Araştırma Makalesi
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Yüksek Nitelikli Göçmenlerin Siyasal Katılımı ve Medya Kullanımı

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 99 - 122, 18.12.2018

Öz

Yüksek nitelikli göçmenlerin hareketliliği ve beyin göçü önemli bir araştırma konuları olmakla beraber, aynı zamanda çoğu araştırmacının da dikkatini çekmektedir. Özellikle Türkiye’nin toplumsal yapısı ve siyasal sistemindeki değişimle beraber, daha sıklıkla, yüksek nitelikli kişilerin Türkiye’den yurt dışına doğru göç hareketliliği ile karşı karşıya kalmaktayız. Bu makalenin esas amacı, birçok yayınlanmış makalenin konusu olmuş olan, beyin göçünün veya yüksek nitelikli göçmenlerin temel göç nedenleri veya motivasyonları değildir. Buna karşın, bu çalışma, yüksek nitelikli göçmenlerin iletişim araçlarıyla olan ilişkilerini göstermek ve bu kişilerin ev sahibi ülke ve/veya misafir olunan ülkedeki siyasal katılım örüntülerini incelemektir. Bu çalışmanın verileri, gelişmiş ülkelerde yaşayan ve en az üniversite derecesine sahip yüksek nitelikli 320 Türk arasında çevrimiçi gerçekleştirilmiş anket sonuçlarından oluşmaktadır. Bu örneklemin yurtdışında yaşayan tüm Türkleri temsil etme iddiası bulunmamakla birlikte, amaç, hem basın yoluyla hem de güncel göç araştırmalarıyla da ortaya çıkan, yüksek nitelikli Türklerin gelişmekte olan ülkelere doğru sürekli devam eden göç hareketliliği gerçeğinin altını çizmektir. Bu sebeple, bu çalışma siyasal katılım ve iletişim arasındaki ilişkiyi, mikro bir örneklem olan yüksek nitelikli Türk göçmenleri üzerinden, bu grubun toplumsal ve siyasi eğilimlerini anlamaya da çalışarak, göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aalandslid, V. (2008). Political Participation and Representation. In G. Daugstad (ed.) Immigration and Immigrants 2008, Oslo–Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway, 123-134.
  • Altaş, D., Sağırlı M., & Giray S., (2006). Yurtdışında Çalışıp Türkiye’ye dönen akademisyenlerin eğitim durumları, gidiş ve dönüş sebepleri arasındaki ilişki yapısının log-lineer modeller ile incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social research update, 33(1), 1-4. http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.PDF, Accessed on 06.04.2018.
  • Babataş, G. (2007). Beyin Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısının Beyin Göçüne Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(28), 263-266.
  • Barker, F., & McMillan, K. (2017). Introduction: researching immigrant and emigrant voting. Political Science, 69(2), 93-100. doi: 10.1080/00323187.2017.1334510 .
  • Başaran, F. (1972). Türkiye’de beyin göçü sorunu. Araştırma, Ekim.
  • Bauböck, R. (2005). Expansive Citizenship: Voting beyond Territory and Membership. PS: Political Science and Politics, 38(4), 683-687.
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport, H. (2008). Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers. The Economic Journal, 118(528).
  • Bevelander, P., & R. Pendakur. (2009). Social Capital and Voting Participation of Immigrants and Minorities in Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32 (8), 1406–1430.
  • Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26, 193-211.
  • Cansız, A. (2006). Son Yıllarda Beyin Göçünün Türk Yüksek Öğretimi Üzerindeki Etkileri. TMMOB Elektrik-Elektronik Bilgisayar Mühendislikleri Eğitimi 3. Ulusal Konferans, İstanbul, 11.11.2006.
  • Chen, Z., & Chan, M., (2017). Social media use and impact on political participation: A cognitive and communication mediation approach. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(2):83-90.
  • Dalrymple, K. E., & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Finally informing the electorate? How the Internet got people thinking about presidential politics in 2004. International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(3), 96-111.
