The physicochemical Property of The Extruded Trout Feeds of The Leading Domestic Manufacturer in Turkey

Abstract

Abstract

Physical properties (pellet dimension, sinking velocity, hardness, durability, friability, and water absorption) and proximate composition of two major domestic producer’s trout feeds, the trademarks are BioAqua (Çamlı Feed by Pınar Campany) and Blueaq (Abalıoğlu), in Turkey were evaluated. The amount of uneaten feed is closely related to physical characteristics such as sinking velocity and durability of the pellet. In offshore cage culture, uneaten feed and nutrient losses resulting from poor pellet quality are the main problems for production cost and environment. This paper is the first attempt to evaluate the physical characteristics of the extruded trout feeds widely used in fresh water and sea cages. However, there are no definite values of physical properties for fish pellets in literature.There was a contrasting relationship between size and hardness of the pellets and as pellet size increased, pellet durability raised, too. The settling velocity of the pellets showed significant variations for same kind of feed between companies (P<0.05). Water absorption rates increased with temperature and immersion duration but decreased with salinity. Proximate composition of the feeds was almost close to the values declared by the manufacturers.

Keywords: fish feed, settling velocity, hardness, absorption, friability

Sektörde öncü Türk firmalarınca üretilen ticari ektrüde alabalık yemlerinin fizikokimyasal özellikleri

Türkiye’de iki öncü üretici firma BioAqua (Çamlı yem, Yaşar Holding) ve Blueaq (Abalıoğlu Yem) tarafından üretilen alabalık yemlerinin fiziksel özellikleri (pelet boyutu, batma hızı, sertlik ve dayanım, tozlanma ve su absorbsiyonu) ve biyokimyasal kompozisyonu incelenmiştir. Balık tarafından alınamayan yemlerin miktarı peletin batma hızı ve dayanımı gibi fiziksel özellikleriyle yakından ilgilidir. Kafes kültüründe zayıf pelet kalitesinden kaynaklanan yenmeyen yem ve besin elementi kayıpları üretim maliyeti ve çevre açısından başlıca problemlerdir. Bu makale Karadeniz offshore kafeslerinde yoğun olarak kullanılan ektrüde alabalık peletlerinin fiziksel özelliklerini ortaya koyan ilk girişimdir. Bununla birlikte literatürde balık yemlerinin fiziksel özelliklerine yönelik kesin olarak tanımlanmış değerler mevcut değildir. Test edilen yemlerde, pelet ebadı küçüldükçe pelet sertliğinin artış gösterdiği genel bir eğilim vardır. Diğer taraftan, pelet ebadı artarken pelet dayanımı da artış göstermektedir. Her iki firmanın aynı tür yemlerinin batma hızları önemli varyasyonlar göstermektedir (P<0.05). Su absorbsiyon oranları su sıcaklığı ve immersiyon süresiyle artarken tuzlulukla birlikte düşmektedir. Yemlerdeki biyokimyasal içeriklerin firmalarca bildirilen değerlere oldukça yakın olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar sözcükler: balık yemi, batma hızı, sertlik, absorbsiyon, tozlanma

