Canine Distemper Enfeksiyonunun Nörolojik Formundaki Köpeklerde Hematolojik Ve Biyokimyasal Parametre Değişimleri İle Malondialdehit, İndirgenmiş Glutatyon Ve Katalaz Düzeyleri

Öz

Nörolojik form Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) enfeksiyonu tanısı konan köpeklerde oksidatif stres ile hematolojik ve biyokimyasal değişimleri, sağlıklı kontrollerle karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmek amaçlandı. Klinik bulgular ve hızlı antijen testi ile nörolojik form CDV tanısı doğrulanan 1-12 ay yaş aralığında 20 hasta köpek ile 10 sağlıklı kontrol köpek çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Tüm olgularda vücut sıcaklığı, nabız ve solunum sayısı kaydedildi. Alınan kan örneklerinden hemogram [lökosit (WBC), lenfosit (LYM), monosit (MON), granülosit (GRA), eritrosit (RBC), hematokrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), trombosit (THR)] ile serum biyokimyası [alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), üre, kreatinin] ölçülürken, malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) ve katalaz (CAT) düzeyleri spektrofotometrik yöntemlerle belirlendi. Distemper grubunda vücut sıcaklığında anlamlı fark saptanmazken (P>0.05), nabız (P<0.01) ve solunum sayısı (P<0.05) anlamlı olarak artmıştı. Hematolojik değerlendirmede WBC, MON ve GRA’da belirgin azalma (P<0.001) ve LYM’de anlamlı düşüş (P<0.01) ile birlikte RBC, HCT, HGB ve THR değerleri de kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı derecede daha düşüktü (P<0.001). Biyokimyasal olarak ALT ve AST artışı (P<0.05), kreatinin artışı (P<0.01) ve üre artışı (P<0.001) saptandı. Oksidatif stres açısından MDA düzeyi anlamlı şekilde yükselirken (P<0.05), GSH ve CAT düzeyleri anlamlı olarak azalmıştı (P<0.05). Sonuç olarak, nörolojik form CDV enfeksiyonunun belirgin immünsüpresyonla uyumlu lökopeni ile birlikte anemi ve trombositopeniye eşlik ettiği; artmış transaminazlar ve azoteminin olası karaciğer ve böbrek etkilenimini düşündürdüğü ve yükselen MDA ile azalan GSH–CAT profilinin oksidan–antioksidan dengenin bozulduğunu ortaya koyarak oksidatif stresin nörolojik form distemperin patofizyolojisi ve doku hasarında önemli bir bileşen olabileceğini desteklediği kanaatine varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Köpek distemper virüsü (CDV)
• nörolojik form
• malondialdehit (MDA)
• glutatyon (GSH)
• katalaz (CAT)

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma Kafkas Üniversitesi Yerel Hayvan Deneyleri Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır (KAÜ-HADYEK/2025-024). Çalışmaya dahil olan tüm hayvanların sahiplerinden bilgilendirilmiş onam alınmıştır.

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Parameters and Levels of Malondialdehyde, Reduced Glutathione, and Catalase in Dogs with the Neurological Form of Canine Distemper

Öz

This study compared oxidative stress, hematological parameters, and biochemical alterations between dogs with neurological-form canine distemper virus (CDV) and healthy controls. Twenty dogs aged 1-12 months diagnosed with neurological-form CDV on the basis of clinical findings and a rapid antigen test, together with 10 clinically healthy control dogs, were included. Body temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were recorded in all animals. Hematological variables [white blood cell count (WBC), lymphocyte count (LYM), monocyte count (MON), granulocyte count (GRA), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB), and platelet count (PLT)], serum biochemical parameters [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, and creatinine], and oxidative stress markers [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT)] were analyzed. Compared with controls, dogs with neurological-form CDV did not differ significantly in body temperature (P > .05), whereas pulse rate (P < .01) and respiratory rate (P < .05) were significantly increased. They also had significantly reduced WBC, MON, and GRA counts (P < .001), reduced LYM counts (P < .01), and lower RBC, HCT, HGB, and PLT values (P < .001). Serum ALT and AST increased (P < .05), as did creatinine (P < .01) and urea (P < .001). MDA concentrations were higher (P < .05), whereas GSH and CAT concentrations were lower (P < .05). These findings indicate that neurological-form CDV is associated with hematological suppression, biochemical changes suggestive of hepatic and renal involvement, and impaired oxidant-antioxidant balance, supporting a possible role for oxidative stress in disease pathophysiology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Canine distemper virus
• catalase
• glutathione
• malondialdehyde
• oxidative stress

Etik Beyan

Approval was obtained for this study from the Kafkas University Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (Date: March 4, 2025, Approval No: KAÜ-HADYEK/2025-024).

Kaynakça

1. 1.Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2009;127(1-2):1-18.
2. 2. Martella V, Elia G, Buonavoglia C. Canine distemper virus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2008;38(4):787-797.
3. 3. Lempp C, Spitzbarth I, Puff C, et al. New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses. 2014;6(7):2571-2601.
4. 4. Vandevelde M, Zurbriggen A. Demyelination in canine distemper virus infection: A review. Acta Neuropathol. 2005;109(1):56-68.
5. 5. Takenaka A, Sato H, Ikeda F, Yoneda M, Kai C. Infectious progression of canine distemper virus from circulating cerebrospinal fluid into the central nervous system. J Virol. 2016;90(20):9285-9292.
6. 6. Hatipoglu D, Dik I, Gülersoy E. Determination of oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in dogs infected with canine distemper virus. Van Vet J. 2022;33(3):67-70.
7. 7. Karadeniz A, Hanedan B, Cemek M, Börkü MK. Relationship between canine distemper and oxidative stress in dogs. Rev Med Vet. 2008;159(8-9):462-467.
8. 8. Mahajan S, Dey S, Kumar A, Panigrahi PN. Nitrosative stress indices in dogs with neurological form of canine distemper. Iran J Vet Res. 2018;19(3):229-232.

