Bingöl Yüzen Adalar’da Cyclops Vicinus’un Yağ Asiti İçeriği

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 3 - 11, 15.09.2015

Nurgül Özdemir , Fatma Caf

https://doi.org/10.17693/yunusae.v15i21957.235770

Öz

Bingöl Yüzen Adalar’dan temin edilen, Cylops vicinus kopepod türünde 15 adet yağ asiti belirlenmiştir. Bunlardan toplam doymamış yağ asitlerinin (∑USFA) oranı % 54.97, toplam doymuş yağ asitlerinin (∑SFA)  ise % 45.03 dir.  Doymuş yağ asitlerinden en yüksek orana palmitik asit (16:0)  (% 18.16) ve miristik asit (14:0) (% 11.80) sahipken, doymamış yağ asitlerinden en yüksek orana çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA) olan dokosahegzaenoik asit (DHA; 22:6 n-3) (% 11.41) ve eikosapentaenoik asitin (EPA; 20:5 n-3) (% 10.37)  sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sucul organizmaların yağlarının besin kalitesini karşılaştırmada kullanılan n-3/n-6 (omega-3/omega-6) oranı ise 5.03 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu değerin ve doymamış yağ asitleri miktarının yüksek olması Cyclops vicinus türünün planktivor  balıklarda üreme, yumurtadan çıkış gibi olaylara katkıda bulunarak, gerek hayatta kalma oranını yükseltmesi gerekse zengin besin içeriğine sahip olması açısından kaliteli bir canlı yem kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca bu türün bol bulunduğu tatlı su ekosistemlerindeki balıklar değerli bir besin kaynağı olarak tüketilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yağ asiti, DHA, EPA

Fatty Acid Content of Cyclops Vicinus in Bingöl Floating Islands

Öz

Cyclops vicinus was collected from Bingöl Floating Islands. It was determined 15 fatty acids in C. vicinus. Percentage of the total unsaturated fatty acids was (ΣUSFA) 54.97 % , percentage of the total saturated fatty acids (ΣSF A) was 45.03 %.  the principal saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0) (11.80 %). decosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3)  and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) were the major unsaturated fatty acids (11.41 %, 10.37 %, respectively). It was determined that n-3/n-6 (Omega-3/Omega-6) ratio which used comparing the quality of aquatic organisms was 5.03. These values and unsaturated fatty acids content was high in Cyclops vicinus. Therefore Cyclops vicinus can use as live food in planktivorous fish, in term of  both rich nutrient content and increase the survival rate of fish, contributing such events hatching, reproductive. In addition, fish in freshwater ecosystems where C. vicinus is abundant, can be consume as a valuable food source.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fatty acid, DHA, EPA

