SİBER UZAY ÜZERİNDEKİ HAKİMİYET: SINIRSIZ BİR EGEMENLİK Mİ?

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 1, 117 - 139, 01.03.2021

Jacques Kabano

Öz

Egemenlik, tanım gereği, devletin üstün gücünün sınır ötesi durumlarda, kendi toprakları içinde ve dışında kullanılmasıdır. Egemenlik kelimesi, Orta Çağ'dan beri her şeyin üzerinde olan hükümdarın - kral, prens veya imparator- gücüne atıfta bulunmak için kullanılmıştır. Ancak 1950'ler ile 1980'ler arasında siber uzay olarak adlandırılan yeni bir tür alan ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu sanal alan, diğer tüm alanlardan daha fazla karakteristik özelliğe sahipti. Zamanla, devletlerin ortaya çıkan bu yeni alanı kontrolleri altına almaları ise zorunlu hale gelmiştir.
Politik anlamda, sahip olduğu olanaklar göz önüne alındığında bu sanal egemenliğin ele geçirilmesi doğru bir harekettir. Hukuki açıdan bakıldığında, insanların toplumdaki yaşamlarını düzenleyen kuralların işleyişlerini ve içeriğini inceleyen sosyal bir bilim olan hukuk, toplumdaki herbirbireyi birbirine bağlayan ve onlara gerçek bir evrensel topluluk hüviyeti kazandıran bu “ağlar ağına” kayıtsız kalamayacaktır. Birleşmiş Milletler Şartı'nda yer alan egemen eşitlik ilkesi, modern uluslararası ilişkileri düzenleyen temel bir kuraldır ve devletlerarası münasebetlerin tüm alanlarında geçerlidir. Bu ilkenin, temel ilke olarak siber uzaya da uygulanması gerekmektedir çünkü siber uzay artık bu tür ilişkiler için pratik bir yerdir. Ancak, bu tür bir uygulanabilirliğin sağlanması için siber uzay, henüz sahip olmadığı net bir uluslararası hukuk konusu niteliğine sahip olmalıdır. Siber uzayda zaman ve mesafe gibi belirleyici faktörlerin olmaması, çoklu siber saldırı vakalarını ve siber savaş ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir. Bu alanın müphem karakteri, kabul edilebilir eşikleri geleneksel askeri operasyonlardan daha düşük olan doğrudan eylem biçimlerinden dönüşe izin vermektedir. Muhtelif aktörler arasındaki güç farklılıklarını azaltarak hatta klasik eylemlere ek olarak, asimetrik veya hibrit saldırıdan masrafsız bir dönüşe imkan verirken, failinin siber isnatlardan kaçınmak için kimliklerini gizlemesine izin verir. Bir devlet siber bölgesini ne kadar koruyabilir? Bu alan üzerinde devletin yetkisinin kapsamına ilişkin herhangi bir sınırlama var mıdır?
Bu çalışmada, sanal egemenliğe karşı klasik yaklaşımdaki egemenliği, bu tür egemenliklere ilişkin bilimsel tartışmaları ve uluslararası hukukun mevcut kurallarının siber uzaya kıyasen uygulanabilmesinin yanında bu tür egemenliklere ilişkin bilimsel tartışmalar ışığında sanal egemenlik ve klasik yaklaşımdaki egemenlik kavramlarının karşılaştırılması yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Siber Uzay, Siber Saldırı, Egemenliğin Sınırlandırılması, Klasik Egemenlik, Sanal Egemenlik

CONQUEST OVER CYBERSPACE: AN UNLIMITED SOVEREIGNTY?

Öz

Sovereignty, by definition, is the exercise of the supreme power of the state inside and outside its territory, in case of extraterritoriality. The word 'sovereignty’ since the Middle Ages, was used to refer to the power of the sovereign, who was overall; the king, prince, or emperor. However, between the 1950s and 1980s, a new kind of space dubbed cyberspace emerged. This virtual territory engaged more personalities than any other space. Over time, it became imperative for States to include this newly gained space under their control.
Conquering this virtual sovereignty given its potentials, politically speaking, equals the right move. From a legal perspective, Law as a social science that studies the mechanisms and contents of the rules through which humans regulate their lives in a community, cannot be alien to this 'network of networks' that connects each sub-community and brings them together in a genuine universal community. The sovereign equality as a principle under the Charter of the United Nations is an ultimate rule governing modern international relations and valid in all spaces of interstate exchanges. It is imperative for this principle and its essence to be applied to cyberspace because cyberspace is now the right place for diplomacies. However, to achieve this kind of applicability, cyberspace needs to have a clear international law position, which it does not have by the time. The absence of determining factors such as time and distance within cyberspace strengthens the multiple occurrences of cyber-attacks and the possibility of cyber warfare. Its opacity allows the return of direct modes of action whose acceptance thresholds are lower than conventional military operations. It allows an inexpensive return of the asymmetric or hybrid offensive, by reducing the power differences between different players, or even in addition to conventional military actions, while allowing its author to hide their identities to avoid cyber attributions. How far would states go to protect their cyber territory? Are there any limitations to this conquest? In this paper, a comparison between sovereignty in the traditional approach and virtual sovereignty, scholarly discussions on these types of sovereignties, as well as the analogy to apply existing rules of international law to cyberspace, will be established.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cyberspace, Cyber-attack, Limitation of Sovereignty, Classic Sovereignty, Virtual Sovereignty

Kaynakça

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