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Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 2014 Sayı: 3, 0 - 0, 10.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716

Öz

Balık beslemesinde dengeli ve ekonomik olan yem formülasyonlarının hazırlanabilmesi için balıkların esansiyel yağ asitleri ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesi, bu yağ asitlerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerinin bilinmesinin yanısıra balıklardaki yağ metabolizmasının da araştırılması önemli hususların başında gelmektedir. Balıkların büyüme ve üremesini etkileyen esansiyel uzun zincirli doymamış yağ asitlerinden özellikle n-3 serisi yağ asitleri ile ilgili araştırmalar küresel ölçekte yoğun olarak yapılmıştır. Ancak, n-6 serisi doymamış yağ asitlerinden olup eikosanoidlerin ön maddesi olan araşidonik asit (C20:4n-6; AA) üzerine yapılan araştırmalar son yıllarda artan bir ivme göstermiştir. Araştırmalar sonucunda, AA büyüme, gamet ve larva kalitesi, yumurtaların döllenmesi ve çıkışı, çıkan larvaların yaşama oranı, bağışıklık sistemi ile suyun tuzluluk oranı gibi çevresel değişkenlere uyum sağlama gibi birçok fizyolojik olayda önemli rollerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, AA olan ihtiyaç düzeyinin türler arasında farklılık gösterdiği, tür içerisinde de büyüme ve üreme dönemlerinde bu yağ asitine olan ihtiyaç düzeyinin değişebildiği belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, özellikle kültürü yapılan balık türleri için verimi artırmak amacıyla AA fizyolojik etkilerinin ve ihtiyaç duyulan düzeylerinin belirlenmesi konusunda araştırmalar yapılmasının gerektiği sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Balık beslemesinde dengeli ve ekonomik olan yem formülasyonlarının hazırlanabilmesi için balıkların esansiyel yağ asitleri ihtiyaçlarının belirlenmesi, bu yağ asitlerinin fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerinin bilinmesinin yanısıra balıklardaki yağ metabolizmasının da araştırılması önemli hususların başında gelmektedir. Balıkların büyüme ve üremesini etkileyen esansiyel uzun zincirli doymamış yağ asitlerinden özellikle n-3 serisi yağ asitleri ile ilgili araştırmalar küresel ölçekte yoğun olarak yapılmıştır. Ancak, n-6 serisi doymamış yağ asitlerinden olup eikosanoidlerin ön maddesi olan araşidonik asit (C20:4n-6; AA) üzerine yapılan araştırmalar son yıllarda artan bir ivme göstermiştir. Araştırmalar sonucunda, AA büyüme, gamet ve larva kalitesi, yumurtaların döllenmesi ve çıkışı, çıkan larvaların yaşama oranı, bağışıklık sistemi ile suyun tuzluluk oranı gibi çevresel değişkenlere uyum sağlama gibi birçok fizyolojik olayda önemli rollerinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, AA olan ihtiyaç düzeyinin türler arasında farklılık gösterdiği, tür içerisinde de büyüme ve üreme dönemlerinde bu yağ asitine olan ihtiyaç düzeyinin değişebildiği belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, özellikle kültürü yapılan balık türleri için verimi artırmak amacıyla AA fizyolojik etkilerinin ve ihtiyaç duyulan düzeylerinin belirlenmesi konusunda araştırmalar yapılmasının gerektiği sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır.


Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, A. 2013. Lipid Metabolizması. Biyokimya ders notları II, Kıbrıs. 133s.
  • Bae, J-Y., Kim, D-J., Yoo, K-Y., Kim, S-G., Lee, J-Y. ve Bai, S.C. 2010. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and fatty acids composition of juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23(49): 508-514.
  • Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R., Thrush, M. ve Navarro, J.C. 1996. Decreased 20:4n_6/20:5n_3 ratio in sperm from cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, broodstock compared with wild fish. Aquaculture, 144: 189–199.
  • Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., Farndale, B.M., Cox, D.I., McKinney, R.W. ve Sargent, J.R. 1997a. The effect of dietary lipid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr – smolt transformation. Lipids, 32: 515– 525.
  • Bell, J.G., Farndale, B.M., Bruce, M.P., Navas, J.M. ve Carrillo, M. 1997b. Effects of broodstock dietary lipid on fatty acid composition of eggs from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 149: 107– 119.
  • Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R. ve Porter, A.E.A. 2001. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 36(10): 1153-1159.
  • Bell, J.G. ve Sargent, J.R. 2003. Arachidonic acid in aquacuture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture, 218: 491-499.
  • Bessonart, M., Izquierdo, M.S., Salhi, M., Hernandez-Cruz, C.M., Gonzalez, M.M. ve Fernandez-Palacios, H. 1999. Effect of dietary arachidonic acid levels on growth and fatty acid composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae. Aquaculture, 179: 265– 275.
  • Bruce, M.P., Oyen, F., Bell, J.G., Farndale, B.M, Asturiano, J.F., Bromage, N.R., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S. ve Ramos, J., 1999. Development of broodstock diets for the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n-3 and n-6 HUFA to reproductive performance. Aquaculture, 177: 85– 98.
  • Castell, J.D., Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R. ve Sargent, J.R. 1994. Effects of purified diets containing different combinations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid on survival, growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 128: 315– 333.
  • Fruita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N. ve Takeuchi, T. 2003. Effect of Arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220:725-735.
  • Good, J.E., Bell, J.G., Thompson, K.D. ve Williams, P.W. 2001. Assessment of immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) receiving alternative oil diets. An abstract and poster presentation at the 5th NordicFish Immunology Symposium June 2001. Institute of Pharmacy, University Oslo, Oslo, Norway, pp. 42.
  • Gözükara, E.M. 1994. Biyokimya 2. Evin Matbaası. Malatya. 572-1177.
  • Gupta, O. P., Lahlou, B., Botella, J. ve Porthé-Nibelle, J. 1985. In vivo and in vitro studies on the release of cortisol from interrenal tissue in trout. I. Effects of ACTH and prostaglandins. Exp. Biol. 43: 201-212.
  • Kinsella, J.E. ve Lokesh, B. 1990. Dietary lipids, eicosanoids and the immune system. Care Med., 18: 94–113.
  • Koven, W., Barr, Y., Lutzky, S., Ben-Atia, I., Weiss, R., Harel, M., Behrens, P. ve Tandler, A. 2001. The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) on growth, survival and resistance to handling stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture,193:107– 122.
  • Koven, W. M., Van Anholt, R. D., Lutsky, S., Ben Atia, I., Nixon, O., Ron, B. ve Tandler, A. 2003. The effect of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, survival, and cortisol levels in different-age gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus auratus) exposed to handling or daily salinity change. Aquaculture, 228: 307-320.
  • Mazorra, C., Bruce, M., Bell, J.G., Davie, A., Alorend, E., Jordan, N., Rees, J., Papanikos, N., Porter, M. ve Bromage, N. 2003. Dietary lipid enhancment of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 227: 21-33.
  • Palmer, R.M. 1990. Prostaglandins and the control of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids, 39: 95–104.
  • Roy, W., Bell, G., Sawanboonchun, J., Davie, A., Franco, J., Fernandes, D., Gnassou, J. ve Robertson, D. 2007. Cod broodstock nutrition: Arachıdonıc Acid and astaxanthin as determınants of egg quality. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. 27s.
  • Salze,G., Tocher, D.R., Roy, W.J. ve Robertson, D.A. 2005. Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock. Aquaculture Research, 36: 1488-1499.
  • Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. ve Tocher, D.R. 1989. The lipids. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 153–218.
  • Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L., Tocher, D. ve Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177: 191-199.
  • Sorbera, L.A., Zanuy, S. ve Carrielo, M. 1998. A role for polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins in oocyte maturation in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In: Vandry, H., Tonon, M.C., Roubos, E.W., Loof, A. ( Eds.), Trends in Comparative Endocrinology and Neurology; From Molecular to Integrative Biology. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. 535-537.
  • Smith, W.L. 1989. The eicosanoids and their biological mechanisms of action. Biochem. J., 259: 315–324.
  • Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G., Dick, J.R., Henderson, R.J., McGhee, F., Mitchell, D. ve Morris, P.C. 2000. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr– smolt transformation and the effects of dietary linseed and rapeseed oils. Fish Phys. Biochem., 23: 59– 73.
  • Thrush, M., Navas, J.M., Ramos, J., Bromage, N.R., Carrillo, M. ve Zanuy, S., 1993. The effect of artificial diets on lipid class and total fatty acid composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) eggs. Actas IV Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Centro de Investigacions Marinas, Villagarcia de Arousa (Pontevedra), 37– 42.
  • Van Anholt, R.D., Spanings, F.A.T., Koven, W.M., Nixon, O. ve Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 2004. Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207: 3419-3430.
  • Villalta, M., Estevez, A., Bransden, M.P. ve Bell, J.G. 2008. Arachidonic acid, Arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, stearidonic acid and eicosanoids are involved in dietary-induced albinism in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 120-128.

