AMİODARON İLE İLİŞKİLİ FLEBİTİN YÖNETİMİNDE HEMŞİRELER İÇİN BİR REHBER

Yasemin Uğurlu; Nuray Enç

AMİODARON İLE İLİŞKİLİ FLEBİTİN YÖNETİMİNDE HEMŞİRELER İÇİN BİR REHBER

Öz

Amiodarone antiaritmik ajan olup sıklıkla atrial fibrilasyon tanılı hastaların tedavisinde kullanılır. İntravenöz amiodaron tedavisinin bradikardi, atriyo-ventriküler blok, hipertansiyon, kalp yetersizliğini kötüleştirme gibi pek çok komplikasyonu olmasına rağmen, yapılan çalışmalarda en sık görülen komplikasyonun infüzyon flebiti olduğu ortaya belirtilmiştir. Amiodaron kaynaklı flebit, risk faktörleri doğrultusunda bakım planlaması yapıldığında ve düzenli olarak değerlendirilip erken dönemde uygun girişimler planlandığında önlenebilir bir komplikasyondur. Hemşireler, flebit geliştiğinde yapılması gerekenlere ilişkin bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmanın yanında flebiti önleme konusunda da yeterli bilgi ve beceriye sahip olmalıdır. Bu derlemede; amiodaron kaynaklı flebitin önlenmesi, değerlendirilmesi, yönetimi ve hemşirelik bakımı hakkında mevcut çalışmalar ele alınarak öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

1. Brady Boyce BA, Yee BH. Incidence and severity of phlebitis in patients receiving peripherally infused amiodarone. Crit Care Nurse. 2012;32(4):27-34.
2. Kreiss Y, Sidi Y, Gur H. Efficacy and safety of intravenous amiodarone in recent-onset atrial fibrillation: experience in patients admitted to a general internal medicine department. Postgrad Med J. 1999;75(883):278-281.
3. Hilleman DE, Spinler SA. Conversion of recent‐onset atrial fibrillation with intravenous amiodarone: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy. 2002;22(1):66-74.
4. Spiering M. Peripheral amiodarone-related phlebitis: an institutional nursing guideline to reduce patient harm. J Infus Nurs. 2014;37(6):453-460.
5. Macklin D. Phlebitis: A painful complication of peripheral IV catheterization that may be prevented. Am J Nurs.. 02/01 2003;103:55-60.
6. Pasalioglu KB, Kaya H. Catheter indwell time and phlebitis development during peripheral intravenous catheter administration. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(4):725.
7. Oragano CA, Patton D, Moore Z. Phlebitis in Intravenous Amiodarone Administration: Incidence and Contributing Factors. Crit Care Nurse. Feb 2019;39(1):e1-e12.
8. Sarı D, Eşer İ, Akbıyık A. Periferik intravenöz kateterle ilişkili flebit ve hemşirelik bakımı. Journal of Human Sciences. 2016;13(2):2905-2920.

