Araştırma Makalesi
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Boğaların Testislerinde Bovine Viral Diyare Virüsünün Moleküler ve Patolojik Olarak Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 47 - 51, 16.08.2023

Öz

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), gastrointestinal, solunum ve üreme sistemlerinde hastalıklara neden olan önemli bir patojendir. Ayrıca, üreme performansında azalmaya yol açar ve bu nedenle
sığırların yönetiminde sürekli ekonomik kayıplara neden olur. Bu çalışmada, BVDV’nin boğa testisindeki varlığı indirekt immunofloresan (IF), immunohistokimya (IHC) ve ters transkriptaz polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (RT-PCR) yöntemleriyle araştırıldı. Çalışmada, 100 boğa testis dokusu örneğinde BVD virusunun doku dağılımı patolojik ve virolojik olarak incelendi. Bu amaçla, IF, IHC ve RT-PCR yöntemleri kullanıldı. İndirekt IF yöntemiyle 21 (%21) testis örnek, IHC yöntemiyle 16 (%16) örnek pozitif bulundu. RT-PCR'da ise 13 (%13) örnek pozitif bulundu. Sunulan çalışmanın sonuçları, BVDV'nin boğa testisinde farklı hücre tiplerine enfekte olabileceğini ve virüsün öncelikle doğal veya suni tohumlama yoluyla bulaşabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, boğalar hastalığın yayılmasında önemli bir epidemiyolojik faktördür.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017;9(6):128. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Timurkan MÖ, Aydın H. Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(7):1953-1961.[CrossRef]
  • 3. Brock KV. The persistence of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals. 2003;31(2):133-135. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Kalaycıoğlu AT. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) diversity and vaccination. A review. Vet Q. 2007;29(2):60-67. [CrossRef]
  • 5. McDougall S. Effect of calf age on bovine viral diarrhea virus tests. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2021;33(3):528-537. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Akagami M, Seki S, Kashima Y, et al. Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan. Res Vet Sci. 2020;129:187-192. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Walz PH, Chamorro MF, Falkenberg SM, et al. Impact of species and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus on control by vaccination. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: an updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1690-1706.
  • 8. Nickell JS, White BJ, Larson RL, Renter DG, Sanderson MW. A simulation model to quantify the value of implementing whole-herd Bovine viral diarrhea virus testing strategies in beef cow–calf herds. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23(2):194-205. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Sarrazin S, Dewulf J, Mathijs E, Laureyns J, Mostin L, Cay AB. Virulence comparison and quantification of horizontal bovine viral diarrhoea virus transmission following experimental infection in calves. Vet J. 2014;202(2):244-249. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Reardon F, Graham DA, Clegg TA, Tratalos JA, O’Sullivan P, More SJ. Quantifying the role of trojan dams in the between-herd spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Ireland. Prev Vet Med. 2018;152(1):65-73. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF. Replication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. Vet Rec. 1991;128(25):587-590. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K, Suzuki T. An importance of long-term clinical analysis to accurately diagnose calves persistently and acutely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus 2. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2431. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Prosser NS, Green MJ, Ferguson E, et al. Cattle farmer psychosocial profiles and their association with control strategies for bovine viral diarrhea. J Dairy Sci. 2022;105(4):3559-3573. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Alkan F, Özkul A, Bilge-Dağalp S, et al. Virological and serological studies on the role of PI-3 virus, BRSV, BVDV and BHV-1 on respiratory infections of cattle. I. The detection of etiological agents by direct immunofluorescence technique. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2000;107(5):193-195.
  • 15. Tan MT, Karaoğlu MT, Erol N, et al. Serological and virological investigations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle herds in Aydın province. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2006;30(3):299-304.
  • 16. Burgu I, Alkan F, Yeşilbağ K. Prevalence of persistent BVD virus infection in cattle in Turkey. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg. 1991;46:169-177.