  • De Zuniga, H.G., Jung, N. & Valenzuel, S. (2012). Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 319–336.
  • Deviren, N. V., & Daşkıran, F. (2014). Yurt Dışında Eğitim Görüp Geri Dönen Öğretim Elemanlarının Beyin Göçüne Bakışı: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (41).
  • Dimitrova V. D., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & W. Nord, L. (2014). The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data, Communication Research, 41(1) 95 –118.
  • Effing, R., Hillegersberg, J., Huibers. T. (2011). Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems? In Efthimios Tambouris; Ann Macintosh; Hans de Bruijn. (eds.) Electronic Participation (ePart), LNCS 6847, Delft, Netherlands: Springer, 25-35.
  • Ellison, N.B. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook Friends: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12:1143- 1168.
  • Erdogan M. M. (2013). Euro-Turks-Barometre. Hugo March-April 2013. Retrived from http://fs.hacettepe.edu.tr/hugo/dosyalar/ETB_rapor.pdf, 12.10.2018.
  • Erdogan M. M. (2015). Avrupa’da Turkiye Kokenli Gocmenler ve ‘Euro-Turks-Barometre’ Arastirmalari. Goc Arastirmalari Dergisi, 1(1), 108-150.
  • Erdoğan, İ. (2003). Brain drain and Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 3(1).
  • Euronews (2018), Erken secim oncesinde gozler yine yurt disi oylarinda. Retrieved from http://tr.euronews.com/2018/06/13/erken-secimler-oncesi-gozler-yine-yurt-d-s-oylarnda, 13.06.2018.
  • Faist, T. (2000). The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces, Oxford: University Press.
  • Fieldhouse, E., Tranmer, M., & Russell, A. (2007). Something about young people or something about elections? Electoral participation of young people in Europe: Evidence from a multilevel analysis of the European Social Survey. European Journal of Political Research, 46(6), 797–822.
  • Giannoccolo, P. (2009). The brain drain: A survey of the literature. Working Papers 526. University of Bologna.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2009). Skilled labour migration and positive externality: The case of Turkish engineers working abroad. International Migration, 50(1), 132-150.
  • Güngör, N. D. & Tansel, A. (2005). The determinants of return intentions of Turkish students and professionals residing abroad: An empirical investigation, IZA Discussion Papers. No.1598.
  • Güngör, N. D. & Tansel, A. (2012). Brain drain from Turkey: Return intentions of skilled migrants. International Migration, 52(5).
  • Jałowiecki, B. and Gorzelak, G. J. (2004). Brain drain, brain gain, and mobility: Theories and prospective methods. Higher Education in Europe, 29(3).
  • Kadıoğlu, A. (2008). “Vatandaşlık ve Siyasal Katılım.” In Prof Dr. Ergun Özbudun'a Armağan (Essays in Honor of Ergun Özbudun), Serap Yazıcı, Kemal Gözler and Fuat Keyman (eds.), 225-46. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınevi.
  • Köser Akçapar, Ş. and Yurdakul, G. (2009). Turkish Identity Formation and Political Mobilization in Western Europe and North America', Turkish Studies, 10(2), 139-147.
  • Lilleker, D.G., Pack, M., & Jackson, N. (2010). Political Parties and Web 2.0: The Liberal Democrat Perspective. Political Studies 30, 105-112.
  • Loader, B. D. (2007). Young citizens in the digital age: Political engagement, young people and new media. London: Routledge.
  • Loader B. D., Vromen, A. & Xenos, M.A. (2014) The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement, Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 143-150.
  • Marsh, D., O’Toole, T., & Jones, S. (2007). Young people and politics in the UK. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Mencütek, Z. S. & Yılmaz, S. A. (2015). Turkey’s Experience with Voting from Abroad in the 2014 and 2015 Elections. Rethink Paper, 24, 1-15.
