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Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamalar

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 29 - 36, 01.06.2013

Öz

Nowadays, information is accessed from a ready source, a critical evaluation of the validity of this information is made and if the available information about the subject is insufficient, new ones are produced. In recent years, the importance of evidence-based applications has increased in order to support the accuracy of information and to produce new knowledge, nevertheless it is not used to much in nursing care yet. In this article, it was aimed to recommend useful applications for clinical use by compiling evidence-based studies in the child intensive care units, furthermore the practiced evidence-based applications regarding the most frequently encountered problems in child intensive care units have been discussed

Kaynakça

  • Colyer H, Kamath P. Evidence-Based Prac- tice. A philosophical and political analysis: Some matters for consideration by profes- sional practitioners. J Adv Nurs 1999;29(1): 188-93.
  • Pape TM. Evidence-Based Nursing Practice: To İnfinity and Beyond. J Contin Educ Nurs 2003;34(4):154-61; quiz 189-90.
  • Kocaman G. Hemşirelikte Kanıta Dayalı Uygu- lama. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Der- gisi 2003; 5(2):61-8.
  • Yılmaz M. Hemşirelik Bakım Hizmetinin Kalitesini Geliştirme Yolu Olarak Kanıta Day- alı Uygulama Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hem- şirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 2005; 9(1):41-8.
  • Yin King Lee L. Evidence-Based Practice in Hong Kong: İssues and İmplications in its Es- tablishment. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003; 12(5): 618-626.
  • French P. What is The Evidence-Based Nurs- ing? An Epistemological Concern. J Adv Nurs 2002;37(3):250-7.
  • Sebastian MR, Lodha R, Kapil A, Kabra SK. Oral mucosal decontamination with chlorhex- idine for the prevention of ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia in children-A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(5):e305-10.
  • Garcia R, Jendresky L, Colbert L, Bailey A, Zaman M, Majumder M. Reducing ventilator- associated pneumonia through advanced oral- dental care: a 48-month study. Am J Crit Care 2009;18(6):523-32.
  • Pearson LSA. comparison of the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove den- tal plaque: implications for nursing practice. J Adv Nurs 1996;23(1):62-9.
  • Fields LB. Oral care intervention to reduce in- cidence of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in the neurologic intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs 2008;40(5):291-8.
  • Çavuşoğlu H. Oral mukozit yönetiminde kanıta dayalı hemşirelik. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007;27(3):398-406.
  • O’Reilly M. Oral care of the critically ill: A re- view of the literature and guidelines for prac- tice. Aust Crit Care 2003;16(3):101-10.
  • Wohlschlaeger A. Prevention and treatment of mucositis: A guide for nurses. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2004;21(5):281-7.
  • Munro CL, Grap MJ, Jones DJ, McClish DK, Sessler CN. Chlorhexidine, toothbrushing, and preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adults. Am J Crit Care 2009;18(5): 428-37; quiz 438.
  • Grap MJ, Munro CL, Elswick RK, Sessler CN, Ward KR. Duration of action of a single, early oral application of chlorhexidine on oral mi- crobial flora in mechanically ventilated pa- tients: A pilot study. Heart Lung 2004;33(2): 83-91.
  • Halm MA, Armola R. Effect of oral care on bacterial colonization and ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia. Am J Crit Care 2009; 18(3):275-8.
  • Jacomo AD, Carmona F, Matsuno AK, Manso PH, Carlotti AP. Effect of oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the inci- dence of nosocomial pneumonia in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32(6):591-6.
  • Kusahara DM, Peterlini MA, Pedreira ML. Oral care with 0.12% chlorhexidine for the pre- vention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill children: Randomised, controlled and double blind trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49(11):1354-63.
  • Epstein JB, Silverman S, Paggiarino DA, Crockett S, Schubert MM, Senzer NN, et al. Benzydamine HCl for prophylaxis of radiation- induced oral mucositis: Results from a multi- center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Cancer 2001;92(4): 875-85.
  • Velez I, Tamara LA, Mintz S. Management of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy: An update. Quintessence Int 2004;35(2):129-36.
