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Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 17 - 21, 01.03.2011

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aarestrup EM, Larsen HD, Eriksen NHR, Elsberg CS, Jensen NE (1999). Frequency of α and β haemolysin in Staphycoccus aureus of bovine and human origin. APMIS, 107, 425-30.
  • Ammendolia MG, Di Rosa R, Montanoro L, Arciola CR, Baldassari L (1999). Slime production and expression of the slime-associated antigen by staphylococcal clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 3235- 3238.
  • Arciola CR, Baldassari L, Montanaro L (2001). Presence of ica A ve ica D genes and slime production in a collection of Staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections. J Clin Microbiol, 39, 2151-2156.
  • Aydın F, Leloğlu N, Şahin M, Çolak A, Otlu S (1995). Kars yöresi süt ineklerinde mikroorganizmaların duyarlılıkları üzerine çalışmalar. Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 26, 55-65. mastitislere neden antibiyotiklere ve
  • Aydın N, Paracıkoğlu J. (2006). Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji, İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bauer AU, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Tack M (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. J Clin Pathol, 45, 493-494.
  • Bedidi-Madani N, Greenland T, Richard Y (1998). Exoprotein and slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goat‘s milk. Vet Microbiol, 59, 139-145.
  • Berke A, Tilton RC (1986). Evaluation of rapid coagulase methods for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol, 23(5), 916-919.
  • Calvinho LF, Dodd K (1994). Frequency and distribution of haemolysins of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Ireland. Irh Vet J, 47, 53-57.
  • Choi SM, Kim S, Kim H, Lee DG, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Kang JH, Shin WS, Kang MW (2003). Multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus species. J Korean Med Sci, 18, 631–636.
  • CLSI (2006). Clinical and laboratory standards institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 15th informational supplement. Approved Standard, MS100-S16, Wayne, PA, USA.
  • Çıtak S, Varlık Ö, Gündoğan N (2003). Slime production and DNase activity of staphylococci isolated from raw milk. J Food Safety, 23, 219- 292.
  • De Graves FJ, Fetrow J (1993). Economics of mastitis control, Vet Clin North Am: Food Animal Practice. 9, 421-434.
  • Elek SD, Levy E (1950). Distribution of haemolysins in pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci. J Pathol Bacteriol, 62, 541-554.
  • Eraksoy H (1988). Klinik mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarında Staphylococcus aureus'un identifikasyonu. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 18, 122-128.
  • Feltham RKA, Barrow GI (2003). Cowan and Steel's manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • Fitzgerald JR, Hartigan PJ, Meaney WJ and Smyth CJ (2000). Molecular population and virulence factor analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infection. J Appl Microbiol, 88, 1028-1037.
  • Fox LK, Gershman M, Hancock DD, Hutton CT (1991). Fomites and reservoirs of Staphylococcus aureus causing intramammary infections as determined by phage typing; the effect of milking time hygiene practices. Cornell Vet, 81, 183-193.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT (1989). New method for detecting slime producing by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol, 42, 872-874.
  • Frost AJ (1967). Haemolysin production from bovine staphylococci. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 45, 449-452.
  • Gentilini E, Denamiel G, Llorente P, Godaly S, Rebuelto M, De Gregorio O (2000). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina. J Dairy Sci, 83, 1224–1227.
  • Goel MM, Singh AV, Mathur SK, Singhal S, Chaturvedi UC (1991). Resistant coagulase negative staphylococci from clinical samples. Indian J Med Res, 93, 350-352.
  • Güler L, Ok Ü, Gündüz K, Gülcü Y, Hadimli HH (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility and coagulase gene typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis cases in Turkey. J Dairy Sci, 88, 3149-3154,
  • Hadimli HH, Ateş M, Güler L, Kav K, Öncel T (2001). Mastitisli süt ineklerinden izole edilen stafilokokların β-Laktamaz aktiviteleri ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Vet Bil Derg, 17, 21-25.