Kaynakça

• Ackman, R. G. ve Eaton, C. A.1966. Lipids of the fin whale ( Baluenoptera physalus ) from North Atlantic waters. III. Occurrence of eicosenoic and docosenoic fatty acids in the zooplankter Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) and their effect on whale oil composition. Can. J. Biochem., 44: 1561–1566 .
• Ackman, R. G., Tocher, C. S. ve McLachlan, J. 1968. Marine phytoplankter fatty acids. J., Fish. Res. Board Can., 25: 1603-1620.
• Adams, S. M. 1999. Ecological role of lipids in the health and success of fish populations, pp. 132–160 . In Arts, M.T. ve B.C., Wainman [eds.], Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems, Springer, New York .
• Ahlgren, G., Gustafsson, I. B. ve Boberg, M. 1992 . Fatty acid content and chemical composition of freshwater microalgae. J. Phycol., 28: 37–50.
• Aras, N. M., Haliloğlu, H. İ. ve Atamanalp, M. 2002. Balıklarda Yağ Asitlerinin Önemi. Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi, 33 (3): 331-335.
• Arhonditsis, G., Brett M. T. ve Frodge, J. 2003. Environmental control and limnological impacts of a large recurrent spring bloom in Lake Washington, USA. Environmental Management 31:603-618.
• Arts, M. T., Ackman, R. G. ve Holub, B. J. 2001 . “Essential fatty acids” in aquatic ecosystems: a crucial link between diet and human health and evolution. Can J. Fish. Aquatic Sci., 58: 122–137.
• Arts, M. T., Michael, T. B.ve Martin, J. K. 2009. Lipids in aquatic ecosystems, In “Crustacean zooplankton fatty acid composition” (Brett, M. T. , Müller-Navarra, D.C. ve Persson, J.), Springer, New York, 6: 115-146.
• Bağcı, E. ve Köprücü, K. 2012. Balıkların Üreme Performansına Beslemenin Etkileri. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 5 (1): 83-86.
• Ballantyne, A. P., Brett, M. T. ve Schindler, D. E. 2003. The importance of dietary phosphorus and highly unsaturated fatty acids for sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) growth in Lake Washington—a bioenergetics approach. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 60:12-22.
• Bozkurt, A. ve Güven, S. E. 2006. Tatlısu Havuzlarında Zooplankton Süksesyonu ve Larval Balık Üretimi, I. balıklandırma ve Rezervuar Yönetimi Sempozyumu. 07-09 Şubat, Antalya, Bildiriler Kitabı-Tam Metin, 459-466.
• Brett, M. T., Müller-Navarra , D. C. ve Persson, J. 2009. Crustacean Zooplankton Fatty acid Composition. pp. 115-146. In Arts, M.T., Brett, M.T. ve Kainz, M.J. [eds.], Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems. Springer, New York.
• Brett, M. T., Müller-Navarra, D. C., Ballantyne, A P. ve Ravet, J. L. 2006 .Daphnia fatty acid composition reflects that of their diet. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51: 2428–2437.
• Bulut, İ. 2012. Türkiye’nin Yüzen Adaları. I. Baskı, Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayın Evi, Erzurum.
• Byron, E. R, Folt, C. L. ve Goldman, C. R. 1984. Copepod and cladoceran success in an oligotrophic lake. J. Plankton Res., 6 (4): 45-64.
• Dalsgaard, J., St. John, M., Kattner, G., Müller-Navarra, D. C. ve Hagen, W. 2003. Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine food environment, Adv. Mar. Biol., 46: 226–340.
• Doğan Demir, A., Şahin, Ü., Meral, R.ve Demir, Y. 2013. Bingöl İli Yüzen Ada Sulak Alanı Mevcut Durumu ve İyileştirme Olanakları. 3. Ulusal Sulak Alanlar Kongresi, 23-25 Ekim, Samsun, Bildiriler Kitabı, 85-89.
• Dunstan, G. A., Volkman, J. K., Baret, S. M., Leroi, J. M. ve Jeffrey, S.W. 1994. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from 14 species of diatom (Bacillariophyceae). Phytochemistry, 35: 155-161.
• Falk-Peterson, S., Hopkins, C. C. E. ve Sargent, J. R. 1990. Trophic relationships in the pelagic arctic food web. In proc. 24th Europ. Mar. Biol. Symp., M. Barnes ve R.N. Gibson (eds), University Pres, Aberdeen, 315-333.
• Farkas, T. ve Herodek, S. 1964. Effect of environmental temperature on fatty acid composition of crustacean plankton. J. Lipid Res., 5, 369-373.
• Farkas, T. 1979. Adaptation of fatty acid compositions to temperature - study on planktonic crustaceans. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 64 (1): 71-76.
• Folch, J., Lees, M. ve Sloane-Stanley, G. H. 1957. A Simple Method for the Isolation and Purification of Total Lipides from Animal Tissues, J., Biol. Chem., 226: 497–509.
• George, D. G. 1976. Life cycle and production of Cyclops vicinus in a eutrophic reservoir, Oikos, 27:101-110.
• Goulden, C. E. ve Place, A. R. 1990. Fatty acid synthesis and accumulation rates in daphnids, J. Exp. Zool., 256: 168–178.
• Guckert, J. B. ve Cooksey, K. E. 1990. Triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid profile changes in Chlorella (Chlorophyta) during high pH-induced cell cycle inhibition. J. Phycol., 26:72–79.
• Hansen, A. M. 1996. Variable life history of a cyclopoid copepod: the role of food availability. Hydrobiol., 320: 223-227.
• Harrington, G. W., Beach, D. H., Dunham, J. E. ve Holz, G.G. 1970. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of dinoflagellates, J. Protozool., 17:213-219.
• Harris, R., Wiebe, P., Lenz, J., Skjoldal, H. R. ve Huntley, M. 2000. ICES Zooplankton Methodology Manual, Academic Press, UK, 684 p.
• Jeffries, H. P. 1970. Seasonal Composition of Temperate Plankton Communities: Fatty Acids, Limnology and Oceanography, 15(3): 419-426.
• Kates, M. 1986. Techniques of lipidology : isolation, analysis, and identification of lipids, 2. Baskı, Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier; New York : Elsevier Science Pub. Co., Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology, 3(2):464.
