Araştırma Makalesi
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Being a Syrian in Mardin: On Feeling at Home versus Exclusion from the City

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 67 - 98, 18.12.2018

Öz

In this paper, the impact of migration has been examined on a city scale. For this purpose, we have chosen Mardin, a city challenged by migration flows in the past and the present, as a case example. The similarity of Mardin to Syrian cities and the native languages of refugees, also spoken by locals, constitute features for refugees’ feeling at home. Feeling at home can only be possible when refugees appropriate the city as do locals. When appropriating the city is examined by looking at the frequency of using the city center and its places, it can be seen that refugees spend more time in their neighborhoods than locals. Moreover, the traditional gender-based division of labor among refugees are pursued more strongly after migration. Female refugees’ lives are limited to domestic sphere whereas male refugees work in short-term jobs under precarious conditions. Refugees minimize household expenses while they maximize the household income by adopting a “survival strategy”. Refugees are perceived culturally different by locals even if they belong to the same ethnic group. The border can be argued to be one of the reasons for this. It can be claimed that nation-states have been able to create different citizen profiles by establishing a border, which divides ethnicities and even families. It is, for instance, striking to witness the discourse of local Kurds referring to themselves as Turks when they make comparisons between themselves and refugees whom they see as backward people. It is also observed that gender and class play important roles at the perception of competition and threat felt from refugees. Female refugees are not welcomed, because they are accused of taking the local men away, and male refugees are not wanted, because they are accused of taking the jobs away by working for lower wages. Employers, on the other hand, are generally satisfied with the presence of refugees. As a result, the content and severity of the perceived competition and threat changes depending on what matters to the locals. It can be argued that restricting refugees’ right to the city by “pushing” them to the certain neighborhoods mitigates the locals’ perceived threat from refugees to a certain degree.

Kaynakça

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Mardin’de Suriyeli Olmak: Kendini Evinde Hissetmekle Kentin Dışına İtilmek Üzerine

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 67 - 98, 18.12.2018

Öz

Bu yazıda, göçün etkileri bir kent ölçeğinde ele alınmıştır. Bunun için göçle imtihanı tarihsel olduğu kadar güncel de olan Mardin seçilmiştir. Mardin’in Suriye’deki kentleri çağrıştırması, şive farklılıklarına rağmen sığınmacıların anadilinin kentte konuşulan temel diller arasında olması, Suriyeli sığınmacıların kendilerini burada evlerinde hissetmelerine hizmet edebilecek özelliklerdir. Kendini evinde hissetmek, bir sığınmacının da tıpkı bir yerli gibi yaşadığı kenti kendinin kılmasıyla (ortaklaşmasıyla) mümkün olabilir. Kenti kendinin kılma, kent merkezini ve mekânlarını kullanma sıklığı açısından ele alındığında, sığınmacıların yerlilere kıyasla mahallelerde daha fazla zaman geçirdiği görülür. Bunun yanında, sığınmacılar arasında geleneksel cinsiyetler arası işbölümünün göçten sonra daha da güçlendiği gözlenir. Sığınmacı kadınlar çoğunlukla ev içi alanla sınırlı bir yaşama sahipken, sığınmacı erkekler kısa süreli işlerde ve güvencesiz koşullarda çalışır. Sığınmacılar, “hayatta kalma stratejisiyle” hane halkı giderlerini en aza indirmeye, gelirlerini ise artırmaya çalışır. Sığınmacılar, yerlilerle aynı etnik grubun mensubu olsalar bile, kültürel olarak farklı algılanırlar. Bunun bir nedeninin sınır olduğu iddia edilebilir. Etnik grupları hatta aileleri bölen sınırla birlikte, ulus-devletlerin birbirinden farklı vatandaş profillerini yaratmada “başarılı” olduğu söylenebilir. Dolayısıyla, karşıdan gelenler Kürt sığınmacılar bile olsa Mardin’de yaşayan Kürtler tarafından Suriye vatandaşı olarak görülürler. Sığınmacıları geri gören ve onlarla karşılaştırma yaptığında kendilerine Türk diyen yerli Kürtlerin söylemleri bu anlamda çarpıcıdır. sığınmacılarla ilgili rekabet ve tehdit algısında, toplumsal cinsiyetin ve sınıfsal bağlamın önemli bir role sahip olduğu da gözlenir: Sığınmacı kadınlar, yerli kadınların “erkeklerini ellerinden aldığı” için, sığınmacı erkekler ise “düşük ücretlere çalıştığı” için yerli işçiler ve aileleri tarafından istenmez. Buna karşın, işverenler genellikle sığınmacıların varlığından memnundur. Kısaca, göç yerlileri hangi konuda etkiliyorsa, rekabet ve tehdit algısı ona göre içerik kazanır. Sığınmacıların belirli mahallelere “itilmesi” yoluyla kent hakkını kullanmalarının sınırlandırılmasının, yerlilerin algıladığı tehdidin şiddetini belirli ölçüde hafiflettiği ileri sürülebilir.