  • Hawkey PM, Lewis DA (1989). Staphylococcus spp. In Medical Bacteriology: a practical approach. 1st ed. Oxford, IRL Press, England.
  • Hodges RT, Jones YS, Holland JTS (1984). Characterization of Staphylococci associated with clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. N Z Vet J, 32, 141-145.
  • Hummel R, Devriese LA, Lehmann G (1992). Characteristics of bovine Staphylococcus aureus with special regard to clumping factor activity. Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis, 276, 487-492.
  • Izgür M, Akay Ö, Uslanoğlu B Erganiş O (1988). Mikrotiter plate'leri kullanarak insanlardan izole edilen S.aureus suşlarının Protein A ve koagulaz aktivitelerinin tanımlanması. Infek Derg, 2, 397-407.
  • Jasper DE, Jain NC (1966). Hemolytic behaviour of staphylococci isolated from cows’ milk. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci, 30, 63-70.
  • Kaynarca S, Türkyılmaz S (2010). Sığır mastitislerinden izole edilen stafilokoklarda metisilin direnci ve slaym pozitifliği. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 567-572.
  • Kenny K, Bastida FD, Norcross NL (1992). Secretion of alpha-hemolysin by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Can J Vet Res, 56, 265-268.
  • Kırkan Ş, Göksoy EÖ, Kaya O (2005). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis in the Aydın region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 791-796.
  • Kireçci E, Çolak A (2002). Kuru dönem başlangıcında subklinik mastitisli ineklerden izole edilen stafilokok suşlarında metisilin direnci. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 8, 98-100.
  • Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell VR, Sommer HM (1988). Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th ed., J.B. Lippincott Co.,Philadelphia, USA.
  • Kronvall G, Holmberg O, Ripa T (1972). Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus strains of human and bovine origin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B), 80, 735-742.
  • Sutra L, Poutrel B (1994). Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol, 40, 79-89.
  • Leonard FC, Markey BK (2007). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals: A review. Vet J, 175, 27-36.
  • Matsunaga T, Kamata S, Kakiichi N, Uchida K (1993). Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from peracute, acute and chronic bovine mastitis. J Vet Med Sci, 55, 297-300.
  • Melchior MB, Fink-Gremmels J, Gaastra W (2006). Comparative assessment of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in biofilm versus planktonic culture. J Vet Med B, 53, 326-332.
  • Mohan U, Jindal L, Aggarwal P (2002). Species distribution and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens. Indian J Med Microbiol, 20, 45-46.
  • Morton HE, Cohn J (1972). Coagulase and deoxyribonuclease activities of staphylococci isolated from clinical sources. Appl Microbiol, 23, 725- 733.
  • Pathak J, Udgaonkar U, Kulkarni RD, Pawan SW (1994). Study of coagulase negative staphylococci and their incidence in human infections. Indian J Med Microbiol, 12, 90-95.
  • Philpot WN, Nickerson SC (1991). Mastitis: Counter Attack, Babson Bros Co., Naperville, U.S.A.
  • Pitkala A, Haveri M, Pyorala S, Myllys V, Honkanen-Buzalski T (2004). Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001-prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J Dairy Sci, 87, 2433-2441.
  • Quinn PJ, Carter ME, McKey B, Carter GR (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Spain, Wolfe Pub.
  • Saa E, Kruze J (1995). Virulence factors of coagulase-negative staphylococcus of human and bovine origin. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 37, 201-208.
  • Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York.
  • Tel OY, Keskin O, Zonturlu AK, Arserim Kaya NB (2009). Şanlıurfa yöresinde subklinik mastitislerin görülme oranı aerobik bakteri izolasyonu ve duyarlı antibiyotiklerin belirlenmesi. F Ü Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 23, 101 - 106.
  • Tollersrud T, Kenny K, Reitz AJ, Lee JC (2000). Genetic and serologic evaluation of capsule production by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. from Europe and the United States. J Clin Microbiol, 38, 2998-3003.
  • Türkyılmaz S, Kaya O (2006). Determination of some virulence factors in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from various clinical samples. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30, 127-132.
