Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli

Onur Ağkaya; Ayfer Genç Yılmaz; Gül Pınar Erkem Gülboy

Araştırma Makalesi

The Concept of Narco-Terrorism and its Historical Development: A Model of Analysis on the Drug-Trafficking Groups

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 22 - 35, 02.09.2022

Onur Ağkaya , Ayfer Genç Yılmaz , Gül Pınar Erkem Gülboy

Öz

Kaynakça

Asal, V. vd. (2015). When Terrorists Go Bad: Analyzing Terrorist Organizations’ Involvement in Drug Smuggling. International Studies Quarterly, 59, 112–123. doi: 10.1111/isqu.12162.
Atehortúa Cruz, A. L. & Rojas Rivera, D. M. (2008). El narcotráfico en Colombia. Pioneros y capos. Historia y Espacio, 4 (31). https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4015471.
Atsa’am, D. D. vd. (2020). A New Terrorism Categorization Based on Casualties and Consequences Using Hierarchical Clustering. Journal of Applied Security Research, 15 (3), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2020.1769461
Beers, R. & Taylor, F. (2002). Narco-Terror: The Worldwide Connection Between Drugs and Terror. U.S. Department Of State. https://2001-2009.State.Gov/P/Inl/Rls/Rm/8743.Htm.
Benavie, A. (2009). Drugs: America’s Holy War. Routledge.
Bewley-Taylor, D. (2013). Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime in Afghanistan. The RUSI Journal, 158 (6), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.869719.
Björnehed, E. (2004). Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror. Global Crime, 6 (3-4), 305-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570500273440.
Campbell, H. & Hansen, T. (2014). Is Narco-Violence in Mexico Terrorism? Bulletin of Latin American Research, 33 (2), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12145.
Cavelty, M. D. & Balzacq, T. (Ed.) (2017). Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Routledge.
Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica (2014). Guerrilla y Población Civil: Trayectoria de las FARC, 1943-2013. Imprenta Nacional de Colombia.
Chelin, R. P. (2020). From the Islamic State of Algeria to the Economic Caliphate of the Sahel, The Transformation of the Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32 (6), 1186-1205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1454316.
Chenoweth, E. & Lawrence, A. (Ed.) (2010). Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict. The MIT Press.
Chepesiuk, R. (2001). The War on Drugs: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio.
Civico, A. (2015). The Para-State: An Ethnography of Colombia’s Death Squads. University of California Press.
Colombia Reports (2019, 22 Mayıs). Parapolitics. Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2022. https://colombiareports.com/parapolitics/.
Correa-Cabrera, G. (2017). Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico. University of Texas Press.
Crenshaw, M. (2000). The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century. Political Psychology, 21 (2), 405-420. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791798.
Crews, R. D. & Tarzi, A., (2008). Introduction. R. Crews ve A. Tarzi (Ed.). The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan içinde (s.1-58). Harvard University Press.
de Goede, M. (2018). Counter-Terrorism Financing Assemblages After 9/11. Colin King (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Criminal and Terrorism Financing Law içinde (s.755-779). Palgrave Macmillan.
Dishman, C. (2001). Terrorism, Crime, and Transformation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 24 (1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100118878.
Donati, J. ve de Córdoba, J. (2019). Trump Says U.S. to Designate Mexican Drug Cartels as Terrorists. The Wall Street Journal, 27 Kasım. Erişim tarihi: 29.12.2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-u-s-to-designate-mexican-drug-cartels-as-terrorist-11574831409.
Durán-Martínez, A. (2018). The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops, and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford University Press.
Eccarius-Kelly, V. (2012). Surreptitious Lifelines: A Structural Analysis of the FARC and the PKK. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.651182.
Ewans, M. (2005). Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare. Routledge.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2009). Shooting Up: Counterinsurgency and the War on Drugs. Brookings Institution Press. Forest, J. F. (2012). Criminals and Terrorists: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (2), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.646829.
Grillo, I. (2011). El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. Bloomsbury Press.
Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press.
Hudson, R. A. (1995). Colombia's palace of justice tragedy revisited: A critique of the conspiracy theory. Terrorism and Political Violence, 7 (2), 93-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559508427301.
Hussain, S. (2012). Looking for ‘tribals’ without politics, ‘warlords’ without history: the drug economy, development and political power in Afghanistan. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 19 (3), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2012.699877.
Institute for Economics and Peace (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2020-measuring-impact-terrorism.
Jones, N. P. (2018). The Strategic Implications of the Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación. Journal of Strategic Security, 11 (1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.1.1661.
Kaldor, M. & Rangelov, I. (Ed.). (2014). The Handbook of Global Security Policy. Wiley Blackwell.
Langari, A. Z. (2015). Drug Problem in Afghanistan. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Erişim Tarihi: 18.5.2021. www.aihrc.orh.af.
Laqueur, W. (1977). Terrorism. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Leech, G. (2011). The FARC: The Longest Insurgency. Zed Books.
Lewis, D. (2014). Crime, terror and the state in Central Asia. Global Crime, 15 (3-4), 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2014.927764.
López-Hernández, C. (2016). ¡Adiós a las FARC! ¿Y ahora qué?. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial.
Lozano, P. (1985). ¿'Narcoguerrilla' en Colombia?. El País, 24 Kasım. Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2021. https://elpais.com/diario/1985/11/24/internacional/501634811_850215.html.
Lupsha, P. A. (1989). Towards an Etiology of Drug Trafficking and Insurgent Relations: The Phenomenon of Narco-terrorism. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 13 (2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.1989.9688918.
MacDonald, D. (2007). Drugs in Afghanistan: Opium, Outlaws and Scorpion Tales. Pluto Press.
Madrazo-Lajous, A. vd. (2018). La ‘guerra contra las drogas’: Análisis de los combates de las fuerzas públicas 2006-2011. Política y Gobierno, 25 (2), 379-402.
Makarenko, T. (2004a). The Crime–Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism. Global Crime, 6 (1), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744057042000297025.
Makarenko, T. (2004b). Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime: Tracing the CrimeTerror Nexus in Southeast Asia. P. Smith (Ed.). Terrorism and Transnational Violence in Southeast Asia: Challenges to States and Regional Stability içinde. M.E. Sharpe [ePub formatlı elektronik kitap].
Mansfield, D. (2018). Turning deserts into flowers: settlement and poppy cultivation in southwest Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 39 (2), 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1396535.
Mansfield, D. (2020). Narcotics and Counter-narcotics. B. R. Rubin (Ed.). Afghanistan: What Everyone Needs to Know. İçinde (204-229). Oxford University Press.
Martin, G. (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives and Issues. 2. Baskı. Sage Publications.
Mazzei, J. (2009). Death Squads or Self-defense Forces?: How Paramilitary Groups Emerge and Threaten Democracy in Latin America. The University of North Carolina Press.
Norman, S. V. (2018). Narcotization as a security dilemma: the FARC and Drug Trade in Colombia. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 41 (8), 638-659.
Pacheco, F. (2009). Narcofearance: How has Narcoterrorism Settled in Mexico? Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32 (12), 1021–1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903319797.
Phillips, B. J. (2015). How Does Leadership Decapitation Affect Violence? The Case of Drug-trafficking Organizations in Mexico. The Journal of Politics, 77 (2). https://doi.org/10.1086/680209.
Phillips, T. (2020). More than 60,000 people are missing amid Mexico's drug war, officials say. The Guardian, 6 Ocak. Erişim tarihi: 17.3.2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/06/mexico-drug-war-missing-estimate.
Pinzón, V. G. (2015). Cooperación y Seguridad en la Guerra contra las drogas: El Plan Colombia y la Iniciativa Mérida. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Polit-Dueñas, G. (2013). Narrating Narcos: Stories from Culiacán and Medellín. University of Pittsburgh Press.
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Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 22 - 35, 02.09.2022