  • Mencütek, Z. S. (2015). External voting: Mapping motivations of emigrants and concerns of host countries. Insight Turkey, 17(4). Retrived from https://www.insightturkey.com/author/zeynep-sahin/external-voting-mappingmotivations-of-emigrants-and-concerns-of-host-countries, 12.10.2018.
  • Mencütek, Z. S., & Baser, B. (2017). Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-20.
  • Messina, A. M. (2006). The Political Incorporation of Immigrants in Europe: Trends and Implications. In A. M. Messina and L. Gallya (ed.). The Migration Reader: Exploring Politics and Policies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 470 - 493.
  • Moreira, A.M., Möoller, M., Gerhardt, G., & Ladner, A. (2009). E-Society and E Democracy. In: eGovernment-Symposium 2009.
  • Oğuzkan, T. (1971). Yurt Dışında Çalışan Doktoralı Türkler: Türkiye’den Başka Ülkelere Yüksek Seviyede Eleman Göçü Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara: ODTÜ, Fen ve Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No. 23.
  • Pruitt, L. (2017). Youth, politics, and participation in a changing world. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 507-513.
  • Saglie, J., & Vabo, S. I. (2009). Size and e-Democracy: Online Participation in Norwegian Local Politics What Promotes or Inhibits Local Participation on. Scandinavian Political Studies, 32, 382-401.
  • Sunata, U. (2005). Türkiye’de(n) gizli beyin göçü: “Hep-gider-ayaklık”. Toplum ve Bilim, 104.
  • Sunata, U. (2011). Background of Highly Skilled Labor Migration from Turkey to Germany. In Türkisch-deutscher Kulturkontakt und Kulturtransfer: Kontroversen und Lernprozesse, 1.
  • Sunata, U. (2014). Tersine Beyin Göçünde Sosyal Ağların Rolü: Türkiyeli Mühendislerin Almanya’dan Geriye Göç Deneyim ve Algıları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17(34).
  • Süoglu, B. B. (2012). Trends in student mobility from Turkey to Germany. Perceptions, 17(2), 61-84.
  • Şimşek, M. (2011). Opinions of the Turkish postgraduates in the United States regarding return to Turkey: An analysis in terms of brain drain. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 3(1), 89-112.
  • Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56, 175-185.
  • Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K.F. (2009). Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site? Facebook Use and College Students. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875-901.
  • Van Biezen, I., Mair, P., & Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, going,…gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 51(1), 24- 56.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H. E., & Nie, N. (1995). American citizen participation study, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research..
  • Wass, H., Blais, A., Morin-Chassé, A., & Weide M. (2015). Engaging Immigrants? Examining the Correlates of Electoral Participation among Voters with Migration Background. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 25(4), 407-424.
  • White, S. E. (2017) Canadian immigrants at the polls: the effects of socialisation in the country of origin and resocialisation in Canada on electoral participation. Political Science, 69(2), 101-121.
  • White, S., Nevitte, N., Blais A., Gidengil, E., & Fournier, P. (2008). The Political Resocialization of Immigrants. Resistance of Lifelong Learning? Political Research Quarterly, 61 (2), 268–281.
  • Yılmaz, V., & Bahçeci, D. (2014). Gençlerin Siyasi Katılımı, Istanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi yayınları.
  • Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK) (High Council of Election). (2018). Retrieved from www.ysk.gov.tr, 10.07.2018.