  • Dodd MJ, Dibble SL, Miaskowski C, MacPhail L, Greenspan D, Paul SM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of 3 commonly used mouthwashes to treat chemotherapy-in- duced mucositis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90(1):39-47.
  • Berry AM, Davidson PM, Masters J, Rolls K, Ollerton R. Effects of three approaches to standardized oral hygiene to reduce bacterial colonization and ventilator associated pneu- monia in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomised control trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2011;48(6):681-8.
  • Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Jamulitrat S, Medeiros EA, Todi SK, Gomez DY, et al. In- ternational Nosocomial Infection Control Con- sortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009.Am J Infect Control 2010;38(2):95-104.e2.
  • Carolyn VG, Craig AU, Rajender KA, Gretchen K, David AP, HICPAC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Commit- tee. Guıdelıne for Preventıon of Catheter-As- socıated Urınary Tract Infectıons. Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2013.http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/CA UTI/CAUTIguideline2009final.pdf. 2009.
  • Cheung K, Leung P, Wong YC, To OK, Yeung YF, Chan M, et al. Water versus antiseptic periurethral cleansing before catheterization among home care patients: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36(5):375-80.
  • Tenke P, Kovacs B, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Matsumoto T, Tambyah PA, Naber KG. Euro- pean and Asian guidlines on management and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31 Suppl 1:S68-78.
  • Cravens DD, Zweig S. Urinary catheter man- agement. Am Fam Physician 2000;61(2):369- 76.
  • Webster J, Hood RH, Burridge CA, Doidge ML, Phillips KM, George N. Water or antisep- tic for periurethral cleaning before urinary catheterization: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2001;29(6):389-94.
  • Cheng KK, Molassiotis A, Chang AM, Wai WC, Cheung SS. Evaluation of an oral care protocol intervention in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pae- diatric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37(16):2056-63.
  • Wong E, Hooton T. Guidelines for the Pre- vention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1982. Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2013. www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dhqp/gl_catheter_assoc.html. 2008.
  • Uysal G. Çocuk yoğun bakımda hemşirelik bakımı ve kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. 1.Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım ve Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Sempozyumu, 2011 İstan- bul.
  • Aygün G. Kateter ilişkili bakteremi yönetimi. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi 2006; 6(1):11-7.
  • O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger P, Garland J, O. Heard S et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of intravascular Catheter-Related Infection. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2013. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/ guidelines/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf.
  • Hazar V. Kateter uygulamalarında kültür alımı, enfeksiyon komplikasyonlarından korunma ve tedavi. Türk Hematoloji Derneği-Hematoloji Pratiğinde Uygulamalı Kateterizasyon Kursu Kitabı, Adana; 2006.
  • Render M, Brungs S, Kotagal U, Nicholson M, Burns P, Ellis D, et al. Evidence-Based Prac- tice to Reduce Central Line Infections. Joint Commission Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2006;32(5):253-60.
  • Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S. Chlorhexidine Compared with Povi- done-Iodine Solution for Vascular Catheter– Site Care: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(11):792-801.
  • Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, Geffroy A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Pease S, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301(12):1231-41.
  • Levy I, Katz J, Solter E, Samra Z, Vidne B, Birk E, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of colonization of cen- tral venous catheters in infants and children: a randomized controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(8):676-9.
  • Elward AM, Warren DK, Fraser VF. Ventilator- associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics 2002;109(5):758-64.
  • Aşılıoğlu N, Kot H. Evaluation and outcome analysis of patients in pediatric intensive care. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatrics 2011;20(1):10-5.
  • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report. Data summary from January 1992-June 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004;32(8):470-85.