Kaynakça

1. Alvarado, J.L. 1997. Aquafeeds and the environment. Feeding Tomorrow Fish, Prooceedings of the Workshop of the CIHEAM Network on Technology of Aquaculture in the Mediterranean (TECAM), jointly organized by CIHEAM, FAO and IEO Mazarron, 24-26 June 1996 Spain: 275-291.
2. Askeland, T., Fjellanger, K. and Flem, N. 2002. The story of DORIS-improved control of the feed’s physical quality. Trouw Outlook. 18: 23–25.
3. AOAC 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, Helrich K (ed): 15th ed. 1290-1305, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
4. Aas, T.S., Oehme, M., Sorensen, M., He, G.J., Lygren, I. and Asgard, T. 2011a. Analysis of pellet degradation of extruded high energy fish feeds with different physical qualities in a pneumatic feeding system. Aquacultural Engineering. 44: 25–34.
5. Aas, T.S., Terjesen, B.F., Sigholt, T., Hillestad, M., Holm, J., Refstie, S., Baeverfjord, G., Rorvik, K.A., Sorensen, M., Oehme, M. and Asgard, T. 2011b. Nutritional responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets with different physical qualities at stable or variable environmental conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition. 17: 657–670.
6. Beveridge, M.C.M., Philips, M.J. and Clarke, R.M. 1991. A quantitative and qualitative assessment of wastes from aquatic animal production. D.E. Brune, J.R. Tomasso (eds), Advances in World Aquaculture, World Aquaculture Society, Baton-Rouge, USA: Volume 3. 506-533.
7. Chen, Y.S., Beveridge, M.C.M. and Telfer, T.C. 1999. Physical characteristics of commercial pelleted Atlantic Salmon feeds and consideration of implications for modelling of waste dispersion through sedimentation. Aquaculture International, 7: 89-100.
8. Elberizon, I.R. and Kelly, L.A. 1998. Empricial measurements of parameters critical to modeling benthic impacts of freshwater salmonid cage aquaculture. Aquaculture Research, 29: 183-195.

9. Fahrenholz A.C. 2012. Evaluating Factors Affecting Pellet Durability and Enery Consumption in a Pilot Feed Mill and Comparing Methods for Evaluationg Pellet Durability. College of Agriculture, Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas USA.
10. Findlay, R.H. and Watling, L. 1997. Prediction of benthic impact for salmon net-pens based on the balance of benthic oxygen supply and demand. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 155: 147-157.
11. Gall, G.A.E. and Crandel, P.A. 1992. The Rainbow Trout. Aquaculture, 100: 1-10.
12. Gowen, R.J. and Bradbury, N.B. 1987. The ecolojical impact of salmon farming in coastal waters: A rewiev. Oceanographic and Marine Biology, An Annual Rewiev, 25: 563-575.
13. Johansson, L., Kiessling, A., Åsgård, T. and Berglund, L. 1995. Effects of ration level in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), on sensory characteristics, lipid content and fatty acid composition. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1: 59-66.
14. Karabulut, H.A. and Yandi, I. 2011. A Mercury Displacement Method to Measure Fish Feed Density. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(12): 1516-1522.
15. Kalle, K. 1971. Salinity. I.O. Kine (ed), Marine Ecology, Wiley Interscience. New York: Vol 1: 683-688.
16. Leonard, G.O., Divakaran, S. and Tacon, A.G. 2002. Method for determining the physical stability of shrimp feeds in water. Aquaculture Research, 33 (5): 369-377.
17. Lim, C. and Cuzon, G. 1994. Water stability of shrimp pellet: A review. Asian Fisheries Science, 7: 115-127.
18. Oehme, M., Aas, T.S., Olsen, H.J., Sorensen, M., Hillestad, M., Li, Y. and Asgard, T. 2014. Effects of dietary moisture content of extruded diet son physical quality and nutritional response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture Nutrition, 20: 451-465.
19. Palma, J., Bureau, D.P. and Andrade, J.P. 2008. Effects of binder type and binder addition on the growth of juvenile Palaemonetes varians and Palaemon elegans (Crustacea : Palaemonidae). Aquaculture International. 16: 427-436.
20. Smith, I.R. 1975. Turbulence in Lakes and Rivers. Scientific Publication Cumbria, UK. Freshwater Biological Association, 29, 79.
21. Storebakken, T. and Austreng, E. 1987. Ration level for salmonids: II. Growth, feed intake, protein digestibility, body composition and feed conversion weighing 0.5-1.0 kg. Aquaculture, 60: 207-221.
22. Tacon, A.G. and Leonard, G.O. 2001. Determination physical stability of shrimp feeds, The Advocate. Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition: February 30-31.
23. Thomas, M. and Van Der Poel, A.F.B. 1996. Physical Quality of Pelleted Animal Feed 1. Criteria for Pellet Quality. Animal Feed Science Technology, 61: 89-112.