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Yıl 2012, Sayı: 22, 22 - 61, 01.12.2012

Konur Alp Koçak

Öz

Developments that started in the wake of the self-immolation of a youngunemployed Mohammed Buazizi evolved into a popular uprising in Tunisiaand then throughout the MENA region. President Ben Ali, who has been inpower for 23 years, fled to Saudi Arabia as a result of the protests which laterlabelled as “Jasmin Revolution”. Since Tunisian revolution set the first step intowards “Arab Spring”, Tunisia is regarded as the cradle of “Arab Spring”.This paper deals with the developments taken place in Tunisia which inspiredthe entire region with a focus on its background and domestic as well as international consequences

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arab Spring Tunisia Jasmin Revolution Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali Ennahda Ghannouchi

Kaynakça

  • Achy, Lahcen. “Tunisia’s Economic Challenges.” The Carnegie Papers, Carnegie Middle East Center, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C, 2011.
  • Adil, Muhammed. Tunus Halk Devrimi ve Sonrası. Rapor, Ankara: ORSAM, 2011.
  • AEO. “Tunisia 2012 Country Note.” African Economic Outlook. 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/T unisia%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf (Kasım 1, 2012 tari- hinde erişilmiştir).
  • AfDB. “Jobs, Justice and the Arab Spring: Inclusive Growth in North Africa.” Report, North Africa Operations Department, African Development Bank, Tunis, 2012.
  • Ajmi, Sana. “Resignations in Constituent Assembly Point to Instability in Tunisia’s Political Landscape.” Tunisi-alive. 12 Ekim 2012. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/12/resignation-in-constituent- assembly-points-to-instability-in-tunisias-political-landscape/ (Aralık 24, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Alexander, Christopher. “Tunisia’s Protest Wave: Where It Comes From And What It Means.” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 3 January 2011. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/02/tunisia_s_protest_ wave_where_it_comes_from_and_what_it_means_for_ben_ali (Ekim 13, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Aliboni, Roberto. “The International Dimension of the Arab Spring.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 4 (2012): 5-9.
  • Ayhan, Veysel. “Tunus İsyanı: Arapların Devrim Ateşini Yakması.” Ortadoğu Etüdleri (ORSAM) 3, no. 2 (Ocak 2012): 59-93.
  • —. Tunus Kurucu Meclis Seçim Sonuçları: Bir Devrimin Ardından Kazananlar ve Kaybedenler. 28 Ekim 2011. http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigo- ster.aspx?ID=2819 (Aralık 16, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Azzam, Maha. “How WikiLeaks Helped Fuel Tunisian Revolution.” CNN . 18 January2011.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/01/18/tunis ia.wikileaks/ index.html (Kasım 3, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bardak, Ummuhan, Henrik Huitfeldt, ve Jackline Wahba. “Employment Policy Reforms in The Middle East and North Africa.” Report, European Training Foundation, Torino, 2006.
  • BBC Türkçe. Tunus’ta sol muhalefetin lideri Şükrü Belıyd’a suikast. 6 Şubat 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/02/130206_tunisia- _assasination.shtml (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bibi, Sami. “Poverty and Inequality in Tunisia, Morocco and Mauritania.” Economic Brief, African Development Bank, 2011.
  • Dadush, Uri, ve Michele Dunne. “American and European Responses to the Arab Spring: What’s the Big Idea?” The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 4 (September 2011): 131-145.
  • Dahshan, Mohamed El. “Tunisia stakes a claim.” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 21 May 2012. http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts- /2012/05/21/tunisia_ stakes_a_claim (Ekim 10, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Delaney, Paul. Senile Bourguiba Described In Tunis. New York Times. 9 November 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/world/senile- bourguiba-described-in-tunis.html?scp=2&sq=-senile%20bourgui- ba&st=cseSenile (Kasım 7, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Dickinson, Elizabeth. “The First WikiLeaks Revolution?” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 13 January 2011. http://wikileaks.foreignpoli- cy.com/posts/2011/ 01/13/wikileaks_and_the_tunisia_protests (Ekim 9, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Diriöz, Ali Oğuz. “Bağımsızlığından Günümüze Tunus’a Kısa Bir Bakış.” Ortadoğu Analiz 3, no. 36 (Aralık 2011): 79-82.