  • Dey A, Bairy I. Incidence of multidrug resist- ant organisms causing ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital: 9 months prospective study. Ann Thorac Med 2007;2(2):52-7.
  • Broughton EI, Lopez SR, Aguilar MN, Somar- riba MM, Perez M, Sanchez N. Economic Analysis of a Pediatric Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Initiative in Nicaragua. Int J Pediatr 2012;2012:359430.
  • Awasthi S, Tahazzul M, Ambast A, Govil YC, Jain A. Longer duration of mechanical venti- lation was found to be associated with venti- lator-associated pneumonia in children aged 1 month to 12 years in India. J Clin Epidemiol 2013;66(1):62-6.
  • Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R. Bridges C, Hacceh R. Guidelines for Preventing Health-Care-Associated Pneumonia. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2012. http://www.cdc.gov/hic- pac/pdf/guidelines/HApneu2003guidelines.pdf.
  • Coffin SE, Klompas M, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Anderson DJ, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epi- demiol 2008;29 Suppl 1:S31-40.
  • Bozkurt G. Yoğun bakımda ventilatöre bağlı gelişen pnömoninin önlenmesi. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi 2010; 14(1):20-5.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Ventilatöre ilişkin pnö- moninin önlenmesi. 3.Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım ve Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Foglia E, Meier MD, Elward A. Ventilatoras- sociated pneumonia in neonatal and pediatric ıntensive care unit patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20(3):409-25.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Pediatrik Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Endotrakeal Aspirasyon Ağrısının Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul: Marmara Üniver- sitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Collard HR, Saint S, Matthay MA. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: an evi- dence-based systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2003;138(6):494-501.
  • Lorente L, Blot S, Rello J. Evidence on meas- ures for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2007; 3(1):1193-207.
  • Berry AM. A comparison of Listerine®and sodium bicarbonate oral cleansing solutions on dental plaque colonisation and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in me- chanically ventilated patients: A randomised control trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2013;29(5):275-81.
  • Blot SI, Labeau S, Vandijck D, Van Aken P, Claes B; Executive Board of the Flemish So- ciety for Critical Care Nurses. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-as- sociated pneumonia: results of a knowledge test among intensive care nurses. Intensive Care Med 2007;33(8):1463-7.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Pediatri Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömoniyi Ön- lemede İki Farklı Beslenme Yönteminin Etkin- liği. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • Aydoğan ZG. Kritik hastada enteral ve kom- bine enteral-parenteral nütrisyon tedavisi. Sağlık Bakanlığı Göztepe Eğitim Hastanesi Anestezioloji ve Reanimasyon Kliniği Uzman- lık Tezi. İstanbul, 2008.
  • Hamid MH, Malik MA, Masood J, Zia A, Ahmad TM. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2012; 22(3):155-8.
  • Lopriore E, Markhorst DG, Gemke RJ. Venti- lator-associated pneumonia and upper airway colonisation with gram negative bacilli: The role of stress ulcer prophylaxis in children. In- tensive Care Med 2002;28(6):763-7.
  • Morrow BM, Argent AC, Jeena PM, Green RJ. Guideline for the diagnosis, prevention and treat- ment of paediatric ventilator-associated pneu- monia. S Afr Med J 2009;99(4 Pt 2):255-67.
  • Muscedere J, Rewa O, Mckechnie K, Jiang X, Laporta D, Heyland DK. Subglottic secre- tion drainage for the prevention of ventila- torassociated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2011;39(8):1985-91.
  • Lacherade JC, De Jonghe B, Guezennec P, Debbat K, Hayon J, Monsel A, et al. Intermit- tent subglottic secretion drainage and ventila- tor–associated pneumonia: a multicentre trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(7):910-7.
  • Stokowski LA. Preventing ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia in ınfants and children: best practices to prevent VAP. Medscape Educa- tion Nurses 2010; http://www.medscape.org/ viewarticle/709081 Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2012.
  • Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, Fridriks- son J, Krawczewski CD, Raake K, et al. Ven- tilator- associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: Characterizing the prob- lem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 2009;154(4):582-7.e2.

Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde Kanıta Dayalı Uygulamalar

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 29 - 36, 01.06.2013

Öz

Günümüzde bilgiye hazır kaynaklardan ulaşılmakta, bu bilgilerin geçerliliği eleştirel bir biçimde değerlendirilmekte ve mevcut konuda bilgi yetersiz ise yenileri üretilmektedir. Son yıllarda bilgilerin doğruluğunu desteklemek ve yeni bilgi üretmek amacıyla kanıta dayalı uygulamaların da önemi artmış olmakla birlikte bu uygulamalar hemşirelik bakım sürecinde henüz çok fazla kullanılmamaktadır. Bu makalede, özel bir alan olan çocuk yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yapılmış kanıta dayalı çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda klinikte kullanımı yararlı uygulamaların önerilmesi amaçlanmış olup, çocuk yoğun bakım ünitelerinde en sık karşılaşılan sorunlara yönelik kanıta dayalı uygulamalara yer verilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Colyer H, Kamath P. Evidence-Based Prac- tice. A philosophical and political analysis: Some matters for consideration by profes- sional practitioners. J Adv Nurs 1999;29(1): 188-93.
  • Pape TM. Evidence-Based Nursing Practice: To İnfinity and Beyond. J Contin Educ Nurs 2003;34(4):154-61; quiz 189-90.
  • Kocaman G. Hemşirelikte Kanıta Dayalı Uygu- lama. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Der- gisi 2003; 5(2):61-8.
  • Yılmaz M. Hemşirelik Bakım Hizmetinin Kalitesini Geliştirme Yolu Olarak Kanıta Day- alı Uygulama Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Hem- şirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi 2005; 9(1):41-8.
  • Yin King Lee L. Evidence-Based Practice in Hong Kong: İssues and İmplications in its Es- tablishment. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003; 12(5): 618-626.
  • French P. What is The Evidence-Based Nurs- ing? An Epistemological Concern. J Adv Nurs 2002;37(3):250-7.
  • Sebastian MR, Lodha R, Kapil A, Kabra SK. Oral mucosal decontamination with chlorhex- idine for the prevention of ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia in children-A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012;13(5):e305-10.
  • Garcia R, Jendresky L, Colbert L, Bailey A, Zaman M, Majumder M. Reducing ventilator- associated pneumonia through advanced oral- dental care: a 48-month study. Am J Crit Care 2009;18(6):523-32.
  • Pearson LSA. comparison of the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove den- tal plaque: implications for nursing practice. J Adv Nurs 1996;23(1):62-9.
  • Fields LB. Oral care intervention to reduce in- cidence of ventilatorassociated pneumonia in the neurologic intensive care unit. J Neurosci Nurs 2008;40(5):291-8.
  • Çavuşoğlu H. Oral mukozit yönetiminde kanıta dayalı hemşirelik. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2007;27(3):398-406.
  • O’Reilly M. Oral care of the critically ill: A re- view of the literature and guidelines for prac- tice. Aust Crit Care 2003;16(3):101-10.
  • Wohlschlaeger A. Prevention and treatment of mucositis: A guide for nurses. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2004;21(5):281-7.
  • Munro CL, Grap MJ, Jones DJ, McClish DK, Sessler CN. Chlorhexidine, toothbrushing, and preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adults. Am J Crit Care 2009;18(5): 428-37; quiz 438.
  • Grap MJ, Munro CL, Elswick RK, Sessler CN, Ward KR. Duration of action of a single, early oral application of chlorhexidine on oral mi- crobial flora in mechanically ventilated pa- tients: A pilot study. Heart Lung 2004;33(2): 83-91.
  • Halm MA, Armola R. Effect of oral care on bacterial colonization and ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia. Am J Crit Care 2009; 18(3):275-8.
  • Jacomo AD, Carmona F, Matsuno AK, Manso PH, Carlotti AP. Effect of oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the inci- dence of nosocomial pneumonia in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32(6):591-6.
  • Kusahara DM, Peterlini MA, Pedreira ML. Oral care with 0.12% chlorhexidine for the pre- vention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill children: Randomised, controlled and double blind trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49(11):1354-63.
  • Epstein JB, Silverman S, Paggiarino DA, Crockett S, Schubert MM, Senzer NN, et al. Benzydamine HCl for prophylaxis of radiation- induced oral mucositis: Results from a multi- center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Cancer 2001;92(4): 875-85.
  • Velez I, Tamara LA, Mintz S. Management of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy: An update. Quintessence Int 2004;35(2):129-36.
  • Dodd MJ, Dibble SL, Miaskowski C, MacPhail L, Greenspan D, Paul SM, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of 3 commonly used mouthwashes to treat chemotherapy-in- duced mucositis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90(1):39-47.