Onur Ağkaya , Ayfer Genç Yılmaz , Gül Pınar Erkem Gülboy

Öz

Bu makalede ‘narko-terörizm’ ve bu kavrama dair yaklaşımlar ele alınmaktadır. Narko-terörizm ilk olarak politik bir söylem olarak ortaya çıkmış; daha sonra pratiklerin etkisiyle dönüşüme uğramıştır. 1990’lardan itibaren akademik literatüre giren kavram birçok çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak narko-terörizm tartışması yapılmakta ve büyük uyuşturucu kartelleri tarafından gerçekleştirilen dönemsel sistematik şiddet ‘gerçek narko-terörizm’ olarak kabul edilmektedir. Akabinde, narko-terörist olarak nitelendirilen terör örgütleri ve gerilla gruplarının sınıflandırılması için bir modelleme sunulmaktadır. Sunulan model, FARC ve Taliban örneklerine uygulanarak iki örgütün narko-terörizm açısından analizleri ortaya konulmaktadır. Çalışma, hem Türkiye’de devam eden terör sorunu için hem de dünyadaki diğer benzer uyuşturucu trafiğiyle bağlantılı terör vakalarının anlaşılabilmesi ve anlamlandırılabilmesine dair gelecek çalışmalara bir örnek sunarak literatüre katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Narko-Terörizm, Terörizm, Uyuşturucu Trafiği, Uyuşturucu Ticareti, FARC, Taliban.

