Integrative Neuromuscular Training and Motor Skills in School-Aged Children: Current Findings and Recommendations - A Traditional Review

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 81 - 94, 19.08.2024

Şeyma Öznur Gökşin , Özlem Kırandı

https://doi.org/10.70007/yalovaspor.1510212

Öz

The aim of this study is to evaluate the research examining the integration of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) programs into school curricula to support the development of motor skills in school-aged children and to provide recommendations for implementing similar practices in our country. Integrative neuromuscular training (INT) is a comprehensive program designed to enhance the health- and skill-related aspects of physical fitness. INT primarily focuses on increasing muscle strength, motor skill performance, and muscular power. INT programs generally include resistance training, plyometric exercises, and dynamic stability exercises. These combinations are effective in improving athletes' vertical jump abilities and, most importantly, in preventing injuries. Neuromuscular exercises are an effective and scientifically supported approach to developing motor skills. The positive effects on neuromuscular control, muscle strength, balance, proprioception, and motor learning processes demonstrate that such exercises play a critical role in enhancing individuals' overall physical performance and motor abilities. Integrating intensive INT programs, which include various components such as resistance training, plyometric exercises, and dynamic stability exercises, into physical education curricula can increase students' physical fitness levels and improve their movement skills. These comprehensive training programs can enhance muscle strength and motor skill performance, enabling children to participate more actively in sports and physical activities. In the long term, such programs can help children adopt healthier lifestyles. In conclusion, the inclusion of INT in physical education curricula can be considered an effective strategy to improve children's overall health and physical fitness levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Children, Integrative Neuromuscular Training, Motor Skill

Okul Çağındaki Çocuklarda Bütünleştirici Nöromüsküler Egzersizler ve Motor Beceriler: Güncel Bulgular ve Öneriler: Geleneksel Derleme

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, okul çağındaki çocukların motor becerilerinin gelişimini desteklemek amacıyla uygulanan bütünleştirici nöromüsküler antrenman programlarının okul müfredatlarına entegrasyonunu inceleyen araştırmaları değerlendirmek ve bu bağlamda benzer uygulamaların ülkemizde hayata geçirilmesine yönelik öneriler sunmaktır. Bütünleştirici nöromüsküler antrenman (BNA), fiziksel uygunluğun sağlık ve beceriyle ilgili yönlerini geliştirmeyi amaçlayan kapsamlı bir programdır. BNA, öncelikli olarak kas gücü, motor beceri performansı ve kas kuvvetini artırmayı. BNA programları genel olarak direnç antrenmanı, pliometrik egzersizler ve dinamik stabilite çalışmalarını içermektedir. Bu kombinasyonlar, sporcuların dikey sıçrama yeteneklerini artırmada etkili olmakla birlikte en önemlisi unsur olan yaralanmaların da önlenmesine katkı sağlamasıdır. Nöromüsküler egzersizler, motor becerilerin geliştirilmesinde etkili ve bilimsel olarak desteklenen bir yaklaşımdır. Sinir-kas kontrolü, kas gücü, denge, propriyosepsiyon ve motor öğrenme süreçleri üzerindeki olumlu etkileri, bu tür egzersizlerin bireylerin genel fiziksel performansını ve motor yeteneklerini artırmada kritik bir rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Direnç antrenmanı, pliometrik egzersizler ve dinamik stabilite çalışmaları gibi çeşitli bileşenleri içeren yoğunlaştırılmış BNA programlarının beden eğitimi müfredatına entegre edilmesi, öğrencilerin fiziksel uygunluk seviyelerini artırmanın yanı sıra hareket becerilerini de geliştirebilir. Bu kapsamlı antrenman programları, kas kuvvetini ve motor beceri performansını artırarak, çocukların spor ve fiziksel aktivitelere daha etkin katılmalarını sağlayabilir. Uzun vadede, bu tür programlar çocukların daha sağlıklı yaşam tarzları benimsemelerine yardımcı olabilir. Sonuç olarak, BNA’nın beden eğitimi müfredatına dahil edilmesi, çocukların genel sağlık ve fiziksel uygunluk seviyelerini artırmak için etkili bir strateji olarak değerlendirilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk, Bütünleştirici Nöromüsküler Antrenman, Motor Beceri