  • Türütoğlu H, Ateşoğlu A, Salihoğlu H, Öztürk M (1995). Marmara bölgesi süt ineklerinde mastitise neden olan aerobik etkenler. Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 26, 125-137.
  • Uçan US, Aslan E (2002). İnek mastitisislerinden izole edilen koagulaz pozitif stafilokok suşlarının penisilin direnci ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Vet Bil Derg, 18, 19-22.
  • Ünal N, İstanbulluoğlu E (2009). İnsan ve sığır kökenli Staphylococcus aureus izolatlarının fenotipik ve genotipik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 56, 119-126.
  • Velazquez Ordonez V, Oaxaca JS, Alonso Fresan MU, Bernabe SL, Enriquez E (2004). Phenotypical expression of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. International Society for Animal Hygiene - Saint-Malo.
  • Vasudevan P, Nair MKM, Annamalai T, Venkitanaraynan KS (2003). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bovine mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus for biofilm formation. Vet Microbiol, 92, 179- 185.
  • Yazgı H, Ayyıldız A, Aktaş EA, Aktaş O, Yiğit N, Görgün S (1997). Bölgemizde çeşitli klinik örneklerden soyutlanan Staphylococcus suşlannın "Slime faktör" ve "Protein A" yönünden incelenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 27, 10-13.
  • Yoshida M, Kashiwagi Y, Okuda M, Tsumagari F (1998). Differentiation of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from cases of bovine mastitis and their antibiotic sensitivity. J Vet Med, 51, 893–896.

Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 17 - 21, 01.03.2011

Öz

Bu çalışmada subklinik mastitislerden izole edilen 108 adet koagulaz pozitif stafilokok (KPS) ve 50 adet koagulaz negatif stafilokok (KNS) olmak üzere toplam 158 suşun bazı virulens faktörleri [deoksiribonukleaz (DNaz), termonukleaz (TNaz), kapsül, biyofilm üretimi, hemoliz, protein A özellikleri] ve antibiyotiklere dirençleri araştırıldı. Çalışmada, DNaz, TNaz, kapsül, biofilm, hemoliz sonuçları sırasıyla, KPS izolatlarında 98 (%90), 72 (%66), 62 (%57), 76 (%70), 84 (%77) adedi, KNS izolatlarında ise 4 (%8), 11 (%22), 4 (%8), 26 (%52), 21 (%42) adedi pozitif olarak bulundu. Ayrıca KPS suşlarının 98 (%90)’inde Protein A saptandı. İzole edilen Stafilokokların antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları Kirby Bauer Disk Difüzyon Yöntemi’ne göre yapıldı. 108 adet KPS suşunun yapılan antibiyogramı sonucunda, 98’i (%90.7) penicillin, 92’si (%85) ampicillin, 30’u (%27.7) norfloxacin, 20’si (%18.5) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 13’ü (%12) gentamicin, 12’si (%11) ciprofloxacin, 8’i (%7.4) sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 6’sı (%5.5) oxacillin ve erythromycin, 4’ü (%3.7) tetracycline’e dirençli olarak bulunurken bütün suşlar clindamycin, cefuroxime ve vancomycin’e duyarlı olarak saptandı. KNS suşlarının ise 38’i (%76) penicillin, 30’u (%60) ampicillin, 18’i (%36) erythromycin, 10’u (%20) gentamicin ve tetracycline’e 9’u ( %18) amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 8’i (%16) ciprofloxacin, 5’i (%10) norfloxacin ve 2’si (%4) clindamycin’e dirençli bulunurken oxacillin, cefuroxime, vancomycin ve sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim’e duyarlı olduğu saptandı. Ayrıca, KPS’lerde saptanan metisilin direnci PCR yöntemiyle doğrulandı. Sonuç olarak, KPS’lerde KNS’lere göre virulens faktörlerinin yüksek olduğu, bu faktörlerin patojenitede önemli rol oynadığı ve etkenlerin genel olarak penicillin ve ampicillin dışındaki antibiyotiklere duyarlı olduğu sonucuna varıldı

Kaynakça

  • Aarestrup EM, Larsen HD, Eriksen NHR, Elsberg CS, Jensen NE (1999). Frequency of α and β haemolysin in Staphycoccus aureus of bovine and human origin. APMIS, 107, 425-30.