  • Driss, Ahmed. “The Revolution in Tunisia: An Opportunity for a Real Change.” Change and Opportunities in the Emerging Mediterranean içinde, düzenleyen Stephen Calleya ve Monika Wohlfeld, 20-33. Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 2012.
  • EEAS. “EU-Tunisia Association Council.” European External Action Service. 19 November 2012. http://consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_- data/docs/pressdata/EN/ foraff/133635.pdf (Aralık 26, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Samir Makdisi, ve Gary Milante. “Explaining The Arab Democracy Deficit: The Role Of Oil And Conflicts.” Democracy in The Arab World: Explaining The Deficit içinde, yazan Samir Makdisi ve Ibrahim Elbadawi, 41-82. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Fahim, Kareem. Tunisia Includes Independents in New Cabinet. 8 March 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/world/africa/to-ease-crisis- tunisia-includes-independents-in-new-cabinet.html?ref=tunisia (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • GALLUP. “Egyptians’, Tunisians’ Wellbeing Plummets Despite GDP Gains.” Gallup. 2 February 2011. http://www.gallup.com/poll/145883/ Egyptians-Tunisians-Wellbeing-Plummets-Despite-GDP-Gains.aspx (Kasım 2, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Gasiorowski, Mark J. “The Failure of Reform in Tunisia.” Journal of Democracy 3, no. 4 (1992): 85-97.
  • Giglio, Mike. “The Un-Islamic Revolution.” The Daily Beast. 14 January 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/01/14/the-un-islamic- revolution.html (Ekim 20, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Guardian. “Tunisia - a US foreign policy conundrum.” The US Embassy Cables. 7 December 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy- cables-documents/217138 (Kasım 1, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Haouas, IIham, Edward Sayre, ve Mahmoud Yagoubi. “Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: Characteristics and Policy Responses.” Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies 14 (Semptember 2012): 395-415.
  • Hassassi, Hend. “Tunisia Celebrates One-Year Anniversary of First Democratic Elections Amid Protests.” Tunisia-live. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/23/contorversial-celebration-of- the-one-year-anniversary-of-tunisias-first-democratic-elections/ (Aralık 24, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir). 23 October 2012.
  • ICG. “Popular Protests in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s Way.” Report, North Africa and the Middle East, International Crisis Group, Tunis, Brussels, 2011.
  • IFES. Elections in Tunisia:The 2011 Constituent Assembly Frequently Asked Questions. International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Washington D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 2011.
  • IMF. World Economic Outlook:Coping with High Debt and Sluggish Growth. World Economic and Financial Surveys, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.: IMF, 2012, 230.
  • IPU. “Historical Archive of Parliamentary Election Results.” Inter- Parliamentary Union. 2009. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc- /2321_09.htm (Kasım 11, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Joffé, George. “The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects.” The Journal of North African Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 507-532.
  • Karan, Ceyda. Belayid Suikastı: İslamcı-Laik Geriliminde Yeni Perde. 6 Şubat 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/02/130206_tunisia- _analysis_karan.shtml (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Kimenyi, Mwangi S. “The Arab Democracy Paradox.” Brookings Institution. 4 March 2011. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/03/04- arab-democracy-kimenyi (Ekim 28, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • King, Ebony. “The Future of Tunisian Islamism: The Case of Ennahda.” Crossroads 4, no. 1 (2012): 4-12.