The Importance of Arachidonic Acid in Fish Nutrition

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 2014 Sayı: 3, 0 - 0, 10.12.2014
https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716

Öz

In addition to the determination of essential fatty acids demand and the physical, chemical and biologic characteristics of fatty acids, investigation of fat metabolism of fish species is also among the most important factors in the preparation of balanced and economic fish diet formulations. Essential long chain unsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 series fatty acids, affecting growth and reproduction of fish species have mainly been investigated. However, there has been an increase in recent years in the investigation of the effects of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6; AA), which is precursor of eicosanoids, on the growth and reproduction of fish. As a result of the researches, it was found that AA has an importance on many physiological events in fish, such as gamet and larvae quality, fertilization of eggs and hatching, survival rate of hatched larvae, immune system, and adaptation to changeable environmental factors (i.e., changes in salinity levels of water). In addition, it was determined that demand for AA is changeable between fish species, and it is also different in the same fish species for different life stages (i.e., for growth and reproduction). For this reason, it can be concluded that investigations should especially be carried out on the physiological effects of AA and demand for AA level of cultured fish species to increase their production.

Kaynakça

  • Altıntaş, A. 2013. Lipid Metabolizması. Biyokimya ders notları II, Kıbrıs. 133s.
  • Bae, J-Y., Kim, D-J., Yoo, K-Y., Kim, S-G., Lee, J-Y. ve Bai, S.C. 2010. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) levels on growth performance and fatty acids composition of juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23(49): 508-514.
  • Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R., Thrush, M. ve Navarro, J.C. 1996. Decreased 20:4n_6/20:5n_3 ratio in sperm from cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, broodstock compared with wild fish. Aquaculture, 144: 189–199.
  • Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., Farndale, B.M., Cox, D.I., McKinney, R.W. ve Sargent, J.R. 1997a. The effect of dietary lipid on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr – smolt transformation. Lipids, 32: 515– 525.
  • Bell, J.G., Farndale, B.M., Bruce, M.P., Navas, J.M. ve Carrillo, M. 1997b. Effects of broodstock dietary lipid on fatty acid composition of eggs from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, 149: 107– 119.
  • Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R. ve Porter, A.E.A. 2001. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 36(10): 1153-1159.
  • Bell, J.G. ve Sargent, J.R. 2003. Arachidonic acid in aquacuture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture, 218: 491-499.
  • Bessonart, M., Izquierdo, M.S., Salhi, M., Hernandez-Cruz, C.M., Gonzalez, M.M. ve Fernandez-Palacios, H. 1999. Effect of dietary arachidonic acid levels on growth and fatty acid composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) larvae. Aquaculture, 179: 265– 275.
  • Bruce, M.P., Oyen, F., Bell, J.G., Farndale, B.M, Asturiano, J.F., Bromage, N.R., Carrillo, M., Zanuy, S. ve Ramos, J., 1999. Development of broodstock diets for the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n-3 and n-6 HUFA to reproductive performance. Aquaculture, 177: 85– 98.
  • Castell, J.D., Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R. ve Sargent, J.R. 1994. Effects of purified diets containing different combinations of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid on survival, growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 128: 315– 333.
  • Fruita, H., Yamamoto, T., Shima, T., Suzuki, N. ve Takeuchi, T. 2003. Effect of Arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture, 220:725-735.
  • Good, J.E., Bell, J.G., Thompson, K.D. ve Williams, P.W. 2001. Assessment of immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) receiving alternative oil diets. An abstract and poster presentation at the 5th NordicFish Immunology Symposium June 2001. Institute of Pharmacy, University Oslo, Oslo, Norway, pp. 42.
  • Gözükara, E.M. 1994. Biyokimya 2. Evin Matbaası. Malatya. 572-1177.
  • Gupta, O. P., Lahlou, B., Botella, J. ve Porthé-Nibelle, J. 1985. In vivo and in vitro studies on the release of cortisol from interrenal tissue in trout. I. Effects of ACTH and prostaglandins. Exp. Biol. 43: 201-212.
  • Kinsella, J.E. ve Lokesh, B. 1990. Dietary lipids, eicosanoids and the immune system. Care Med., 18: 94–113.
  • Koven, W., Barr, Y., Lutzky, S., Ben-Atia, I., Weiss, R., Harel, M., Behrens, P. ve Tandler, A. 2001. The effect of dietary arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) on growth, survival and resistance to handling stress in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Aquaculture,193:107– 122.