  • Ammendolia MG, Di Rosa R, Montanoro L, Arciola CR, Baldassari L (1999). Slime production and expression of the slime-associated antigen by staphylococcal clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol, 37, 3235- 3238.
  • Arciola CR, Baldassari L, Montanaro L (2001). Presence of ica A ve ica D genes and slime production in a collection of Staphylococcal strains from catheter-associated infections. J Clin Microbiol, 39, 2151-2156.
  • Aydın F, Leloğlu N, Şahin M, Çolak A, Otlu S (1995). Kars yöresi süt ineklerinde mikroorganizmaların duyarlılıkları üzerine çalışmalar. Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 26, 55-65. mastitislere neden antibiyotiklere ve
  • Aydın N, Paracıkoğlu J. (2006). Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji, İlke-Emek Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Bauer AU, Kirby WM, Sherris JC, Tack M (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disc method. J Clin Pathol, 45, 493-494.
  • Bedidi-Madani N, Greenland T, Richard Y (1998). Exoprotein and slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from goat‘s milk. Vet Microbiol, 59, 139-145.
  • Berke A, Tilton RC (1986). Evaluation of rapid coagulase methods for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol, 23(5), 916-919.
  • Calvinho LF, Dodd K (1994). Frequency and distribution of haemolysins of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Ireland. Irh Vet J, 47, 53-57.
  • Choi SM, Kim S, Kim H, Lee DG, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Kang JH, Shin WS, Kang MW (2003). Multiplex PCR for the detection of genes encoding aminoglycoside modifying enzymes and methicillin resistance among Staphylococcus species. J Korean Med Sci, 18, 631–636.
  • CLSI (2006). Clinical and laboratory standards institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 15th informational supplement. Approved Standard, MS100-S16, Wayne, PA, USA.
  • Çıtak S, Varlık Ö, Gündoğan N (2003). Slime production and DNase activity of staphylococci isolated from raw milk. J Food Safety, 23, 219- 292.
  • De Graves FJ, Fetrow J (1993). Economics of mastitis control, Vet Clin North Am: Food Animal Practice. 9, 421-434.
  • Elek SD, Levy E (1950). Distribution of haemolysins in pathogenic and non-pathogenic staphylococci. J Pathol Bacteriol, 62, 541-554.
  • Eraksoy H (1988). Klinik mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarında Staphylococcus aureus'un identifikasyonu. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 18, 122-128.
  • Feltham RKA, Barrow GI (2003). Cowan and Steel's manual for the identification of medical bacteria. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, United Kingdom.
  • Fitzgerald JR, Hartigan PJ, Meaney WJ and Smyth CJ (2000). Molecular population and virulence factor analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine intramammary infection. J Appl Microbiol, 88, 1028-1037.
  • Fox LK, Gershman M, Hancock DD, Hutton CT (1991). Fomites and reservoirs of Staphylococcus aureus causing intramammary infections as determined by phage typing; the effect of milking time hygiene practices. Cornell Vet, 81, 183-193.
  • Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT (1989). New method for detecting slime producing by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol, 42, 872-874.
  • Frost AJ (1967). Haemolysin production from bovine staphylococci. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci, 45, 449-452.
  • Gentilini E, Denamiel G, Llorente P, Godaly S, Rebuelto M, De Gregorio O (2000). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Argentina. J Dairy Sci, 83, 1224–1227.
  • Goel MM, Singh AV, Mathur SK, Singhal S, Chaturvedi UC (1991). Resistant coagulase negative staphylococci from clinical samples. Indian J Med Res, 93, 350-352.