  • Lee, Ho-Jin. “Is North Korea Immune from Middle Eastern Turmoil?” Brookings. 6 June 2011. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/- 2011/06/06-north-korea-lee (Ekim 12, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Lynch, Marc. “Obama’s ‘Arab Spring’?” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 6 January 2011. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01- /06/obam as_arab_spring (Ekim 12, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Mabrouk, Mehdi. “A revolution for dignity and freedom:preliminary observa- tions on the social and cultural background to the Tunisian Revolution.” The Journal of North African Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 625- 635.
  • Markham, James M. Tunisia Is Pulling a Democratic Rabbit Out of a Dictator’s Hat. nytimes.com/1989/04/10/world/tunisia-is-pulling-a-democratic-rabbit- out-of-a-dictator-s-hat.html (Kasım 9, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Migdalovitz, Carol. Tunisia: Current Issues. Report, Middle Eastern Affairs, Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C.: CRS (Congressional Research Service), 2009.
  • Murphy, Emma C. “The Tunisian Uprising and the Precarious Path to Democracy.” Mediterranean Politics 16, no. 2 (July 2011): 299-305.
  • Nouira, Asma. Obstacles on the Path of Tunisia’s Democratic Transformation. 30 Mart 2011. http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/30/obstacles-on- path-of-tunisia-s-democratic-transformation/6bej (Aralık 15, 2012 tari- hinde erişilmiştir).
  • Pace, Eric. Habib Bourguiba, Independence Champion and President of Tunisia, Dies at 96. New York Times. 7 April 2000. http://www.nytimes.- com/2000/04/07/ world/habib-bourguiba-independence-champion- and-president-of-tunisia-dies-at-96.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm (Kasım 8, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Rogers, Joshua S. ‘There is no Room for a Religious Party’: Negotiating the Islamist Challenge to State Legitimacy in Tunisia, 1987-1991. Report, Middle East Studies, German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Hamburg: GIGA (German Institute for Global and Area Studies), 2007.
  • Shaikh, Salman ve Shadi Hamid. The Beginings of Transition: Politics and Polarization in Egypt and Tunusia. Transitional Dialogue Series, Brookings Doha Center, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2012.
  • Subrahmanyam, Gita. “The Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: What Steps are Needed?” OECD-International Collaborative Initiative on Trade and Employment. 22 September 2011. http://www.oecd.org/ site/tadicite/48713343.pdf (Kasım 01, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Szajkowski, Bogdan. “Social Media Tools and The Arab Revolts.” Alternative Politics 3, no. 3 (November 2011): 420-432.
  • Tanrıverdi, Nebahat. “Background of the Tunisian Revolution.” Alternative Politics 3, no. 3 (Kasım 2011): 547-570.
  • Tanrıverdi, Nebahat. “Yaklaşan Seçim Öncesi Tunus’ta Siyasal Denklemler.” Rapor, ORSAM, Ankara, 2011.
  • UNDP. “Human Development Report 2011.” Human Development Reports. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf (Ekim 30, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Verdier-Chouchane, Audrey, Natsuko Obayashi, ve Vincent Castel. The Revolution in Tunisia: Economic Challenges and Prospects. Economic Brief, African Development Bank, African Development Bank, 2011.
  • VOA. “Beyaz Saray’da İlk ‘Arap Baharı’ Lideri.” Voice of America. 08 Ekim 2011. http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/content/beyaz-sarayda-lk-arap- bahar-lideri-131383313/900296.html (Aralık 25, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • World Bank. “World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance.” World Bank Data. Düzenleyen World Bank. 2012. http://data.world- bank.org/ country/tunisia (Ekim 30, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Zartman, William. Report on the First Tunisian Multiparty Legislative Elections. Iğphıo, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 1989.