• Kattner, G., Gereken, G. ve Eberlein, K. 1983. Development of lipids during a spring plankton bloom in the northern North Sea. I. Particulate fatty acids. Mar. Chem., 14:149-162.
• Kattner, G. ve Hagen, W. 1995. Polar herbivorous copepods—different pathways in lipid biosynthesis. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 52: 329–335.
• Lovern, J. A. 1935. The fats of some plankton crustacea. Biochem. J., 29: 847–849.
• Lee, R. F., Nevenzel, J. C. ve Paffenhöger, G. A. 1971. Importance of wax esters and other lipids in the marine food chain: phytoplankton and copepods. Marine Biology, 9: 99-108.
• McNaught, D. C. 1975. A hypothesis to explain the success from calanoids to cladocerans during eutrophication. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh., 19:724-731.
• Mısır, B. G. 2010. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Avlanan Bazı Balıklarda Toplam Lipit ve Yağ Asidi. Kompozisyonlarının Av Mevsimi Boyunca Araştırılması. Y. Lisans Tezi, Trabzon, KTÜ.
• Müller-Navarra, D. C. 1995. Evidence that a highly unsaturated fatty acid limits Daphnia growth in nature. Arch. Hydrobiologia, 132:297–307.
• Müller-Navarra, D. C., Brett, M. T., Liston, A., Goldman, C. R. 2000. A highly-unsaturated fatty acid predicts biomass transfer between primary producers and consumers. Nature, 403:74-77.
• Müller-Navarra, D. C. 2006. The nutritional importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids and their use as trophic markers for herbivorous zooplankton: Does it contradict? Arch. Hydrobiol., 167: 501-513.
• Okumuş, İ. 2000. Kültür balıklarında kalite ve ‘doğal balık kültür balığı’ tartışması, Fishery and Fish Product Symposium, 28-30 June 2000, Erzurum, Turkey.
• Olsen, Y. 1999. Lipids and essential fatty acids in aquatic food webs: what can freshwater ecologists learn from mariculture? pp. 16-202. In M.T. Arts ve B.C. Wainman [eds.], Lipids in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer , New York.
• Ölmez, M., Saval, S., Güçlü, Z., Demir, O. ve Gümüş, E. 2009. Farklı Ortamlarda Üretilmiş Scenedesmus acuminatus Alginin ve Ekmek Mayasının (Saccharomyces cerevisae) Daphnia magna’ nın Populasyon Artışına Etkisi. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 26(1), 49–53.
• Özbaş, B., Göksan, T. ve Ak, İ. 2006. Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifer)’in Farklı Besin Ortamlarında Büyümesi. E.Ü. Su Ürünleri Dergisi, (1/2):279-282.
• Persson, J. ve Vrede, T. 2006. Polyunsaturated fatty acids in zooplankton: variation due to taxonomy and trophic position. Freshw. Biol . 51 : 887–900.
• Provasoli, L. ve D’Agostino, A. 1969. Development of artificial media for Artemia salina. Biol. Bull, 136:434-453.
• Ravet, J. L., Brett, M. T. ve Müller-Navarra, D. C. 2003. A test of the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phytoplankton food quality for Daphnia using liposome supplementation. Limnol. Oceanogr., 48:1938- 1947.
• Ravet, J. L., Brett, M. T. ve Arhonditsis, G. B. 2010. The effects of seston lipids on zooplankton fatty acid composition in Lake Washington, Washington, USA. Ecology, 91(1): 180-190.
• Sağlık, S. 1994. Bazı Balık, Midye ve Karides Türlerinin Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonları ve Kolesterol İçeriklerinin Gaz Kromatografik İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Analitik Kimya Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul.
• Santer, B. ve Lampert, W. 1995. Summer diapause in cyclopoid copepods: adaptive response to a food bottleneck? J. Anim. Ecol., 64:600-613.
• Sargent, J., Henderson, R. J. ve Tocher, D. R. 1989. The Lipids. In J.E:Halver Fish Nutrition. Second Edition, Acedemic Press, Inc. London; p 153-218.
• Sargent, J. R., McEvoy, L., Estevez, A., Bell, G., Bell, M., Henderson , J. ve Tocher, D. 1999. Lipid nutrition of marine fish during early development: current status and future directions. Aquaculture, 179:217–229.
• Simopoulos, A. P. 1999 . Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr,. 70:560–569.
• Schlechtriem , C., Arts , M. T. ve Zellmer , I. D. 2006. Effect of temperature on the fatty acid composition and temporal trajectories of fatty acids in fasting Daphnia pulex (crustacea, cladocera). Lipids, 41:397-400.
• Smyntek, P. M., Teece, M. A. ve Schulz, K. L. 2008. Taxonomic differences in the essential fatty acid composition of groups of freshwater zooplankton relate to reproductive demands and generation time. Freshwat. Biol., 53:1768– 1782.
• Szlauer, B. ve Szlauer, L. 1980. The use of lake zooplankton as feed for carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry in pond culture. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat., 10 (1):79-102.
• Tatsuzawa, H., Takizawa, E., Wada, M. ve Yamamoto, Y. 1996. Fatty acid and lipid composition of the acidophilic green alga Chlamydomonas sp. J. Phycol., 32:598–601.
• Vijverberg, J. 1977. Population structure, life histories and abundance of copepods in Tjeukemeer, the Netherlands., Freshwater Biology, 7:579-597.
• Volkman, J. K., Jeffrey, S. W., Nichols, P. D., Rogers, G. I. ve Garland, C. D. 1989. Fatty-acid and lipid composition of 10 sepcies of microalgae used in mariculture, J., Exp. Mar., Biol. Ecol., 128:219-240 .
• Williamson, C. E. 1983. Behavioural interactions between a cyclopoid copepod predator and its prey. Journal of Plankton Research, 5:701-711.