Kaynakça

Asal, V. vd. (2015). When Terrorists Go Bad: Analyzing Terrorist Organizations’ Involvement in Drug Smuggling. International Studies Quarterly, 59, 112–123. doi: 10.1111/isqu.12162.
Atehortúa Cruz, A. L. & Rojas Rivera, D. M. (2008). El narcotráfico en Colombia. Pioneros y capos. Historia y Espacio, 4 (31). https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4015471.
Atsa’am, D. D. vd. (2020). A New Terrorism Categorization Based on Casualties and Consequences Using Hierarchical Clustering. Journal of Applied Security Research, 15 (3), 369-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2020.1769461
Beers, R. & Taylor, F. (2002). Narco-Terror: The Worldwide Connection Between Drugs and Terror. U.S. Department Of State. https://2001-2009.State.Gov/P/Inl/Rls/Rm/8743.Htm.
Benavie, A. (2009). Drugs: America’s Holy War. Routledge.
Bewley-Taylor, D. (2013). Drug Trafficking and Organised Crime in Afghanistan. The RUSI Journal, 158 (6), 6-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.869719.
Björnehed, E. (2004). Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror. Global Crime, 6 (3-4), 305-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440570500273440.
Campbell, H. & Hansen, T. (2014). Is Narco-Violence in Mexico Terrorism? Bulletin of Latin American Research, 33 (2), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/blar.12145.
Cavelty, M. D. & Balzacq, T. (Ed.) (2017). Routledge Handbook of Security Studies. Routledge.
Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica (2014). Guerrilla y Población Civil: Trayectoria de las FARC, 1943-2013. Imprenta Nacional de Colombia.
Chelin, R. P. (2020). From the Islamic State of Algeria to the Economic Caliphate of the Sahel, The Transformation of the Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32 (6), 1186-1205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1454316.
Chenoweth, E. & Lawrence, A. (Ed.) (2010). Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict. The MIT Press.
Chepesiuk, R. (2001). The War on Drugs: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio.
Civico, A. (2015). The Para-State: An Ethnography of Colombia’s Death Squads. University of California Press.
Colombia Reports (2019, 22 Mayıs). Parapolitics. Erişim tarihi: 22.03.2022. https://colombiareports.com/parapolitics/.
Correa-Cabrera, G. (2017). Los Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico. University of Texas Press.
Crenshaw, M. (2000). The Psychology of Terrorism: An Agenda for the 21st Century. Political Psychology, 21 (2), 405-420. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3791798.
Crews, R. D. & Tarzi, A., (2008). Introduction. R. Crews ve A. Tarzi (Ed.). The Taliban and the Crisis of Afghanistan içinde (s.1-58). Harvard University Press.
de Goede, M. (2018). Counter-Terrorism Financing Assemblages After 9/11. Colin King (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Criminal and Terrorism Financing Law içinde (s.755-779). Palgrave Macmillan.
Dishman, C. (2001). Terrorism, Crime, and Transformation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 24 (1), 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100118878.
Donati, J. ve de Córdoba, J. (2019). Trump Says U.S. to Designate Mexican Drug Cartels as Terrorists. The Wall Street Journal, 27 Kasım. Erişim tarihi: 29.12.2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-u-s-to-designate-mexican-drug-cartels-as-terrorist-11574831409.
Durán-Martínez, A. (2018). The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops, and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford University Press.
Eccarius-Kelly, V. (2012). Surreptitious Lifelines: A Structural Analysis of the FARC and the PKK. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (2), 235-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.651182.
Ewans, M. (2005). Conflict in Afghanistan: Studies in Asymmetric Warfare. Routledge.
Felbab-Brown, V. (2009). Shooting Up: Counterinsurgency and the War on Drugs. Brookings Institution Press. Forest, J. F. (2012). Criminals and Terrorists: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (2), 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.646829.
Grillo, I. (2011). El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. Bloomsbury Press.
Hoffman, B. (1998). Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press.
Hudson, R. A. (1995). Colombia's palace of justice tragedy revisited: A critique of the conspiracy theory. Terrorism and Political Violence, 7 (2), 93-142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546559508427301.
Hussain, S. (2012). Looking for ‘tribals’ without politics, ‘warlords’ without history: the drug economy, development and political power in Afghanistan. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 19 (3), 249-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2012.699877.
Institute for Economics and Peace (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2021. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2020-measuring-impact-terrorism.
Jones, N. P. (2018). The Strategic Implications of the Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación. Journal of Strategic Security, 11 (1), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.11.1.1661.
Kaldor, M. & Rangelov, I. (Ed.). (2014). The Handbook of Global Security Policy. Wiley Blackwell.
Langari, A. Z. (2015). Drug Problem in Afghanistan. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Erişim Tarihi: 18.5.2021. www.aihrc.orh.af.
Laqueur, W. (1977). Terrorism. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Leech, G. (2011). The FARC: The Longest Insurgency. Zed Books.
Lewis, D. (2014). Crime, terror and the state in Central Asia. Global Crime, 15 (3-4), 337-356. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2014.927764.
López-Hernández, C. (2016). ¡Adiós a las FARC! ¿Y ahora qué?. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial.
Lozano, P. (1985). ¿'Narcoguerrilla' en Colombia?. El País, 24 Kasım. Erişim tarihi: 22.11.2021. https://elpais.com/diario/1985/11/24/internacional/501634811_850215.html.
Lupsha, P. A. (1989). Towards an Etiology of Drug Trafficking and Insurgent Relations: The Phenomenon of Narco-terrorism. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 13 (2), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.1989.9688918.
