An Analysis of Linguistic Impoliteness in the Selected American Movies

Öz

This study has investigated one of the pragmatic phenomena impoliteness in the American movies based on Jonathan Culpeper’s impoliteness model (1996) as a theoretical framework, also the variation of impoliteness strategies used by characters, the frequency of impoliteness utterances, and the reasons behind the impoliteness act or utterances have been researched. The present study is also concerned with the fact that whether the characters respond the impoliteness utterances by choosing offensive or defensive strategy or accept the face attack or simply staying silent and not respond to it. The hypothesis of this study is that in interactions impoliteness serves to achieve certain goals and there are reasons behind the use of every impolite act. This study is descriptive and qualitative type of research. However, the study also incorporated a simple quantitative method. The data have been collected from four movies of different genres. All movies have been produced by USA. The researcher concluded that all impoliteness strategies listed by Jonathan Culpeper (1996) were used by main characters in movies and there are reasons for every impolite act or utterance. The study is one of the first studies to analyze impoliteness strategies in several movies of different genres. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pragmatics
• impoliteness
• impoliteness strategies
• power relations
• offensive strategies
• defensive strategies

Kaynakça

1. Al-Dilaimy, H.H.M. & Khalaf, A.S. (2015). A Pragmatic Analysis of Impolite Interruptions of Selected Debates in the Opposite Direction of Al-Jazeera Channel. American Journal of Educational Research, 3(12), 1570-1578.
2. Adebowale, T.O. (2019, August 29). The Movie Industry: Hollywood to Nollywood. Retrieved from: https://thrivehub.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-movie-industry-hollywood-to.html. Andrew, A.I. (2013). Hollywood, The American Image and The Global Film Industry. Cinej Cinema Journal, 3(1), 94-106.
3. Aydinoglu, N. (2013). Politeness and Impoliteness Strategies: An Analysis of Gender Differences in Geralyn Horton s Plays. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences. 83, 473-482.
4. Bousfield, D. (2007). Beginnings, Middles and Ends: A biopsy of the Dynamics of Impolite Exchanges. Journal of Pragmatics 39, 2185–2216.
5. Bousfield, D. (2008). Impoliteness in Interaction. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
6. Bousfield, D. & Locher, M.A. (Eds.). (2008). Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
7. Brown, P.,, & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards an Anatomy of Impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349-367.

9. Culpeper, J. (2005). Impoliteness and Entertainment in the Television Quiz Show: The Weakest Link. Journal of Politeness Research, 1, 35-72.
10. Culpeper, J. (2011a). Impoliteness: Using Language to cause Offence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Culpeper, Jonathan. (2011b). It’s not what you said, it’s how you said it!’: Prosody and impoliteness. In Linguistic Politeness Research Group (eds.) Discursive Approaches to Politeness (pp. 57-83). De Gruyter Mouton: Berlin.
12. Culpeper, J. (2016). Impoliteness Strategies. Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatics, 421-445.
13. Culpeper, J., Bousfield, D., & Wichmann, A. (2003). Impoliteness Revisited: With Special Reference to Dynamic and Prosodic Aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 1545-1579.
14. Eriek, B.W. (2015). Impoliteness in Action Movies.
15. Kantara, A. (2010). Impoliteness Strategies in “House M.D.”. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 6(2), 305-339.
16. Kienpointner, M. (2008). Impoliteness and Emotional Arguments. Journal of Politeness Research, 4(2), 243-265.
17. Laitinen, M. (2010). “You’re Orange, You Moron!”. The Use of Impoliteness Strategies in the American TV-series House M.D. University of Jyväskylä Department of English. Retrieved from http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201005121774 .
18. Mills, S. (2005). Gender and Impoliteness. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(2), 263-280.
19. Mirhosseini, M., Mardanshahi, M., & Dowlatabadi, H. (2017). Impoliteness Strategies Based on Culpeper’s Model: An Analysis of Gender Differences between Two Characters in the movie Mother. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Research, 4(3), 221-238.
20. Mohammed, H.N., & Abbas, N.F. (2015). Pragmatics of Impoliteness and Rudeness. American International Journal of Social Science, 4(6), 195-205.
21. Mohammed, H.N., & Abbas, N.F. (2016). Impoliteness in Literary Discourse: A Pragmatic Study. International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature, 5(2), 76-82.
22. Osmanovic, M. (2018). Impoliteness in the American TV Series Scrubs. University of Wien.
23. Ratri, A., & Ardi, P. (2019). Power and Impoliteness in the Devil Wears Prada Movie. Elite Journal, 6(1), 33-50.
24. Terkourafi, M. (2008). Toward a unified theory of politeness, impoliteness, and rudeness. In Bousfield, Derek & Locher, Miriam (eds). Impoliteness in Language: Studies on its Interplay with Power in Theory and Practice (pp. 45-74). Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
25. Verschueren, J. (1999). Understanding Pragmatics. London: Arnold. New York: Oxford University Press.
26. Wijayanto, A., Hikamat, M. H., & Prasetyarini, A. (2018). Impoliteness in English as Foreign Language complaints: Exploring its Intentions and Motivating Factors. Lingua Cultura, 12(1), 97-104.
27. Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/The_Bucket_List_4-16-05.pdf
29. https://www.scripts.com/script/the_bucket_list_4785
30. https://www.scripts.com/script/hidden_figures_9931
31. https://www.scripts.com/script/whiplash_573
32. https://www.scripts.com/script.php?id=gattaca_137&p=91