Yasemin Devrimi’nden “Arap Baharı”na Tunus

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 22, 22 - 61, 01.12.2012

Konur Alp Koçak

Öz

Aralık 2010’da işsiz bir gencin bireysel protesto eylemiyle başlayan fakat kısasürede tüm ülkeye yayılarak rejim karşıtı kitlesel bir ayaklanma hâlini alangelişmeler, 23 yıldır iktidarda olan Devlet Başkanı Bin Ali’nin görevindenayrılmasıyla sonuçlanmıştı. “Yasemin Devrimi” olarak anılan Tunus’taki halkayaklanması, Mısır ve Libya gibi ülkelerdeki aynı sıkıntılardan mustarip genişhalk kesimlerini de harekete geçirerek tüm Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’yı etkilemişti. Dolayısıyla Tunus, “Arap Baharının beşiği” olarak nitelendirilmişti.Bu çalışmada, Arap Baharı”na ilham kaynağı olan Tunus’taki ayaklanmanınarkaplanı, uluslararası yansımaları ve hem ulusal hem de uluslararası etkileriincelemiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arap Baharı Tunus Yasemin Devrimi Zeynel Abidin Bin Ali Ennahda Gannuşi

Kaynakça

  • Achy, Lahcen. “Tunisia’s Economic Challenges.” The Carnegie Papers, Carnegie Middle East Center, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C, 2011.
  • Adil, Muhammed. Tunus Halk Devrimi ve Sonrası. Rapor, Ankara: ORSAM, 2011.
  • AEO. “Tunisia 2012 Country Note.” African Economic Outlook. 2012. http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/fileadmin/uploads/aeo/PDF/T unisia%20Full%20PDF%20Country%20Note.pdf (Kasım 1, 2012 tari- hinde erişilmiştir).
  • AfDB. “Jobs, Justice and the Arab Spring: Inclusive Growth in North Africa.” Report, North Africa Operations Department, African Development Bank, Tunis, 2012.
  • Ajmi, Sana. “Resignations in Constituent Assembly Point to Instability in Tunisia’s Political Landscape.” Tunisi-alive. 12 Ekim 2012. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/12/resignation-in-constituent- assembly-points-to-instability-in-tunisias-political-landscape/ (Aralık 24, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Alexander, Christopher. “Tunisia’s Protest Wave: Where It Comes From And What It Means.” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 3 January 2011. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01/02/tunisia_s_protest_ wave_where_it_comes_from_and_what_it_means_for_ben_ali (Ekim 13, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Aliboni, Roberto. “The International Dimension of the Arab Spring.” The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 4 (2012): 5-9.
  • Ayhan, Veysel. “Tunus İsyanı: Arapların Devrim Ateşini Yakması.” Ortadoğu Etüdleri (ORSAM) 3, no. 2 (Ocak 2012): 59-93.
  • —. Tunus Kurucu Meclis Seçim Sonuçları: Bir Devrimin Ardından Kazananlar ve Kaybedenler. 28 Ekim 2011. http://www.orsam.org.tr/tr/yazigo- ster.aspx?ID=2819 (Aralık 16, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Azzam, Maha. “How WikiLeaks Helped Fuel Tunisian Revolution.” CNN . 18 January2011.http://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/01/18/tunis ia.wikileaks/ index.html (Kasım 3, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bardak, Ummuhan, Henrik Huitfeldt, ve Jackline Wahba. “Employment Policy Reforms in The Middle East and North Africa.” Report, European Training Foundation, Torino, 2006.
  • BBC Türkçe. Tunus’ta sol muhalefetin lideri Şükrü Belıyd’a suikast. 6 Şubat 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/02/130206_tunisia- _assasination.shtml (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Bibi, Sami. “Poverty and Inequality in Tunisia, Morocco and Mauritania.” Economic Brief, African Development Bank, 2011.
  • Dadush, Uri, ve Michele Dunne. “American and European Responses to the Arab Spring: What’s the Big Idea?” The Washington Quarterly 34, no. 4 (September 2011): 131-145.
  • Dahshan, Mohamed El. “Tunisia stakes a claim.” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 21 May 2012. http://transitions.foreignpolicy.com/posts- /2012/05/21/tunisia_ stakes_a_claim (Ekim 10, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Delaney, Paul. Senile Bourguiba Described In Tunis. New York Times. 9 November 1987. http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/09/world/senile- bourguiba-described-in-tunis.html?scp=2&sq=-senile%20bourgui- ba&st=cseSenile (Kasım 7, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Dickinson, Elizabeth. “The First WikiLeaks Revolution?” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 13 January 2011. http://wikileaks.foreignpoli- cy.com/posts/2011/ 01/13/wikileaks_and_the_tunisia_protests (Ekim 9, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Diriöz, Ali Oğuz. “Bağımsızlığından Günümüze Tunus’a Kısa Bir Bakış.” Ortadoğu Analiz 3, no. 36 (Aralık 2011): 79-82.