MacDonald, D. (2007). Drugs in Afghanistan: Opium, Outlaws and Scorpion Tales. Pluto Press.
Madrazo-Lajous, A. vd. (2018). La ‘guerra contra las drogas’: Análisis de los combates de las fuerzas públicas 2006-2011. Política y Gobierno, 25 (2), 379-402.
Makarenko, T. (2004a). The Crime–Terror Continuum: Tracing the Interplay between Transnational Organised Crime and Terrorism. Global Crime, 6 (1), 129-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744057042000297025.
Makarenko, T. (2004b). Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime: Tracing the CrimeTerror Nexus in Southeast Asia. P. Smith (Ed.). Terrorism and Transnational Violence in Southeast Asia: Challenges to States and Regional Stability içinde. M.E. Sharpe [ePub formatlı elektronik kitap].
Mansfield, D. (2018). Turning deserts into flowers: settlement and poppy cultivation in southwest Afghanistan. Third World Quarterly, 39 (2), 331-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2017.1396535.
Mansfield, D. (2020). Narcotics and Counter-narcotics. B. R. Rubin (Ed.). Afghanistan: What Everyone Needs to Know. İçinde (204-229). Oxford University Press.
Martin, G. (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives and Issues. 2. Baskı. Sage Publications.
Mazzei, J. (2009). Death Squads or Self-defense Forces?: How Paramilitary Groups Emerge and Threaten Democracy in Latin America. The University of North Carolina Press.
Norman, S. V. (2018). Narcotization as a security dilemma: the FARC and Drug Trade in Colombia. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 41 (8), 638-659.
Pacheco, F. (2009). Narcofearance: How has Narcoterrorism Settled in Mexico? Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 32 (12), 1021–1048. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100903319797.
Phillips, B. J. (2015). How Does Leadership Decapitation Affect Violence? The Case of Drug-trafficking Organizations in Mexico. The Journal of Politics, 77 (2). https://doi.org/10.1086/680209.
Phillips, T. (2020). More than 60,000 people are missing amid Mexico's drug war, officials say. The Guardian, 6 Ocak. Erişim tarihi: 17.3.2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/06/mexico-drug-war-missing-estimate.
Pinzón, V. G. (2015). Cooperación y Seguridad en la Guerra contra las drogas: El Plan Colombia y la Iniciativa Mérida. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Polit-Dueñas, G. (2013). Narrating Narcos: Stories from Culiacán and Medellín. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Rashid, A. (2010). Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
Rogers, A., Castree, N. & Kitchin, R. (2013). Oxford Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford University Press.
Rossi, N. (2014). Breaking the nexus: conceptualising ‘illicit sovereigns’. Global Crime, 15 (3-4), 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2014.924856.
Rubin, B. R. (2004). Road to Ruin: Afghanistan’s Booming Opium Industry. Center for International Cooperation. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2021. https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/kf/ROADTORUIN.PDF.
Rubin, B. R. (2013). Afghanistan from the Cold War through the War on Terror. Oxford University Press.
Ruggiero, V. (Ed.) (2019). Organized Crime and Terrorist Networks, Routledge Studies in Crime and Society. Routledge.
Sanderson, T. M. (2004). Transnational Terror and Organized Crime: Blurring the Lines. SAIS Review, 24 (1), 49-61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26999200.
Sandoval, E. A. vd. (2020). Does the end justify the means? The FARC and drug trafficking as a related crime. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 18 (32), 840-856. https://doi.org/10.21830/19006586.608.
Schmid, A. P. (2011). Glossary and Abbreviations of Terms and Concepts Relating to Terrorism and Counter-terrorism. A. P. Schmid (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research içinde (s.598-703). Routledge.
Semana (2013). Las Cifras del Mal. 22 Kasım. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2021. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/cifras-de-atentados-victimas-de-escobar/365633-3/.
Shannon, E. (2021). Now comes the Taliban narco-state. Washington Post. 17 Ağustos. Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/17/taliban-narco-state-afghanistan/.
Shiraz, Z. (2013). Drugs and Dirty Wars: intelligence cooperation in the global South. Third World Quarterly, 34 (10), 1749-1766. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.851886.
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) (2018). Counternarcotics: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan. Erişim tarihi: 19.12.2021. https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/lessonslearned/SIGAR-18-52-LL-Executive-Summary.pdf.
Srinjoy, B. vd. (2018). Afghanistan: Challenges and Prospects. Routledge.
Stohl, M. (2008). Old myths, new fantasies and the enduring realities of terrorism. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 1 (1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150701846443.
Sullivan, J. P. (2014). Transnational Crime. M. Kaldor & I. Rangelov (Ed.). The Handbook of Global Security Policy, içinde (s. 160-174). Wiley Blackwell.
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Walker, R. T. (2021). NAFTA’s Cartel Economy. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 111 (1), 252-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2020.1765727.
Warde, I. (2007). The War on Terror, Crime and the Shadow Economy in the MENA Countries. Mediterranean Politics, 12 (2), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390701398033.
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Weiner, M. (2004). An Afghan 'Narco-State'? Dynamics, Assessment and Security Implications of the Afghan Opium Industry. Canberra Papers on Strategy & Defense, 158, 2004. Erişim tarihi: 14.12.2021. https://sdsc.bellschool.anu.edu.au/experts-publications/publications/3080/afghan-narco-state-dynamics-assessment-and-security.
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Williams, P. (2012). The Terrorism Debate over Mexican Drug Trafficking Violence. Terrorism and Political Violence, 24 (2), 259-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2011.653019.

