Yeni Avrupa’nın İnşası Sürecinde Avrupa-Atlantik Güçlerinin ve Rusya Federasyonu’nun Ukrayna Politikaları

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 16, 125 - 164, 30.11.2022

Burçin Canar

https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1184382

Öz

Yeni Avrupa’nın inşası süreci Mayıs 1989’da Washington’un tam, özgür ve barış halinde bir kıta oluşturma çağrısıyla başlamıştır. Aynı yıl, Berlin Duvarı’nın yıkılmasının ardından Washington’un çağrısı Avrupa ülkeleri tarafından benimsenmiştir. Kasım 1990’da Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Konferansı’na (AGİK) katılan devletlerin Devlet ya da Hükümet Başkanları tarafından Yeni Bir Avrupa İçin Paris Şartı imzalanmıştır. Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği (SSCB), yeni Avrupa’nın inşası arayışında olan imzacı devletlerin arasında yer almıştır. Ancak, SSCB’nin dağılmasından itibaren Rusya Federasyonu (RF), Avrupa-Atlantik güçleri tarafından yeni Avrupa’nın dışında bırakılmıştır. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD), Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü’nün (NATO) ve Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) tam, özgür ve barış halinde yeni bir Avrupa’nın inşasına ilişkin ortak amaçları, RF’yi hedef almıştır. Avrupa-Atlantik güçleri Doğu Avrupa’yı batısıyla bütünleştirmeye ve kıtadaki Rus etkisini engelleyemeye çalışmışlardır. Bu amaçla NATO ve AB, Doğu Avrupa’dan Rus sınırlarına uzanan genişleme sürecine girmişlerdir. Bu nedenle Moskova, RF’yi içeren ve Moskova’nın çıkarlarının Avrupa-Atlantik güçleri tarafından dikkate alındığı Daha Büyük bir Avrupa’nın inşası hedefini benimsemiştir. Ayrıca RF, 1993’ten itibaren izlediği yakın çevre politikasıyla Doğu Avrupa’nın da dahil olduğu eski Sovyet coğrafyasını, kendi yaşamsal çıkar alanı olarak tanımlamıştır. Avrupa-Atlantik ve Rus etki alanları arasında yer alan stratejik konumuyla dikkat çeken Ukrayna, Doğu Avrupa’daki rakip bütünleşme politikalarının ve böylece güç ve etki mücadelesinin odağında yer almıştır. Hem bir Doğu Avrupa hem de Karadeniz ülkesi olan Ukrayna’nın Avrupa-Atlantik kurumlarıyla mı yoksa RF liderliğindeki oluşumlarla mı bütünleşeceği sorusu ve bu çerçevede Kiev’in seçimi, bölgedeki güç ve etki mücadelesi açısından temel bir sorun olmuştur. Doğu Avrupa’da Avrupa-Atlantik güçleri ile RF arasında önceki güç ve etki mücadelelerinin aksine, ilk kez Ukrayna krizinde ve Ukrayna Savaşı’nda RF’nin izlediği politikalar, Washington ve Brüksel (ABD, NATO ve AB) tarafından yeni bir Avrupa’nın inşası hedefine yönelik büyük bir tehdit ve meydan okuma olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, Ukrayna krizi ve Ukrayna Savaşı ile RF’nin Doğu Avrupa’da ve Karadeniz’de artan varlığı Avrupa-Atlantik güçlerini birleştirmemiştir. 1989’dan itibaren yeni bir Avrupa’nın inşası hedefinde zaten birleşmiş olan ABD, NATO ve AB, bu hedefin gerçekleştirilmesine dönük ortak politikalarını sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu çerçevede ABD ve AB, RF’ye yaptırım uygularken NATO, İttifak’ın doğusundaki ileri mevcudiyetini artırmıştır. Bu süreçte Avrupa-Atlantik etki alanını genişletmek için ABD, NATO ve AB Ukrayna’ya yönelik yardım politikalarını da pekiştirmişlerdir. Öte yandan Avrupa-Atlantik güçleri, tanımama politikası izleseler de, RF’nin Kırım’ı ilhakı ile Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesinden bu yana ilk kez Avrupa sınırı RF’nin lehine değişmiş; Doğu Avrupa’daki Avrupa-Atlantik etki alanı sınırlanmıştır. Ayrıca, Ukrayna Savaşı’nın başlamasından itibaren RF, NATO’nun Karadeniz’e genişlemesini bir kez daha engellemiş ve böylece Moskova, RF’yi dışarıda bırakan yeni Avrupa’nın inşasını durdurmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni Avrupa, Daha Büyük Avrupa, Avrupa-Atlantik Güçleri, Rusya Federasyonu, Ukrayna

Kaynakça

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