  • 17. Çomakli S, Sağlam YS, Tİmurkan MÖ. Comparative detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 using antigen ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods in cattle with pneumonia.Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2019;43(3):306-313. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Njaa BL, Clark EG, Janzen E, Ellis JA, Haines DM. Diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12(5):393-399. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Dubovi EJ. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals. 2013;41(1):8-13. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Özkaraca M, Timurkan MÖ. Immunohistochemistry and PCR methods for the diagnosis of BVDV in cattle with pneumonia in Erzurum Region. Van Vet J. 2016;27(2):85-89.
  • 21. Vilček S, Paton DJ, Durkovic B, et al. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 can be separated into at least eleven genetic groups. Arch Virol. 2001;146(1):99-115. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Solis-Calderon JJ, Segura-Correa VM, Segura-Correa JC. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico: seroprevalence and risk factors. Prev Vet Med. 2005;72(3-4):253-262. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Msolla P, Sinclair JA, Nettleton P. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in Tanzanian cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1988;20(2):114-116. [CrossRef]
  • 24. Polak MP, Zmudzinski JF. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in bulls in artificial insemination centers in Poland. Vet Microbiol. 1999;64(2-3):253-257. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Selvaraj J, Manohar BM, Balachandran C, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea in buffaloes at Chennai. Indian Vet Pathol. 2007;31(2):180-180.
  • 26. Sausker EA, Dyer NW. Seroprevalence of OHV-2, BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV in ranch-raised bison (Bison bison). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14(1):68-70. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Ak S, Firat I, Bozkurt HH. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle and existence of persistently infected cattle in the Trakya region. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2002;26(2):245-248.
  • 28. Okur-Gumuşova S, Yazıcı Z, Albayrak H, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral respiratory diseases. Acta Vet Beograd. 2007;57(1):11-16.
  • 29. FıratI, S, Bozkurt HH, et al. Distribution of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in the genital system tissues of cattle. Vet Arh. 2002;72(5):235-248.
  • 30. Evans CA, Pinior B, Larska M, et al. Global knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(2):640-652. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Read AJ, Gestier S, Parrish K, et al. Prolonged detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in the semen of bulls. Viruses. 2020;12(6):674. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Burgu İ, Alkan F, Özkul A, et al. Türkiye'de Süt Sığırcılığı Işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Epidemiyolojisi Ve Kontrolü. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2003;50(2):127-133.
  • 33. Hilbe M, Stalder H, Peterhans E, et al. Comparison of five diagnostic methods for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007;19(1):28-34. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Tuncer P. Bir süt sığırcılığı işletmesinde bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus enfeksiyonunun kontrol ve eliminasyonu control and elimination of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in a dairy herd". Uludag Univ Vet Fak. 2012;31(1):11-17.
  • 35. Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle. Anim Health Res Rev. 2019;20(1):72-85. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, Smith W, Fentie T. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixedcrop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17(1):87. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Givens MD, Riddell KP, Walz PH, et al. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in testicular tissue after vaccination of peri-pubertal bulls but prevents subsequent infection. Vaccine. 2007;25(5):867-876. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Borel N, Janett F, Teankum K, Zlinszky K, Iten C, Hilbe M. Testicular hypoplasia in a bull persistently infected with bovine diarrhoea virus. J Comp Pathol. 2007;137(2-3):169-173. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Taniyama H, Hirayama K, Kagawa Y, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in the pancreatic islet cells of cattle with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Comp Pathol. 1999;121(2):149-157. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Fredriksen B, Press CM, Løken T, Odegaard SA. Distribution of viral antigen in uterus, placenta and foetus of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol. 1999;64(2-3):109-122. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Lamm CG, Broaddus CC, Holyoak GR. Distribution of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in aborted fetal and neonatal goats by immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol. 2009;46(1):54-58. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Terhaar B, Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Roth JA. Evaluation of antigenic comparisons among BVDV isolates as it relates to humoral and cell mediated responses. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8(8):685114. [CrossRef]