Toplam 81 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Onur Ağkaya 0000-0003-3044-5978 Ayfer Genç Yılmaz 0000-0002-4714-0639 Gül Pınar Erkem Gülboy 0000-0003-1171-8803
Yayımlanma Tarihi	2 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Ağkaya, O., Genç Yılmaz, A., & Erkem Gülboy, G. P. (2022). Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 22-35.
AMA	Ağkaya O, Genç Yılmaz A, Erkem Gülboy GP. Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Eylül 2022;6(1):22-35.
Chicago	Ağkaya, Onur, Ayfer Genç Yılmaz, ve Gül Pınar Erkem Gülboy. “Narko-Terörizm Kavramı Ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli”. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6, sy. 1 (Eylül 2022): 22-35.
EndNote	Ağkaya O, Genç Yılmaz A, Erkem Gülboy GP (01 Eylül 2022) Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6 1 22–35.
IEEE	O. Ağkaya, A. Genç Yılmaz, ve G. P. Erkem Gülboy, “Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli”, Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 22–35, 2022.
ISNAD	Ağkaya, Onur vd. “Narko-Terörizm Kavramı Ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli”. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 6/1 (Eylül 2022), 22-35.
JAMA	Ağkaya O, Genç Yılmaz A, Erkem Gülboy GP. Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2022;6:22–35.
MLA	Ağkaya, Onur vd. “Narko-Terörizm Kavramı Ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli”. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 22-35.
Vancouver	Ağkaya O, Genç Yılmaz A, Erkem Gülboy GP. Narko-Terörizm Kavramı ve Tarihsel Gelişimi: Uyuşturucu Trafiğiyle Bağlantılı Gruplara Yönelik Bir Analiz Modeli. Yıldız Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2022;6(1):22-35.

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