  • Driss, Ahmed. “The Revolution in Tunisia: An Opportunity for a Real Change.” Change and Opportunities in the Emerging Mediterranean içinde, düzenleyen Stephen Calleya ve Monika Wohlfeld, 20-33. Malta: Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies, 2012.
  • EEAS. “EU-Tunisia Association Council.” European External Action Service. 19 November 2012. http://consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_- data/docs/pressdata/EN/ foraff/133635.pdf (Aralık 26, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Elbadawi, Ibrahim, Samir Makdisi, ve Gary Milante. “Explaining The Arab Democracy Deficit: The Role Of Oil And Conflicts.” Democracy in The Arab World: Explaining The Deficit içinde, yazan Samir Makdisi ve Ibrahim Elbadawi, 41-82. New York: Routledge, 2011.
  • Fahim, Kareem. Tunisia Includes Independents in New Cabinet. 8 March 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/09/world/africa/to-ease-crisis- tunisia-includes-independents-in-new-cabinet.html?ref=tunisia (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • GALLUP. “Egyptians’, Tunisians’ Wellbeing Plummets Despite GDP Gains.” Gallup. 2 February 2011. http://www.gallup.com/poll/145883/ Egyptians-Tunisians-Wellbeing-Plummets-Despite-GDP-Gains.aspx (Kasım 2, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Gasiorowski, Mark J. “The Failure of Reform in Tunisia.” Journal of Democracy 3, no. 4 (1992): 85-97.
  • Giglio, Mike. “The Un-Islamic Revolution.” The Daily Beast. 14 January 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/01/14/the-un-islamic- revolution.html (Ekim 20, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Guardian. “Tunisia - a US foreign policy conundrum.” The US Embassy Cables. 7 December 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy- cables-documents/217138 (Kasım 1, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Haouas, IIham, Edward Sayre, ve Mahmoud Yagoubi. “Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: Characteristics and Policy Responses.” Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies 14 (Semptember 2012): 395-415.
  • Hassassi, Hend. “Tunisia Celebrates One-Year Anniversary of First Democratic Elections Amid Protests.” Tunisia-live. http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/10/23/contorversial-celebration-of- the-one-year-anniversary-of-tunisias-first-democratic-elections/ (Aralık 24, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir). 23 October 2012.
  • ICG. “Popular Protests in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s Way.” Report, North Africa and the Middle East, International Crisis Group, Tunis, Brussels, 2011.
  • IFES. Elections in Tunisia:The 2011 Constituent Assembly Frequently Asked Questions. International Foundation for Electoral Systems, Washington D.C.: International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 2011.
  • IMF. World Economic Outlook:Coping with High Debt and Sluggish Growth. World Economic and Financial Surveys, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.: IMF, 2012, 230.
  • IPU. “Historical Archive of Parliamentary Election Results.” Inter- Parliamentary Union. 2009. http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc- /2321_09.htm (Kasım 11, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Joffé, George. “The Arab Spring in North Africa: Origins and Prospects.” The Journal of North African Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 507-532.
  • Karan, Ceyda. Belayid Suikastı: İslamcı-Laik Geriliminde Yeni Perde. 6 Şubat 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/haberler/2013/02/130206_tunisia- _analysis_karan.shtml (Nisan 30, 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Kimenyi, Mwangi S. “The Arab Democracy Paradox.” Brookings Institution. 4 March 2011. http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/03/04- arab-democracy-kimenyi (Ekim 28, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • King, Ebony. “The Future of Tunisian Islamism: The Case of Ennahda.” Crossroads 4, no. 1 (2012): 4-12.