  • 43. Baszler TV, Evermann JF, Kaylor PS, Byington TC, Dilbeck PM. Diagnosis of naturally occurring bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in ruminants using monoclonal antibody-basedimmunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol. 1995;32(6):609-618. [CrossRef]
  • 44. Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brodersen BW, Carson RL, Stringfellow DA. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in semen obtained after inoculation of seronegative postpubertal bulls. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(4):428-434. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Ellis JA, Martin K, Robert NG, Haines DM. Comparison of detection methods for bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine abortions and neonatal death. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7(4):433-436. [CrossRef]
  • 46. Oruç E, Saglam YS, Sözdutmaz I, et al. The investigation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigens with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical methods in bovine abortions. Pak Vet J. 2015;35(4):426-42

Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 47 - 51, 16.08.2023

Öz

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen that causes diseases in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive systems. It also leads to a decrease in reproductive performance and consequently continuous economic losses in cattle management. The presence of BVD virus in bull testes was investigated in this study using indirect immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Reverse Transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. The tissue distribution of BVDV was examined pathologically and virologically in
100 bull testis tissue samples. For this purpose, IF, IHC, and RT-PCR methods were employed. Positive IF staining was detected in 21 (21%) testis samples using the indirect IF method. In IHC staining, 16 (16%) samples were found to be positive. In RT-PCR, 13 (13%) samples tested positive. The results of the presented study demonstrate that BVDV can infect different cell types in bull testes and that the virus can primarily be transmitted through natural or artificial insemination. Therefore, bulls are an important epidemiological factor in the transmission of the disease.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Becher P. Variability and global distribution of subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Viruses. 2017;9(6):128. [CrossRef]
  • 2. Timurkan MÖ, Aydın H. Increased genetic diversity of BVDV strains circulating in eastern Anatolia, Turkey: first detection of BVDV-3 in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2019;51(7):1953-1961.[CrossRef]
  • 3. Brock KV. The persistence of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals. 2003;31(2):133-135. [CrossRef]
  • 4. Kalaycıoğlu AT. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) diversity and vaccination. A review. Vet Q. 2007;29(2):60-67. [CrossRef]
  • 5. McDougall S. Effect of calf age on bovine viral diarrhea virus tests. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2021;33(3):528-537. [CrossRef]
  • 6. Akagami M, Seki S, Kashima Y, et al. Risk factors associated with the within-farm transmission of bovine viral diarrhea virus and the incidence of persistently infected cattle on dairy farms from Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan. Res Vet Sci. 2020;129:187-192. [CrossRef]
  • 7. Walz PH, Chamorro MF, Falkenberg SM, et al. Impact of species and subgenotypes of bovine viral diarrhea virus on control by vaccination. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: an updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(5):1690-1706.
  • 8. Nickell JS, White BJ, Larson RL, Renter DG, Sanderson MW. A simulation model to quantify the value of implementing whole-herd Bovine viral diarrhea virus testing strategies in beef cow–calf herds. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23(2):194-205. [CrossRef]
  • 9. Sarrazin S, Dewulf J, Mathijs E, Laureyns J, Mostin L, Cay AB. Virulence comparison and quantification of horizontal bovine viral diarrhoea virus transmission following experimental infection in calves. Vet J. 2014;202(2):244-249. [CrossRef]
  • 10. Reardon F, Graham DA, Clegg TA, Tratalos JA, O’Sullivan P, More SJ. Quantifying the role of trojan dams in the between-herd spread of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Ireland. Prev Vet Med. 2018;152(1):65-73. [CrossRef]
  • 11. Kirkland PD, Richards SG, Rothwell JT, Stanley DF. Replication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in the bovine reproductive tract and excretion of virus in semen during acute and chronic infections. Vet Rec. 1991;128(25):587-590. [CrossRef]
  • 12. Goto Y, Yaegashi G, Fukunari K, Suzuki T. An importance of long-term clinical analysis to accurately diagnose calves persistently and acutely infected by bovine viral diarrhea virus 2. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2431. [CrossRef]
  • 13. Prosser NS, Green MJ, Ferguson E, et al. Cattle farmer psychosocial profiles and their association with control strategies for bovine viral diarrhea. J Dairy Sci. 2022;105(4):3559-3573. [CrossRef]
  • 14. Alkan F, Özkul A, Bilge-Dağalp S, et al. Virological and serological studies on the role of PI-3 virus, BRSV, BVDV and BHV-1 on respiratory infections of cattle. I. The detection of etiological agents by direct immunofluorescence technique. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2000;107(5):193-195.
