: Ardl bounds test approach for Turkey. Journal of Selcuk University Vocational School of Social Sciences, 22(1), 213-224.
• Ozdemir, B.K. and Koc, K. (2020). Carbon emissions, renewable energy and economic growth in Turkey. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(1), 66-86.
• Park, J.Y. (1992). Canonical cointegrating regressions. Econometrica, 60, 119-143. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951679. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951679.
• Pata, U.K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production 187, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236.
• Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jae.616.
• Phillips, P.C., and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 1988 75(2), 335–346.
• Phillips, P. and Hansen, B. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57, 99-125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545.
• Qoyash, F.K. and Eren, M. (2022). The effects of technologycal innovation and renewable energy consumption on environmental pollution in Turkey. Ardahan Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 4(2), 110–118.
• Raihan, A. and Tuspekova, A. (2022). Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agriculture, and forests on carbon emissions in Turkey. Carbon Research, 1,20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-022-00019-z.
• Raihan, A. (2023). Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: Dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innovation and Green Development, 2, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100038.
• Shan, S., Genc, S.Y., Kamran, H.W. and Dinca, G. (2021). Role of green technology innovation and renewable energy in carbon neutrality: A sustainable investigation from Turkey. Journal of Environmenta Management, 294, 113004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113004.
• Stock, J.H. and Watson M.W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783-820. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/2951763.
• Tatar, V. and Ozer M.B. (2018). Effects on climate change of greenhouse gases emissions: Current status analysis of Turkey. Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, 5(30), 3993-3999
• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2024). Greenhouse gas emission statistics, 1990-2022, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2022-53701 (2024, accessed 05 January 2024).
• Xia, R., Long, Z., Xing, L.. and Khan, Y.A. (2023). Achieving sustainable development through economic growth, energy consumption and agricultural productivity in China. Sustainable Development, 31, 3428-3442. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2593.
• Yıldız, T. and Gokturk, T.B. (2019). Relationship between industrialization, urbanization and environmental pollution: An Ardl bounds testing approach for Turkey. International Journal of Academic Value Studies, 5(2), 217-229.