  • Lee, Ho-Jin. “Is North Korea Immune from Middle Eastern Turmoil?” Brookings. 6 June 2011. http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/- 2011/06/06-north-korea-lee (Ekim 12, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Lynch, Marc. “Obama’s ‘Arab Spring’?” Foreign Policy Middle East Channel. 6 January 2011. http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/01- /06/obam as_arab_spring (Ekim 12, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Mabrouk, Mehdi. “A revolution for dignity and freedom:preliminary observa- tions on the social and cultural background to the Tunisian Revolution.” The Journal of North African Studies 16, no. 4 (December 2011): 625- 635.
  • Markham, James M. Tunisia Is Pulling a Democratic Rabbit Out of a Dictator’s Hat. nytimes.com/1989/04/10/world/tunisia-is-pulling-a-democratic-rabbit- out-of-a-dictator-s-hat.html (Kasım 9, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Migdalovitz, Carol. Tunisia: Current Issues. Report, Middle Eastern Affairs, Congressional Research Service, Washington D.C.: CRS (Congressional Research Service), 2009.
  • Murphy, Emma C. “The Tunisian Uprising and the Precarious Path to Democracy.” Mediterranean Politics 16, no. 2 (July 2011): 299-305.
  • Nouira, Asma. Obstacles on the Path of Tunisia’s Democratic Transformation. 30 Mart 2011. http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/03/30/obstacles-on- path-of-tunisia-s-democratic-transformation/6bej (Aralık 15, 2012 tari- hinde erişilmiştir).
  • Pace, Eric. Habib Bourguiba, Independence Champion and President of Tunisia, Dies at 96. New York Times. 7 April 2000. http://www.nytimes.- com/2000/04/07/ world/habib-bourguiba-independence-champion- and-president-of-tunisia-dies-at-96.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm (Kasım 8, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Rogers, Joshua S. ‘There is no Room for a Religious Party’: Negotiating the Islamist Challenge to State Legitimacy in Tunisia, 1987-1991. Report, Middle East Studies, German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Hamburg: GIGA (German Institute for Global and Area Studies), 2007.
  • Shaikh, Salman ve Shadi Hamid. The Beginings of Transition: Politics and Polarization in Egypt and Tunusia. Transitional Dialogue Series, Brookings Doha Center, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2012.
  • Subrahmanyam, Gita. “The Challenge of Youth Unemployment in Tunisia: What Steps are Needed?” OECD-International Collaborative Initiative on Trade and Employment. 22 September 2011. http://www.oecd.org/ site/tadicite/48713343.pdf (Kasım 01, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Szajkowski, Bogdan. “Social Media Tools and The Arab Revolts.” Alternative Politics 3, no. 3 (November 2011): 420-432.
  • Tanrıverdi, Nebahat. “Background of the Tunisian Revolution.” Alternative Politics 3, no. 3 (Kasım 2011): 547-570.
  • Tanrıverdi, Nebahat. “Yaklaşan Seçim Öncesi Tunus’ta Siyasal Denklemler.” Rapor, ORSAM, Ankara, 2011.
  • UNDP. “Human Development Report 2011.” Human Development Reports. 2011. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf (Ekim 30, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Verdier-Chouchane, Audrey, Natsuko Obayashi, ve Vincent Castel. The Revolution in Tunisia: Economic Challenges and Prospects. Economic Brief, African Development Bank, African Development Bank, 2011.
  • VOA. “Beyaz Saray’da İlk ‘Arap Baharı’ Lideri.” Voice of America. 08 Ekim 2011. http://www.amerikaninsesi.com/content/beyaz-sarayda-lk-arap- bahar-lideri-131383313/900296.html (Aralık 25, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • World Bank. “World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance.” World Bank Data. Düzenleyen World Bank. 2012. http://data.world- bank.org/ country/tunisia (Ekim 30, 2012 tarihinde erişilmiştir).
  • Zartman, William. Report on the First Tunisian Multiparty Legislative Elections. Iğphıo, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, 1989.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Konur Alp Koçak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Sayı: 22

Kaynak Göster

APA Koçak, K. A. (2012). Yasemin Devrimi’nden “Arap Baharı”na Tunus. Yasama Dergisi(22), 22-61.