Kaynakça

• Arslan Kabasakal, S. (2023). Postüral Bozukluklar ve Fiziksel Aktivite. Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık. Efe Akademi Yayınları, 1. Basım, 263-274.
• Arslan Kabasakal, S., Gökşin, Ş. Ö., Keskin, B., & Güvendi, B. (2024). Does basketball training increase balance scores in children?. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 28(1), 63-71. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2024.0107
• Behringer, M., Vom Heede, A., Yue, Z., & Mester, J. (2010). Effects of resistance training in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 126(5), e1199-e1210. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0445
• Best, J. R. (2010). Effects of physical activity on children’s executive function: Contributions of experimental research on aerobic exercise. Developmental review, 30(4), 331-351.
• Bompa, T. O., & Buzzichelli, C. (2019). Periodization-: theory and methodology of training. Human kinetics.
• Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4-12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
• Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4-12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204529
• DiStefano, L. J., Padua, D. A., Blackburn, J. T., Garrett, W. E., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Marshall, S. W. (2010). Integrated injury prevention program improves balance and vertical jump height in children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(2), 332-342.
• Donnelly, F. C., Mueller, S. S., & Gallahue, D. L. (2016). Developmental physical education for all children: theory into practice. Human Kinetics.
• Duncan, M. J., Hames, T., & Eyre, E. L. (2019). Sequencing effects of object control and locomotor skill during integrated neuromuscular training in 6-to 7-year-old children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2262-2274.
• Faigenbaum, A. D., & Myer, G. D. (2012). Exercise deficit disorder in youth: play now or pay later. Current sports medicine reports, 11(4), 196-200. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31825da961
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Bush, J. A., McLoone, R. P., Kreckel, M. C., Farrell, A., Ratamess, N. A., & Kang, J. (2015). Benefits of strength and skill-based training during primary school physical education. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1255-1262.
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Farrell, A., Fabiano, M., Radler, T., Naclerio, F., Ratamess, N. A., ... & Myer, G. D. (2011). Effects of integrative neuromuscular training on fitness performance in children. Pediatric exercise science, 23(4), 573-584. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.4.573
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Blimkie, C. J., Jeffreys, I., Micheli, L. J., Nitka, M., & Rowland, T. W. (2009). Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23, S60-S79. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407
• Faigenbaum, A. D., Kraemer, W. J., Cahill, B., Chandler, J., Dziados, J., Elfrink, L. D., ... & Roberts, S. (1996). Youth resistance training: position statement paper and literature review: Position Statement. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 18(6), 62-76.
• Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Romero-Rodriguez, D., Lloyd, R. S., Kushner, A., & Myer, G. D. (2016). Integrative neuromuscular training in youth athletes. Part II: Strategies to prevent injuries and improve performance. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 38(4), v9-27.
• Gallahue, D., & Ozmun, J. C. (2003). Desenvolvimento Motor: um modelo teórico. IN:Compreendendo o desenvolvimento motor: bebes, crianças, adolescentes e adultos, 7.
• Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., & Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: infants, children, adolescents, adults: infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
• Harrison, C. B., Gill, N. D., Kinugasa, T., & Kilding, A. E. (2015). Development of aerobic fitness in young team sport athletes. Sports Medicine, 45, 969-983.
• Hewett, T. E., Ford, K. R., & Myer, G. D. (2006). Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention. The American journal of sports medicine, 34(3), 490-498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546505282619
• Hewett, T. E., Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Heidt Jr, R. S., Colosimo, A. J., McLean, S. G., ... & Succop, P. (2005). Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study. The American journal of sports medicine, 33(4), 492-501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269591
• Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature reviews neuroscience, 9(1), 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2298
• Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştirma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
• Lubans, D. R., Morgan, P. J., Cliff, D. P., Barnett, L. M., & Okely, A. D. (2010). Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents: review of associated health benefits. Sports medicine, 40, 1019-1035. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536850-000000000-00000
• Malar, S.; Maniazhagu, D. Effects of Integrative Neuromuscular Training Combined with Yoga and Stretching Exercises on Abdominal Strength Endurance of Primary School Children. Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev. 2020, 11, 899–903.
• Mikkelsson, L. O., Nupponen, H., Kaprio, J., Kautiainen, H., Mikkelsson, M., & Kujala, U. M. (2006). Adolescent flexibility, endurance strength, and physical activity as predictors of adult tension neck, low back pain, and knee injury: a 25 year follow up study. British journal of sports medicine, 40(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350
• Myer, G. D., & Wall, E. J. (2006). Resistance training in the young athlete. Operative techniques in sports Medicine, 14(3), 218-230. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.otsm.2006.04.004
• Myer, G. D., Faigenbaum, A. D., Chu, D. A., Falkel, J., Ford, K. R., Best, T. M., & Hewett, T. E. (2011a). Integrative training for children and adolescents: techniques and practices for reducing sports-related injuries and enhancing athletic performance. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 39(1), 74-84. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.3810/psm.2011.02.1854?needAccess=true
• Myer, G. D., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ford, K. R., Best, T. M., Bergeron, M. F., & Hewett, T. E. (2011b). When to initiate integrative neuromuscular training to reduce sports-related injuries and enhance health in youth? Current sports medicine reports, 10(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e31821b1442
• Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Brent, J. L., & Hewett, T. E. (2012). An integrated approach to change the outcome part II: targeted neuromuscular training techniques to reduce identified ACL injury risk factors. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(8), 2272-2292.
• Myer, G.D.; Faigenbaum, A.D.; Edwards, N.M.; Clark, J.F.; Best, T.M.; Sallis, R.E. Sixty minutes of what? A developing brain perspective for activating children with an integrative exercise approach. Br. J. Sports Med. 2015, 49, 1510–1516.
• Pate, R. R., Baranowski, T. O. M., Dowda, M., & Trost, S. G. (1996). Tracking of physical activity in young children. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 28(1), 92-96.
• Pica, R. (2014). Early elementary children moving and learning: A physical education curriculum. Redleaf Press.
• Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(5), 963-975.
• Sheppard, J. M., & Young, W. B. (2006). Agility literature review: Classifications, training and testing. Journal of sports sciences, 24(9), 919-932. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457109
• Sibley, B. A., & Etnier, J. L. (2003). The relationship between physical activity and cognition in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatric exercise science, 15(3), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.3.243
• Sinđić, M., Mačak, D., Todorović, N., Purda, B., & Batez, M. (2021, March). Effect of integrated neuromuscular exercise in physical education class on health-related fitness in female children. In Healthcare (Vol. 9, No. 3, p. 312).
• Slining, M., Adair, L. S., Goldman, B. D., Borja, J. B., & Bentley, M. (2010). Infant overweight is associated with delayed motor development. The Journal of pediatrics, 157(1), 20-25.
• Stodden, D., & Goodway, J. D. (2007). The dynamic association between motor skill development and physical activity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 78(8), 33-49.
• Tucker, P. (2008). The physical activity levels of preschool-aged children: A systematic review. Early childhood research quarterly, 23(4), 547-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2008.08.005