  • 15. Tan MT, Karaoğlu MT, Erol N, et al. Serological and virological investigations of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in dairy cattle herds in Aydın province. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2006;30(3):299-304.
  • 16. Burgu I, Alkan F, Yeşilbağ K. Prevalence of persistent BVD virus infection in cattle in Turkey. Ank Univ Vet Fak Derg. 1991;46:169-177.
  • 17. Çomakli S, Sağlam YS, Tİmurkan MÖ. Comparative detection of bovine herpesvirus-1 using antigen ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence methods in cattle with pneumonia.Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2019;43(3):306-313. [CrossRef]
  • 18. Njaa BL, Clark EG, Janzen E, Ellis JA, Haines DM. Diagnosis of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection by immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed skin biopsy specimens. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2000;12(5):393-399. [CrossRef]
  • 19. Dubovi EJ. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals. 2013;41(1):8-13. [CrossRef]
  • 20. Özkaraca M, Timurkan MÖ. Immunohistochemistry and PCR methods for the diagnosis of BVDV in cattle with pneumonia in Erzurum Region. Van Vet J. 2016;27(2):85-89.
  • 21. Vilček S, Paton DJ, Durkovic B, et al. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 can be separated into at least eleven genetic groups. Arch Virol. 2001;146(1):99-115. [CrossRef]
  • 22. Solis-Calderon JJ, Segura-Correa VM, Segura-Correa JC. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus in beef cattle herds of Yucatan, Mexico: seroprevalence and risk factors. Prev Vet Med. 2005;72(3-4):253-262. [CrossRef]
  • 23. Msolla P, Sinclair JA, Nettleton P. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in Tanzanian cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod. 1988;20(2):114-116. [CrossRef]
  • 24. Polak MP, Zmudzinski JF. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in bulls in artificial insemination centers in Poland. Vet Microbiol. 1999;64(2-3):253-257. [CrossRef]
  • 25. Selvaraj J, Manohar BM, Balachandran C, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea in buffaloes at Chennai. Indian Vet Pathol. 2007;31(2):180-180.
  • 26. Sausker EA, Dyer NW. Seroprevalence of OHV-2, BVDV, BHV-1, and BRSV in ranch-raised bison (Bison bison). J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002;14(1):68-70. [CrossRef]
  • 27. Ak S, Firat I, Bozkurt HH. The prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle and existence of persistently infected cattle in the Trakya region. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 2002;26(2):245-248.
  • 28. Okur-Gumuşova S, Yazıcı Z, Albayrak H, et al. Seroprevalence of bovine viral respiratory diseases. Acta Vet Beograd. 2007;57(1):11-16.
  • 29. FıratI, S, Bozkurt HH, et al. Distribution of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in the genital system tissues of cattle. Vet Arh. 2002;72(5):235-248.
  • 30. Evans CA, Pinior B, Larska M, et al. Global knowledge gaps in the prevention and control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(2):640-652. [CrossRef]
  • 31. Read AJ, Gestier S, Parrish K, et al. Prolonged detection of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in the semen of bulls. Viruses. 2020;12(6):674. [CrossRef]
  • 32. Burgu İ, Alkan F, Özkul A, et al. Türkiye'de Süt Sığırcılığı Işletmelerinde Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Enfeksiyonunun Epidemiyolojisi Ve Kontrolü. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2003;50(2):127-133.
  • 33. Hilbe M, Stalder H, Peterhans E, et al. Comparison of five diagnostic methods for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in calves. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007;19(1):28-34. [CrossRef]
  • 34. Yeşilbağ K, Alpay G, Tuncer P. Bir süt sığırcılığı işletmesinde bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus enfeksiyonunun kontrol ve eliminasyonu control and elimination of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in a dairy herd". Uludag Univ Vet Fak. 2012;31(1):11-17.