Kaynakça

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  • Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic versus feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(4), 768-776.
  • Akinwale, A. A. (2012). The informal sector as a catalyst for employment generation in Lagos State, Nigeria. African and Asian Studies, 11, 315-344. doi:10.1163/15692108-12341236
  • Bakioğlu, A., Artar, F. ve İzmir, H. (2018). Ankara’daki Suriyelilerin mültecilik deneyimleri göç, gündelik yaşam, geçim deneyimleri ve sosyal dışlanma. Ankara: Sosyoloji Derneği Yayını. http://www.sosyolojidernegi.org.tr/s/2300/i/Multecilikdeneyimleri.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 03.09.2018.
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  • Göregenli, M., Karakuş, P., Kösten, E. Y. Ö. ve Umuroğlu, İ. (2014). Mahalleye bağlılık düzeyinin kent kimliği ile ilişkisi içinde incelenmesi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29(73). 73-85.
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  • Harvey, D. (2013). Asi şehirler: Şehir hakkından kentsel devrime doğru. İstanbul: Metis.
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  • Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. (2015). At home in inner-city immigrant community gardens. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 32(1), 13-28. doi: 10.1007/s10901-015-9491-0.
  • Hopkins, N., Reicher, S. D., & Harrison, K. (2006). Young people’s deliberations on geographic mobility: Identity and cross-border relocation. Political Psychology, 27, 227-245.
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  • Kaya, A. (2017). Istanbul as a space of cultural affinity for Syrian refugees “Istanbul is safe despite everything!”. Southeastern Europe, 41(3), 333–358. doi: 10.1163/18763332- 04103003
  • Khoudja, Y., & Fleischmann, F. (2017). Labor force participation of immigrant women in the Netherlands: Do traditional partners hold them back? International Migration Review, 51(2), 506-541.
  • Kılıçarslan, G. (2016). Forced migration, citizenship, and space: the case of Syrian Kurdish refugees in İstanbul. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 77–95. doi: 10.1017/npt.2016.8
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  • Korkut, L. (2008). Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarının devletlerin sığınmacıları sınırdışı etme egemen yetkisine etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 4, 20-35.
  • Kurtoğlu, A. (2005). Mekansal bir olgu olarak hemşehrilik ve bir hemşehrilik mekanı olarak dernekler. European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online], 2. http://ejts.revues.org/375. Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2018
  • Lalli, M. (1992). Urban-related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 12, 285-303. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80078-7
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  • Louis, W. R., Esses, V. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (2013), National identification, perceived threat, and dehumanization as antecedents of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Australia and Canada. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 156–165.
  • Marx, K. (1989/1876). Das Kapital. Marx-Engels-Werke, Band 23. Berlin: Dietz Verlag.
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  • Morokvasic, M. (1983). Beyond the reductionist outlook. In A. Phizacklea (Ed.) One way ticket: Migration and female labour (pp. 13-31). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
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  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998a). Reactions toward the new minorities of Western Europe. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 77-103.
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (1998b). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
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  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987): Rediscovering the social group. A Self-Categorization Theory. NY: Basil Blackwell.
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  • Özgen, N. (2005b). Nusaybin ve sınırı. E. Y. Tanhan (Der.) içinde, Kaniyek ji Mezopotamyayê, Nisêbin (ss. 301-303), Weşanên Enstîtuya Kurdîya Stranbolê. http://neseozgen.net/wpcontent/ uploads/30.pdf
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  • Yalçın, S., & Gezici Yalçın, M. (2018, in press). Refugees, labour and capital: The political economy of labour market access of Syrian refugees in a border city in Turkey. Publication by International Centre for Development and Decent Work (ICDD), University of Kassel, Rainer Hampp Verlag.
  • Yalçın, S., Gezici Yalçın, M. ve Güney, Ü. (2018). “Syrian brides”: A gendered approach to Syrian female refugees in Turkey. Unpublished field research.
  • Yon, A., & Nadimpalli, S. (2017). Cities for whom? Re-examining identity, to reclaim the right to the city for women. Australian Planner, 54(1), 33-40. doi:10.1080/07293682.2017.1297317
  • Wagner, U., Hewstone, M., & Machleiht, U. (1989). Contact and prejudice between Germans and Turks: A correlational study. Human Relations, 42(7), 561-574.
Toplam 101 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Meral Gezici Yalçın 0000-0002-8751-3428

Serhat Yalçın Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9994-8437

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Gezici Yalçın, M., & Yalçın, S. (2018). Mardin’de Suriyeli Olmak: Kendini Evinde Hissetmekle Kentin Dışına İtilmek Üzerine. ViraVerita E-Dergi, -(8), 67-98.