  • Berry AM, Davidson PM, Masters J, Rolls K, Ollerton R. Effects of three approaches to standardized oral hygiene to reduce bacterial colonization and ventilator associated pneu- monia in mechanically ventilated patients: A randomised control trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2011;48(6):681-8.
  • Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Jamulitrat S, Medeiros EA, Todi SK, Gomez DY, et al. In- ternational Nosocomial Infection Control Con- sortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009.Am J Infect Control 2010;38(2):95-104.e2.
  • Carolyn VG, Craig AU, Rajender KA, Gretchen K, David AP, HICPAC/Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Commit- tee. Guıdelıne for Preventıon of Catheter-As- socıated Urınary Tract Infectıons. Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2013.http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/CA UTI/CAUTIguideline2009final.pdf. 2009.
  • Cheung K, Leung P, Wong YC, To OK, Yeung YF, Chan M, et al. Water versus antiseptic periurethral cleansing before catheterization among home care patients: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2008; 36(5):375-80.
  • Tenke P, Kovacs B, Bjerklund Johansen TE, Matsumoto T, Tambyah PA, Naber KG. Euro- pean and Asian guidlines on management and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31 Suppl 1:S68-78.
  • Cravens DD, Zweig S. Urinary catheter man- agement. Am Fam Physician 2000;61(2):369- 76.
  • Webster J, Hood RH, Burridge CA, Doidge ML, Phillips KM, George N. Water or antisep- tic for periurethral cleaning before urinary catheterization: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Infect Control 2001;29(6):389-94.
  • Cheng KK, Molassiotis A, Chang AM, Wai WC, Cheung SS. Evaluation of an oral care protocol intervention in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in pae- diatric cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37(16):2056-63.
  • Wong E, Hooton T. Guidelines for the Pre- vention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections. Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1982. Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2013. www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dhqp/gl_catheter_assoc.html. 2008.
  • Uysal G. Çocuk yoğun bakımda hemşirelik bakımı ve kanıta dayalı uygulamalar. 1.Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım ve Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Sempozyumu, 2011 İstan- bul.
  • Aygün G. Kateter ilişkili bakteremi yönetimi. Yoğun Bakım Dergisi 2006; 6(1):11-7.
  • O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger P, Garland J, O. Heard S et al. Guidelines for the Prevention of intravascular Catheter-Related Infection. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2013. http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/ guidelines/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf.
  • Hazar V. Kateter uygulamalarında kültür alımı, enfeksiyon komplikasyonlarından korunma ve tedavi. Türk Hematoloji Derneği-Hematoloji Pratiğinde Uygulamalı Kateterizasyon Kursu Kitabı, Adana; 2006.
  • Render M, Brungs S, Kotagal U, Nicholson M, Burns P, Ellis D, et al. Evidence-Based Prac- tice to Reduce Central Line Infections. Joint Commission Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2006;32(5):253-60.
  • Chaiyakunapruk N, Veenstra DL, Lipsky BA, Saint S. Chlorhexidine Compared with Povi- done-Iodine Solution for Vascular Catheter– Site Care: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 2002;136(11):792-801.
  • Timsit JF, Schwebel C, Bouadma L, Geffroy A, Garrouste-Orgeas M, Pease S, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponges and less frequent dressing changes for prevention of catheter-related infections in critically ill adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301(12):1231-41.
  • Levy I, Katz J, Solter E, Samra Z, Vidne B, Birk E, et al. Chlorhexidine-impregnated dressing for prevention of colonization of cen- tral venous catheters in infants and children: a randomized controlled study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(8):676-9.
  • Elward AM, Warren DK, Fraser VF. Ventilator- associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care unit patients: risk factors and outcomes. Pediatrics 2002;109(5):758-64.
  • Aşılıoğlu N, Kot H. Evaluation and outcome analysis of patients in pediatric intensive care. Turkiye Klinikleri J Pediatrics 2011;20(1):10-5.
  • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report. Data summary from January 1992-June 2004. Am J Infect Control 2004;32(8):470-85.
  • Dey A, Bairy I. Incidence of multidrug resist- ant organisms causing ventilator associated pneumonia in a tertiary care hospital: 9 months prospective study. Ann Thorac Med 2007;2(2):52-7.