  • 35. Oguejiofor CF, Thomas C, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Mechanisms linking bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection with infertility in cattle. Anim Health Res Rev. 2019;20(1):72-85. [CrossRef]
  • 36. Yitagesu E, Jackson W, Kebede N, Smith W, Fentie T. Prevalence of bovine abortion, calf mortality, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) persistently infected calves among pastoral, peri-urban, and mixedcrop livestock farms in central and Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res. 2021;17(1):87. [CrossRef]
  • 37. Givens MD, Riddell KP, Walz PH, et al. Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus can persist in testicular tissue after vaccination of peri-pubertal bulls but prevents subsequent infection. Vaccine. 2007;25(5):867-876. [CrossRef]
  • 38. Borel N, Janett F, Teankum K, Zlinszky K, Iten C, Hilbe M. Testicular hypoplasia in a bull persistently infected with bovine diarrhoea virus. J Comp Pathol. 2007;137(2-3):169-173. [CrossRef]
  • 39. Taniyama H, Hirayama K, Kagawa Y, et al. Immunohistochemical demonstration of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigen in the pancreatic islet cells of cattle with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Comp Pathol. 1999;121(2):149-157. [CrossRef]
  • 40. Fredriksen B, Press CM, Løken T, Odegaard SA. Distribution of viral antigen in uterus, placenta and foetus of cattle persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. Vet Microbiol. 1999;64(2-3):109-122. [CrossRef]
  • 41. Lamm CG, Broaddus CC, Holyoak GR. Distribution of bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen in aborted fetal and neonatal goats by immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol. 2009;46(1):54-58. [CrossRef]
  • 42. Falkenberg SM, Dassanayake RP, Terhaar B, Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Roth JA. Evaluation of antigenic comparisons among BVDV isolates as it relates to humoral and cell mediated responses. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8(8):685114. [CrossRef]
  • 43. Baszler TV, Evermann JF, Kaylor PS, Byington TC, Dilbeck PM. Diagnosis of naturally occurring bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in ruminants using monoclonal antibody-basedimmunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol. 1995;32(6):609-618. [CrossRef]
  • 44. Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, Brodersen BW, Carson RL, Stringfellow DA. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in semen obtained after inoculation of seronegative postpubertal bulls. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64(4):428-434. [CrossRef]
  • 45. Ellis JA, Martin K, Robert NG, Haines DM. Comparison of detection methods for bovine viral diarrhea virus in bovine abortions and neonatal death. J Vet Diagn Invest. 1995;7(4):433-436. [CrossRef]
  • 46. Oruç E, Saglam YS, Sözdutmaz I, et al. The investigation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus antigens with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical methods in bovine abortions. Pak Vet J. 2015;35(4):426-42
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Patoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mustafa Özkaraca Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkaraca, M. (2023). Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls. Veterinary Sciences and Practices, 18(2), 47-51.
AMA Özkaraca M. Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls. Veterinary Sciences and Practices. Ağustos 2023;18(2):47-51.
Chicago Özkaraca, Mustafa. “Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls”. Veterinary Sciences and Practices 18, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2023): 47-51.
EndNote Özkaraca M (01 Ağustos 2023) Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls. Veterinary Sciences and Practices 18 2 47–51.
IEEE M. Özkaraca, “Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls”, Veterinary Sciences and Practices, c. 18, sy. 2, ss. 47–51, 2023.
ISNAD Özkaraca, Mustafa. “Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls”. Veterinary Sciences and Practices 18/2 (Ağustos 2023), 47-51.
JAMA Özkaraca M. Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls. Veterinary Sciences and Practices. 2023;18:47–51.
MLA Özkaraca, Mustafa. “Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls”. Veterinary Sciences and Practices, c. 18, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 47-51.
Vancouver Özkaraca M. Molecular and Pathological Survey of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Testis of Bulls. Veterinary Sciences and Practices. 2023;18(2):47-51.

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