9. Norton L, Ottoboni LK, Varady A, et al. Phlebitis in amiodarone administration: incidence, contributing factors, and clinical implications. Am J Crit Care. 2013;22(6):498-505.
10. Yalkowsky SH, Krzyzaniak JF, Ward GH. Formulation-related problems associated with intravenous drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. Jul 1998;87(7):787-796.
11. Manrique-Rodríguez S, Sánchez-Galindo A, Mora-García T, et al. Development of a compatibility chart for intravenous Y-site drug administration in a pediatric intensive care unit. J Infus Nurs. 2012;35(2):109-114.
12. Ward GH, Yalkowsky SH. Studies in phlebitis. IV: Injection rate and amiodarone-induced phlebitis. J Parenter Sci Technol. Jan-Feb 1993;47(1):40-43.
13. Mowry JL, Hartman LS. Intravascular thrombophlebitis related to the peripheral infusion of amiodarone and vancomycin. West J Nurs Res. 2011;33(3):457-471.
14. Stranz M, Kastango ES. A review of pH and osmolarity. International journal of pharmaceutical Compounding. 2002;6(3):216-220.
15. Gazitua R, Wilson K, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Factors determining peripheral vein tolerance to amino acid infusions. Archives of Surgery. 1979;114(8):897-900.
16. O'grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis.. 2011;52(9):e162-e193.
17. Frawley LW. Cost-effective application of the Centers for Disease Control Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Infections. Am J Infect Control. Dec 1985;13(6):275-277.
18. Denat Y, Erdoğan BC. Periferik İntravenöz Kateter Komplikasyonlarından Flebit Ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Journal of Human Rhythm.2(1).
19. Göçmen Baykara Z. Periferik Intravenöz Katater İlişkili Flebit Ve Önlemede Hemşirelik Girişimleri. 2020; Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1):30-36.
20. Pratt R, Pellowe C, Wilson J, et al. epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect.. 2007;65:S1-S59.
21. Aygün G. Damar içi kateter enfeksiyonlarının önlenmesi ve kontrolü. Hastane Enfeksiyonları: Korunma ve Kontrol. 2008;60:79-88.
22. Betül K, Büyükyilmaz F. Periferik İntravenöz Kateter Uygulamalarında Güncel Kılavuz Önerileri. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;8(3):326-332.
23. Nickel B. Peripheral intravenous access: applying infusion therapy standards of practice to improve patient safety. Crit care nurse. 2019;39(1):61-71.
24. Guest M. Understanding the principles and aims of intravenous fluid therapy. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987). 2019;35(2):75-82.
25. Maki DG, Ringer M. Risk factors for infusion-related phlebitis with small peripheral venous catheters: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114(10):845-854.
26. Erdogan BC, Denat Y. Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Infiltration and Nursing Care. HEAD. 2016;13(2):157-162.
27. Gorski LA. The 2016 infusion therapy standards of practice. Home Healthcare Now. 2017;35(1):10-18.
28. de Oliveira FT, Paes GO, da Rosa Mesquita MG, de Paula VM, Souza EdSC, Martins CS. Assistance algorithm of nursing for amiodarone intravenous infusion. Revista da Rede de Enfermagem do Nordeste. 2014;15(5):878-887.
29. Showkathali R, Earley M, Sporton S. Amiodarone induced thrombophlebitis. Emerg Med J. 2006;23(8):660-660.
30. Doellman D, Hadaway L, Bowe-Geddes LA, et al. Infiltration and extravasation: update on prevention and management. J Infus Nurs. 2009;32(4):203-211.
31. Gallant P, Schultz AA. Evaluation of a visual infusion phlebitis scale for determining appropriate discontinuation of peripheral intravenous catheters. J Infus Nurs. 2006;29(6):338-345.
32. Ward GH, Nolan PE, White M, Yalkowsky SH. Studies in phlebitis. II. Early detection of amiodarone-induced phlebitis in a rabbit model. Pharm Res. 1991;8(6):801-803.
33. Phillips LD. Manual de terapia intravenosa: Artmed; 2001.
34. Goulart CB, Custódio CS, Vasques CI, Ferreira EB, Diniz dos Reis PE. Effectiveness of topical interventions to prevent or treat intravenous therapy‐related phlebitis: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(13-14):2138-2149.
35. Uslusoy E, Mete S. Predisposing factors to phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: a descriptive study. J Am Acad Nurse Pract.. 2008;20(4):172-180.
36. Aravanis C, Papasteriades E, Steriotis J. Acute thrombophlebitis due to IV use of amiodarone. Chest. 1982;82(4):515-516.
37. Vardas PE, Kochiadakis GE, Igoumenidis NE, Tsatsakis AM, Simantirakis EN, Chlouverakis GI. Amiodarone as a first-choice drug for restoring sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2000;117(6):1538-1545.
38. Aljitawi O, Shabaneh B, Whitaker J. Bilateral upper extremity thrombophlebitis related to intravenous amiodarone: a case report. South Med J. 2005;98(8):814-817.
39. Halonen J, Loponen P, Järvinen O, et al. Metoprolol versus amiodarone in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(11):703-709.
40. Slim AM, Roth JE, Duffy B, Boyd SY, Rubal BJ. The incidence of phlebitis with intravenous amiodarone at guideline dose recommendations. Mil Med. 2007;172(12).
41. Murphy K, Murphy J, Fischer‐Cartlidge E. Reducing the Incidence of Amiodarone‐related Phlebitis Through Utilization of Evidence‐based Practice. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2020;17(5):385-392.