9. 9. Yanar KE, Değirmençay Ş, Kadak M. Determination of hematological indices in dogs with acute CDV infection. Kocatepe Vet J. 2024;17(4):434-440.
10. 10. Beutler E, Duron O, Kelly BM. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med. 1963;61(5):882-888.
11. 11. Yoshioka T, Kawada K, Shimada T, Mori M. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;135(3):372-376.
12. 12. Aebi H. Catalase. In: Bergmeyer HU, ed. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Academic Press; 1974:673-684.
13. 13. Creevy KE, Evans JB. Canine distemper. MSD Veterinary Manual. Accessed June 2025. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/infectious-diseases/canine-distemper/canine-distemper
14. 14. Rendon-Marin S, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW, Ruiz-Saenz J. Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virol J. 2019;16(1):30.
15. 15. Gülersoy E, Balıkçı C, Günal İ, et al. Initial clinical manifestations of dogs with neurological distemper. Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg. 2023;12(2):152-159.
16. 16. Greene CE, Appel MJG. Canine distemper. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. Elsevier; 2012:25-41.
17. 17. Berendt M, Farquhar RG, Mandigers PJJ, et al. International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus report on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology in companion animals. BMC Vet Res. 2015;11:182.
18. 18. Devinsky O. Effects of seizures on autonomic and cardiovascular function. Epilepsy Curr. 2004;4(2):43-46.
19. 19. Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC. Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology. 1992;42(9):1727-1732.
20. 20. Batı Y, Kırmızıgül A. Investigation of some biochemical parameters, hematological changes, neopterin and procalcitonin levels in dogs with canine distemper virus. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc. 2025;76(2):9139-9150.
21. 21. Schobesberger M, Summerfield A, Doherr MG, Zurbriggen A, Griot C. Canine distemper virus-induced depletion of uninfected lymphocytes is associated with apoptosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2005;104(1-2):33-44.
22. 22. Van TM, Tran DTA, Nguyen CTP, et al. Epidemiological, clinical, and molecular insights into canine distemper virus in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Viruses. 2025;17(6):781.
23. 23. Axthelm MK, Krakowka S. Canine distemper virus-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Vet Res. 1987;48(8):1269-1275.
24. 24. Barbosa T de S, Vieira RF da C, Viol MA, Soeiro CS, Bomfim SRM, Ciarlini PC. Laboratorial evaluation of canine distemper: Retrospective study of 25 cases in Araçatuba county SP. Rev Cienc Agrovet. 2011;10(2):113-118.
25. 25. Kendall A. Overview of anemia in animals. MSD Veterinary Manual. Accessed July 2024. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/circulatory-system/anemia/overview-of-anemia-in-animals
26. 26. Chikazawa S, Dunning MD. A review of anaemia of inflammatory disease in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2016;57(7):348-353.
27. 27. Jesus IS, Cruz AV, Santos CMP, et al. Molecular diagnosis and clinicopathological characteristics of canine distemper neurologic disease. Genet Mol Res. 2021;20(3):18884.
28. 28. Aldujaily AH, Salman DB, Hassoon KF, Bustani GS. Copper nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic approach for canine distemper virus: Clinical, hematological, and biochemical evidence from naturally infected dogs. Vet World. 2025;18(10):2945-2954.
29. 29. LeVine DN, Kidd L, Garden OA, et al. ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2024;38(4):1958-1981.
30. 30. Center SA. Interpretation of liver enzymes. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2007;37(2):297-333.
31. 31. Oikonomidis IL, Milne E. Clinical enzymology of the dog and cat. Aust Vet J. 2023;101(12):465-478.
32. 32. Erturk A, Ozturk AS, Ozturk A. Investigation of galectin-3 and cardiotrophin-1 concentrations as biomarkers in dogs with neurological distemper. Vet Sci. 2025;12(5):499.
33. 33. Degirmençay Ş. Evaluation of the effects of ribavirin and proanthocyanidin on the clinical outcome, hematological and biochemical parameters, and viral shedding in canine distemper. TJNS. 2023;12(1):125-135.
34. 34. Jones BS, Harcourt-Brown T. Comparison of serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in dogs with Neospora meningoencephalitis and noninfectious meningoencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(1):141-145.
35. 35. Dirksen K, Burgener IA, Rothuizen J, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of plasma ALT, ALP, and bile acids for hepatitis in Labrador retrievers. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(4):1017-1027.
36. 36. Van Vertloo L. Renal dysfunction in dogs and cats. MSD Veterinary Manual. Accessed February 2026. https://www.msdvetmanual.com/urinary-system/noninfectious-diseases-of-the-urinary-system-in-small-animals/renal-dysfunction-in-dogs-and-cats
37. 37. de Lima e Silva M, Barros Silva GE, Borin-Crivellenti S, Zornitta AP, Crivellenti LZ. Renal abnormalities caused by canine distemper virus infection in terminal patients. Front Vet Sci. 2022;9:822525.
38. 38. Attig F, Spitzbarth I, Kalkuhl A, et al. Reactive oxygen species are key mediators of demyelination in canine distemper leukoencephalitis but not in Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(13):3217.
39. 39. Degirmençay Ş, Özkurt G, Çamkerten İ, Aktaş MS. An investigation of thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels to assess the oxidative stress in dogs with canine distemper. Vet Arhiv. 2021;91(1):39-49.