Buğdayda Su Kullanım Verimliliği Üzerine Gen İfadesi Çalışmaları

Öz

Kuraklık stresi, verimi önemli ölçüde sınırlayarak dünya çapında buğday üretimi için kritik bir zorluk oluşturmaktadır. Poligenik kalıtım, düşük kalıtım derecesi ve güçlü çevresel etkileşimlerle karakterize edilen kuraklık toleransının genetik karmaşıklığı, geleneksel ıslah yoluyla ilerlemeyi engellemiştir. Sonuç olarak, su kullanım verimliliğini artırmaya odaklanan moleküler ıslah yaklaşımları ön plana çıkmıştır. Kuraklık koşullarında üstün su kullanım verimliliğine sahip genotiplerin seçilmesi bu çabaların merkezinde yer almaktadır. Gen ifadesi analizleri, su kullanımının genetik düzenlenmesi ve kuraklık toleransı mekanizmaları hakkında kritik bilgiler sağlamıştır. Transkriptomik, proteomik ve metabolomik veri setlerini entegre eden çoklu omik yaklaşımı, bitkinin stres tepkisine dair daha bütünsel bir anlayış sunmaktadır. Bu derleme, buğdayda su kullanım verimliliği üzerine gen ifadesi çalışmalarındaki son gelişmeleri özetleyerek, fizyolojik düzenleme, stres adaptasyonu, karbonhidrat metabolizması, yeşil kalma, gövde rezervi mobilizasyonu, kök mimarisi ve besin-su etkileşimleriyle ilgili temel genleri, düzenleyici ağları ve özellikleri vurgulamaktadır. Derleme, kritik transkripsiyonel yolları hedefleyen moleküler ve fizyolojik ıslah stratejilerini entegre ederek; su kullanım verimliliğini, besin alımını ve çoklu stres toleransı sağlama yollarını özetlemektedir. Belirlenen moleküler hedefler, su kısıtlı koşullar altında istikrarlı verim sağlayan, iklime dayanıklı buğday çeşitlerinin geliştirilmesi için bir temel oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuraklık
• Su Kullanım Verimliliği
• Gen İfadesi
• Gen Keşfi
• Buğday Islahı

Gene Expression Studies on Water Use Efficiency in Wheat

Öz

Drought stress constitutes a critical challenge to wheat production worldwide by substantially limiting yield. The genetic complexity of drought tolerance which is characterized by its polygenic inheritance, low heritability, and strong environmental interactions, has hindered progress through conventional breeding. Consequently, molecular breeding approaches focused on improving water use efficiency have gained significance. Selecting genotypes with superior water use efficiency under drought conditions is central to these efforts. Gene expression analyses have provided critical insights into the genetic regulation of water use and drought tolerance mechanisms. A multi-omics approach that integrates transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic datasets offers a more comprehensive understanding of the plant’s stress response. This review synthesizes recent advances in gene expression studies on water use efficiency in wheat, emphasizing key genes, regulatory networks, and traits related to physiological regulation, stress adaptation, carbohydrate metabolism, stay green, stem reserve mobilization, root architecture, and nutrient-water interactions. By integrating molecular and physiological breeding strategies targeting critical transcriptional pathways, the review outlines opportunities to improve water use efficiency, nutrient uptake, and multi-stress resilience. The identified molecular targets provide a foundation for developing climate resilient wheat cultivars with stable yields under water limited conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Drought
• Water Use Efficiency
• Gene Expression
• Gene Discovery
• Wheat Breeding

Kaynakça

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