  • Koven, W. M., Van Anholt, R. D., Lutsky, S., Ben Atia, I., Nixon, O., Ron, B. ve Tandler, A. 2003. The effect of dietary arachidonic acid on growth, survival, and cortisol levels in different-age gilthead seabream larvae (Sparus auratus) exposed to handling or daily salinity change. Aquaculture, 228: 307-320.
  • Mazorra, C., Bruce, M., Bell, J.G., Davie, A., Alorend, E., Jordan, N., Rees, J., Papanikos, N., Porter, M. ve Bromage, N. 2003. Dietary lipid enhancment of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Aquaculture, 227: 21-33.
  • Palmer, R.M. 1990. Prostaglandins and the control of muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Prostaglandins, Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids, 39: 95–104.
  • Roy, W., Bell, G., Sawanboonchun, J., Davie, A., Franco, J., Fernandes, D., Gnassou, J. ve Robertson, D. 2007. Cod broodstock nutrition: Arachıdonıc Acid and astaxanthin as determınants of egg quality. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. 27s.
  • Salze,G., Tocher, D.R., Roy, W.J. ve Robertson, D.A. 2005. Egg quality determinants in cod (Gadus morhua L.): egg performance and lipids in eggs from farmed and wild broodstock. Aquaculture Research, 36: 1488-1499.
  • Sargent, J.R., Henderson, R.J. ve Tocher, D.R. 1989. The lipids. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 153–218.
  • Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L., Tocher, D. ve Estevez, A. 1999. Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177: 191-199.
  • Sorbera, L.A., Zanuy, S. ve Carrielo, M. 1998. A role for polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostaglandins in oocyte maturation in the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). In: Vandry, H., Tonon, M.C., Roubos, E.W., Loof, A. ( Eds.), Trends in Comparative Endocrinology and Neurology; From Molecular to Integrative Biology. New York Academy of Sciences, New York. 535-537.
  • Smith, W.L. 1989. The eicosanoids and their biological mechanisms of action. Biochem. J., 259: 315–324.
  • Tocher, D.R., Bell, J.G., Dick, J.R., Henderson, R.J., McGhee, F., Mitchell, D. ve Morris, P.C. 2000. Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) undergoing parr– smolt transformation and the effects of dietary linseed and rapeseed oils. Fish Phys. Biochem., 23: 59– 73.
  • Thrush, M., Navas, J.M., Ramos, J., Bromage, N.R., Carrillo, M. ve Zanuy, S., 1993. The effect of artificial diets on lipid class and total fatty acid composition of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) eggs. Actas IV Congreso Nac. Acuicult. Centro de Investigacions Marinas, Villagarcia de Arousa (Pontevedra), 37– 42.
  • Van Anholt, R.D., Spanings, F.A.T., Koven, W.M., Nixon, O. ve Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. 2004. Arachidonic acid reduces the stress response of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 207: 3419-3430.
  • Villalta, M., Estevez, A., Bransden, M.P. ve Bell, J.G. 2008. Arachidonic acid, Arachidonic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio, stearidonic acid and eicosanoids are involved in dietary-induced albinism in Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis). Aquaculture Nutrition, 14: 120-128.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ayşe Harlıoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 2014 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Harlıoğlu, A. (2014). Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi. Aquaculture Studies, 2014(3). https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716
AMA Harlıoğlu A. Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi. AquaST. Kasım 2014;2014(3). doi:10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716
Chicago Harlıoğlu, Ayşe. “Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi”. Aquaculture Studies 2014, sy. 3 (Kasım 2014). https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716.
EndNote Harlıoğlu A (01 Kasım 2014) Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi. Aquaculture Studies 2014 3
IEEE A. Harlıoğlu, “Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi”, AquaST, c. 2014, sy. 3, 2014, doi: 10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716.
ISNAD Harlıoğlu, Ayşe. “Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi”. Aquaculture Studies 2014/3 (Kasım 2014). https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716.
JAMA Harlıoğlu A. Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi. AquaST. 2014;2014. doi:10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716.
MLA Harlıoğlu, Ayşe. “Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi”. Aquaculture Studies, c. 2014, sy. 3, 2014, doi:10.17693/yunusae.v2014i21953.235716.
Vancouver Harlıoğlu A. Araşidonik Asidin Balık Beslemesinde Önemi. AquaST. 2014;2014(3).