Political Participation and Media Use of Highly Qualified Migrants

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 99 - 122, 18.12.2018

Öz

The migration flow of high-skilled migrants and brain drain have been important subjects of research and drawing the attention of many researchers. Especially, in Turkey, by the change of the social structure and political system, we started to face more and more the migratory movement of high-skilled people from Turkey to live abroad. The main objective of this article is not to mention the main reasons or motivations of this immigration, which is the very subject of other published articles; however the main objective is to show the relation of high-skilled Turkish migrants with communication tools and examine their political participation patterns in home and host country. The data was collected by an online survey realized between 320 high-skilled Turkish migrants living abroad and having at least a university degree. The population of the research has not the aim to represent all Turks living abroad; instead it indicates the sharp reality of the continuing migration flow of Turkish high-skilled migrants. This study aims to show the relation between political participation and communication by the case study of a very specific population, Turkish high-skilled migrants, in order to understand the basic social and political tendencies of this population.

Kaynakça

  • Aalandslid, V. (2008). Political Participation and Representation. In G. Daugstad (ed.) Immigration and Immigrants 2008, Oslo–Kongsvinger: Statistics Norway, 123-134.
  • Altaş, D., Sağırlı M., & Giray S., (2006). Yurtdışında Çalışıp Türkiye’ye dönen akademisyenlerin eğitim durumları, gidiş ve dönüş sebepleri arasındaki ilişki yapısının log-lineer modeller ile incelenmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 21(1).
  • Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social research update, 33(1), 1-4. http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.PDF, Accessed on 06.04.2018.
  • Babataş, G. (2007). Beyin Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısının Beyin Göçüne Etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(28), 263-266.
  • Barker, F., & McMillan, K. (2017). Introduction: researching immigrant and emigrant voting. Political Science, 69(2), 93-100. doi: 10.1080/00323187.2017.1334510 .
  • Başaran, F. (1972). Türkiye’de beyin göçü sorunu. Araştırma, Ekim.
  • Bauböck, R. (2005). Expansive Citizenship: Voting beyond Territory and Membership. PS: Political Science and Politics, 38(4), 683-687.
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F. & Rapoport, H. (2008). Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers. The Economic Journal, 118(528).
  • Bevelander, P., & R. Pendakur. (2009). Social Capital and Voting Participation of Immigrants and Minorities in Canada. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32 (8), 1406–1430.
  • Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political Communication, 26, 193-211.
  • Cansız, A. (2006). Son Yıllarda Beyin Göçünün Türk Yüksek Öğretimi Üzerindeki Etkileri. TMMOB Elektrik-Elektronik Bilgisayar Mühendislikleri Eğitimi 3. Ulusal Konferans, İstanbul, 11.11.2006.
  • Chen, Z., & Chan, M., (2017). Social media use and impact on political participation: A cognitive and communication mediation approach. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(2):83-90.
  • Dalrymple, K. E., & Scheufele, D. A. (2007). Finally informing the electorate? How the Internet got people thinking about presidential politics in 2004. International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(3), 96-111.
  • De Zuniga, H.G., Jung, N. & Valenzuel, S. (2012). Social Media Use for News and Individuals’ Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 319–336.
  • Deviren, N. V., & Daşkıran, F. (2014). Yurt Dışında Eğitim Görüp Geri Dönen Öğretim Elemanlarının Beyin Göçüne Bakışı: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (41).
  • Dimitrova V. D., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & W. Nord, L. (2014). The Effects of Digital Media on Political Knowledge and Participation in Election Campaigns: Evidence From Panel Data, Communication Research, 41(1) 95 –118.
  • Effing, R., Hillegersberg, J., Huibers. T. (2011). Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems? In Efthimios Tambouris; Ann Macintosh; Hans de Bruijn. (eds.) Electronic Participation (ePart), LNCS 6847, Delft, Netherlands: Springer, 25-35.
  • Ellison, N.B. (2007). The Benefits of Facebook Friends: Social Capital and College Students’ Use of Online Social Network Sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12:1143- 1168.
  • Erdogan M. M. (2013). Euro-Turks-Barometre. Hugo March-April 2013. Retrived from http://fs.hacettepe.edu.tr/hugo/dosyalar/ETB_rapor.pdf, 12.10.2018.
  • Erdogan M. M. (2015). Avrupa’da Turkiye Kokenli Gocmenler ve ‘Euro-Turks-Barometre’ Arastirmalari. Goc Arastirmalari Dergisi, 1(1), 108-150.
  • Erdoğan, İ. (2003). Brain drain and Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 3(1).
  • Euronews (2018), Erken secim oncesinde gozler yine yurt disi oylarinda. Retrieved from http://tr.euronews.com/2018/06/13/erken-secimler-oncesi-gozler-yine-yurt-d-s-oylarnda, 13.06.2018.
  • Faist, T. (2000). The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces, Oxford: University Press.
  • Fieldhouse, E., Tranmer, M., & Russell, A. (2007). Something about young people or something about elections? Electoral participation of young people in Europe: Evidence from a multilevel analysis of the European Social Survey. European Journal of Political Research, 46(6), 797–822.
  • Giannoccolo, P. (2009). The brain drain: A survey of the literature. Working Papers 526. University of Bologna.
