Biosensor Platforms for Cancer Derived Exosomes Detection

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 22 - 31, 30.07.2021

Kübra Kelleci Sevil Özer

Öz

Early diagnosis is one of the biggest challenges in the fight
against cancer. Traditional cancer diagnosis methods have
some disadvantages such as requiring expertise, involving
invasive procedures, radiation exposure, high cost and loss
of time. For this reason, current research has focused on the
development of faster, reliable and cost-effective diagnostic
methods.
The use of biomarkers present in body fluids has been promising in this regard. Exosomes secreted by cells into body fluids
and responsible for intercellular communication are biological nanoparticles produced by natural pathways. Studies have
shown that the change in microenvironmental conditions during tumor development changes exosome secretion. Due to
their high cellular activities, tumor cells produce a much higher rate of exosome than healthy cells. Therefore, it is known
that the number of exosomes in body fluids is significantly
enriched compared to other cells and can act as a diagnostic
biomarker alone. Cancer-derived exosomes are very interesting for early detection of cancer and evaluation of therapeutic
response. Biosensor is an analytical device used to detect an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector. Nowadaysthere is an increasing interest in developing cancer biosensors with superior analytical performance and real-time measurement. The development and
dissemination of biosensor applications for exosome detection will be very advantageous for individuals in regions where there is no access to diagnostic devices and resources. Considering the disadvantages of traditional methods, we can say that biosensor studies are much more advantageous because
they are cheaper, provide multi-analyte support, provide high sensitivity, and obtain fast and reliable results. In this study,
recent developments in biosensor systems for the detection of exosomes secreted from different cancer cells are summarized.
In addition, the use of cancer-secreted exosomes for point of care testing (POC) and the challenges in this area are presented and discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biosensor, Biomarker, Exosome, Diagnostic method

Kanser Kaynaklı Eksozom Tespitinde Biyosensör Platformlar

Öz

Erken teşhis kansere karşı mücadeledeki en büyük zorluklardan biridir. Geleneksel kanser tanı yöntemlerinin uzmanlık
gerektirmesi, invaziv işlem içermesi, radyasyon maruziyeti,
yüksek maliyet ve zaman kaybına neden olması gibi birtakım
dezavantajlara sahiptir. Bu nedenle mevcut araştırmalar daha
hızlı, güvenilir ve uygun maliyetli tanı yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine odaklanmıştır. Vücut sıvılarında var olan biyobelirteçlerin kullanımı bu anlamda umut verici olmuştur.
Hücreler tarafından vücut sıvılarına salgılanan ve hücreler arası
iletişimden sorumlu olan ekzosomlar, doğal yolaklarla üretilen
biyolojik nanopartiküllerdir. Tümör gelişimi esnasında mikroçevre koşullarında meydana gelen değişimin ekzosom sekresyonunu değiştirdiği yapılan çalışmalarca ortaya konmuştur.
Tümör hücreleri yüksek hücresel aktiviteleri nedeniyle, sağlıklı
hücrelere göre çok daha yüksek oranda ekzosom üretimi gerçekleştirmektedir. Dolayısıyla vücut sıvılarında bulunan ekzosomların sayısı, diğer hücrelere göre ciddi oranda zenginleştiği
ve tek başına tanısal biyobelirteç olarak görev yapabildiği bilinmektedir. Kanser kaynaklı eksozomlar, kanserin erken teşhisi
ve terapötik yanıt değerlendirmesi için oldukça ilgi çekicidir.
Biyosensör, biyolojik bir bileşeni fizikokimyasal bir detektörle
birleştiren bir analitin saptanması için kullanılan analitik bir
cihazdır. Günümüzde, üstün analitik performans ve gerçek
zamanlı ölçüm gösterdikleri için kanser biyosensörlerini geliştirmesine yönelik artan bir ilgi vardır. Ekzosom tespiti için
biyosensör uygulamaların geliştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması,
teşhis cihazlarına ve kaynaklarına erişimi olmayan bölgelerdeki bireyler için oldukça avantaj sağlayacaktır. Geleneksel
yöntemlerin dezavantajları göz önünde bulundurulduğunda
biyosensör çalışmalarının daha ucuz, çoklu analit desteği sağlaması, yüksek hassasiyet sağlaması ve hızlı, güvenilir sonuçlar
elde etmesi nedeniyle çok daha avantajlı olduğu söyleyebiliriz.
Bu çalışmada farklı kanser hücrelerinden salgılanan eksozomların tespiti için biyosensör sistemlerdeki son gelişmeler özetlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bakım noktası testleri (POC) için kanserden salgılanan eksozomların kullanımı ve bu alandaki zorluklar
sunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyosensör, Biyobelirteç, Ekzosom, Tanı yöntem

Kaynakça

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