  • Broughton EI, Lopez SR, Aguilar MN, Somar- riba MM, Perez M, Sanchez N. Economic Analysis of a Pediatric Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention Initiative in Nicaragua. Int J Pediatr 2012;2012:359430.
  • Awasthi S, Tahazzul M, Ambast A, Govil YC, Jain A. Longer duration of mechanical venti- lation was found to be associated with venti- lator-associated pneumonia in children aged 1 month to 12 years in India. J Clin Epidemiol 2013;66(1):62-6.
  • Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R. Bridges C, Hacceh R. Guidelines for Preventing Health-Care-Associated Pneumonia. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2012. http://www.cdc.gov/hic- pac/pdf/guidelines/HApneu2003guidelines.pdf.
  • Coffin SE, Klompas M, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Anderson DJ, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilatorassociated pneumonia in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epi- demiol 2008;29 Suppl 1:S31-40.
  • Bozkurt G. Yoğun bakımda ventilatöre bağlı gelişen pnömoninin önlenmesi. Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi 2010; 14(1):20-5.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Ventilatöre ilişkin pnö- moninin önlenmesi. 3.Yenidoğan Yoğun Bakım ve Çocuk Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Sempozyumu, İstanbul, 2013.
  • Foglia E, Meier MD, Elward A. Ventilatoras- sociated pneumonia in neonatal and pediatric ıntensive care unit patients. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20(3):409-25.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Pediatrik Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Endotrakeal Aspirasyon Ağrısının Değerlendirilmesi. İstanbul: Marmara Üniver- sitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2009.
  • Collard HR, Saint S, Matthay MA. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: an evi- dence-based systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2003;138(6):494-501.
  • Lorente L, Blot S, Rello J. Evidence on meas- ures for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2007; 3(1):1193-207.
  • Berry AM. A comparison of Listerine®and sodium bicarbonate oral cleansing solutions on dental plaque colonisation and incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia in me- chanically ventilated patients: A randomised control trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2013;29(5):275-81.
  • Blot SI, Labeau S, Vandijck D, Van Aken P, Claes B; Executive Board of the Flemish So- ciety for Critical Care Nurses. Evidence-based guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-as- sociated pneumonia: results of a knowledge test among intensive care nurses. Intensive Care Med 2007;33(8):1463-7.
  • Sönmez Düzkaya D. Pediatri Yoğun Bakım Ünitesinde Ventilatör İlişkili Pnömoniyi Ön- lemede İki Farklı Beslenme Yönteminin Etkin- liği. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • Aydoğan ZG. Kritik hastada enteral ve kom- bine enteral-parenteral nütrisyon tedavisi. Sağlık Bakanlığı Göztepe Eğitim Hastanesi Anestezioloji ve Reanimasyon Kliniği Uzman- lık Tezi. İstanbul, 2008.
  • Hamid MH, Malik MA, Masood J, Zia A, Ahmad TM. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in children. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2012; 22(3):155-8.
  • Lopriore E, Markhorst DG, Gemke RJ. Venti- lator-associated pneumonia and upper airway colonisation with gram negative bacilli: The role of stress ulcer prophylaxis in children. In- tensive Care Med 2002;28(6):763-7.
  • Morrow BM, Argent AC, Jeena PM, Green RJ. Guideline for the diagnosis, prevention and treat- ment of paediatric ventilator-associated pneu- monia. S Afr Med J 2009;99(4 Pt 2):255-67.
  • Muscedere J, Rewa O, Mckechnie K, Jiang X, Laporta D, Heyland DK. Subglottic secre- tion drainage for the prevention of ventila- torassociated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2011;39(8):1985-91.
  • Lacherade JC, De Jonghe B, Guezennec P, Debbat K, Hayon J, Monsel A, et al. Intermit- tent subglottic secretion drainage and ventila- tor–associated pneumonia: a multicentre trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(7):910-7.
  • Stokowski LA. Preventing ventilator-associ- ated pneumonia in ınfants and children: best practices to prevent VAP. Medscape Educa- tion Nurses 2010; http://www.medscape.org/ viewarticle/709081 Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2012.
  • Bigham MT, Amato R, Bondurrant P, Fridriks- son J, Krawczewski CD, Raake K, et al. Ven- tilator- associated pneumonia in the pediatric intensive care unit: Characterizing the prob- lem and implementing a sustainable solution. J Pediatr 2009;154(4):582-7.e2.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Collection
Yazarlar

Gülzade Uysal Bu kişi benim

Duygu Sönmez Düzkaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Bu derginin içeriği Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı kapsamında lisanslanmıştır.

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