  • Gökbayrak, Ş. (2009). Skilled labour migration and positive externality: The case of Turkish engineers working abroad. International Migration, 50(1), 132-150.
  • Güngör, N. D. & Tansel, A. (2005). The determinants of return intentions of Turkish students and professionals residing abroad: An empirical investigation, IZA Discussion Papers. No.1598.
  • Güngör, N. D. & Tansel, A. (2012). Brain drain from Turkey: Return intentions of skilled migrants. International Migration, 52(5).
  • Jałowiecki, B. and Gorzelak, G. J. (2004). Brain drain, brain gain, and mobility: Theories and prospective methods. Higher Education in Europe, 29(3).
  • Kadıoğlu, A. (2008). “Vatandaşlık ve Siyasal Katılım.” In Prof Dr. Ergun Özbudun'a Armağan (Essays in Honor of Ergun Özbudun), Serap Yazıcı, Kemal Gözler and Fuat Keyman (eds.), 225-46. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınevi.
  • Köser Akçapar, Ş. and Yurdakul, G. (2009). Turkish Identity Formation and Political Mobilization in Western Europe and North America', Turkish Studies, 10(2), 139-147.
  • Lilleker, D.G., Pack, M., & Jackson, N. (2010). Political Parties and Web 2.0: The Liberal Democrat Perspective. Political Studies 30, 105-112.
  • Loader, B. D. (2007). Young citizens in the digital age: Political engagement, young people and new media. London: Routledge.
  • Loader B. D., Vromen, A. & Xenos, M.A. (2014) The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement, Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 143-150.
  • Marsh, D., O’Toole, T., & Jones, S. (2007). Young people and politics in the UK. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Mencütek, Z. S. & Yılmaz, S. A. (2015). Turkey’s Experience with Voting from Abroad in the 2014 and 2015 Elections. Rethink Paper, 24, 1-15.
  • Mencütek, Z. S. (2015). External voting: Mapping motivations of emigrants and concerns of host countries. Insight Turkey, 17(4). Retrived from https://www.insightturkey.com/author/zeynep-sahin/external-voting-mappingmotivations-of-emigrants-and-concerns-of-host-countries, 12.10.2018.
  • Mencütek, Z. S., & Baser, B. (2017). Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-20.
  • Messina, A. M. (2006). The Political Incorporation of Immigrants in Europe: Trends and Implications. In A. M. Messina and L. Gallya (ed.). The Migration Reader: Exploring Politics and Policies. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 470 - 493.
  • Moreira, A.M., Möoller, M., Gerhardt, G., & Ladner, A. (2009). E-Society and E Democracy. In: eGovernment-Symposium 2009.
  • Oğuzkan, T. (1971). Yurt Dışında Çalışan Doktoralı Türkler: Türkiye’den Başka Ülkelere Yüksek Seviyede Eleman Göçü Üzerinde Bir Araştırma. Ankara: ODTÜ, Fen ve Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No. 23.
  • Pruitt, L. (2017). Youth, politics, and participation in a changing world. Journal of Sociology, 53(2), 507-513.
  • Saglie, J., & Vabo, S. I. (2009). Size and e-Democracy: Online Participation in Norwegian Local Politics What Promotes or Inhibits Local Participation on. Scandinavian Political Studies, 32, 382-401.
  • Sunata, U. (2005). Türkiye’de(n) gizli beyin göçü: “Hep-gider-ayaklık”. Toplum ve Bilim, 104.
  • Sunata, U. (2011). Background of Highly Skilled Labor Migration from Turkey to Germany. In Türkisch-deutscher Kulturkontakt und Kulturtransfer: Kontroversen und Lernprozesse, 1.
  • Sunata, U. (2014). Tersine Beyin Göçünde Sosyal Ağların Rolü: Türkiyeli Mühendislerin Almanya’dan Geriye Göç Deneyim ve Algıları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 17(34).
  • Süoglu, B. B. (2012). Trends in student mobility from Turkey to Germany. Perceptions, 17(2), 61-84.
  • Şimşek, M. (2011). Opinions of the Turkish postgraduates in the United States regarding return to Turkey: An analysis in terms of brain drain. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 3(1), 89-112.
  • Tolbert, C. J., & McNeal, R. S. (2003). Unraveling the effects of the Internet on political participation? Political Research Quarterly, 56, 175-185.
  • Valenzuela, S., Park, N., & Kee, K.F. (2009). Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site? Facebook Use and College Students. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 875-901.
  • Van Biezen, I., Mair, P., & Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, going,…gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 51(1), 24- 56.
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., Brady, H. E., & Nie, N. (1995). American citizen participation study, 1990. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research..
  • Wass, H., Blais, A., Morin-Chassé, A., & Weide M. (2015). Engaging Immigrants? Examining the Correlates of Electoral Participation among Voters with Migration Background. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 25(4), 407-424.
  • White, S. E. (2017) Canadian immigrants at the polls: the effects of socialisation in the country of origin and resocialisation in Canada on electoral participation. Political Science, 69(2), 101-121.
  • White, S., Nevitte, N., Blais A., Gidengil, E., & Fournier, P. (2008). The Political Resocialization of Immigrants. Resistance of Lifelong Learning? Political Research Quarterly, 61 (2), 268–281.
  • Yılmaz, V., & Bahçeci, D. (2014). Gençlerin Siyasi Katılımı, Istanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi yayınları.
  • Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK) (High Council of Election). (2018). Retrieved from www.ysk.gov.tr, 10.07.2018.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İşıl Zeynep Turkan Ipek 0000-0001-6979-2139

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Turkan Ipek, İ. Z. (2018). Political Participation and Media Use of Highly Qualified Migrants. ViraVerita E-Dergi, -(8), 99-122.