  • Güler L, Ok Ü, Gündüz K, Gülcü Y, Hadimli HH (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility and coagulase gene typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis cases in Turkey. J Dairy Sci, 88, 3149-3154,
  • Hadimli HH, Ateş M, Güler L, Kav K, Öncel T (2001). Mastitisli süt ineklerinden izole edilen stafilokokların β-Laktamaz aktiviteleri ve antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Vet Bil Derg, 17, 21-25.
  • Hawkey PM, Lewis DA (1989). Staphylococcus spp. In Medical Bacteriology: a practical approach. 1st ed. Oxford, IRL Press, England.
  • Hodges RT, Jones YS, Holland JTS (1984). Characterization of Staphylococci associated with clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. N Z Vet J, 32, 141-145.
  • Hummel R, Devriese LA, Lehmann G (1992). Characteristics of bovine Staphylococcus aureus with special regard to clumping factor activity. Int J Med Microbiol Virol Parasitol Infect Dis, 276, 487-492.
  • Izgür M, Akay Ö, Uslanoğlu B Erganiş O (1988). Mikrotiter plate'leri kullanarak insanlardan izole edilen S.aureus suşlarının Protein A ve koagulaz aktivitelerinin tanımlanması. Infek Derg, 2, 397-407.
  • Jasper DE, Jain NC (1966). Hemolytic behaviour of staphylococci isolated from cows’ milk. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci, 30, 63-70.
  • Kaynarca S, Türkyılmaz S (2010). Sığır mastitislerinden izole edilen stafilokoklarda metisilin direnci ve slaym pozitifliği. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 16, 567-572.
  • Kenny K, Bastida FD, Norcross NL (1992). Secretion of alpha-hemolysin by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Can J Vet Res, 56, 265-268.
  • Kırkan Ş, Göksoy EÖ, Kaya O (2005). Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphylococci from bovine mastitis in the Aydın region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 29, 791-796.
  • Kireçci E, Çolak A (2002). Kuru dönem başlangıcında subklinik mastitisli ineklerden izole edilen stafilokok suşlarında metisilin direnci. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 8, 98-100.
  • Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell VR, Sommer HM (1988). Diagnostic Microbiology. 5th ed., J.B. Lippincott Co.,Philadelphia, USA.
  • Kronvall G, Holmberg O, Ripa T (1972). Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus strains of human and bovine origin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand (B), 80, 735-742.
  • Sutra L, Poutrel B (1994). Virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of bovine intramammary infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol, 40, 79-89.
  • Leonard FC, Markey BK (2007). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals: A review. Vet J, 175, 27-36.
  • Matsunaga T, Kamata S, Kakiichi N, Uchida K (1993). Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from peracute, acute and chronic bovine mastitis. J Vet Med Sci, 55, 297-300.
  • Melchior MB, Fink-Gremmels J, Gaastra W (2006). Comparative assessment of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis in biofilm versus planktonic culture. J Vet Med B, 53, 326-332.
  • Mohan U, Jindal L, Aggarwal P (2002). Species distribution and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of coagulase negative Staphylococci isolated from various clinical specimens. Indian J Med Microbiol, 20, 45-46.
  • Morton HE, Cohn J (1972). Coagulase and deoxyribonuclease activities of staphylococci isolated from clinical sources. Appl Microbiol, 23, 725- 733.
  • Pathak J, Udgaonkar U, Kulkarni RD, Pawan SW (1994). Study of coagulase negative staphylococci and their incidence in human infections. Indian J Med Microbiol, 12, 90-95.
  • Philpot WN, Nickerson SC (1991). Mastitis: Counter Attack, Babson Bros Co., Naperville, U.S.A.
  • Pitkala A, Haveri M, Pyorala S, Myllys V, Honkanen-Buzalski T (2004). Bovine mastitis in Finland 2001-prevalence, distribution of bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance. J Dairy Sci, 87, 2433-2441.
  • Quinn PJ, Carter ME, McKey B, Carter GR (1994). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Spain, Wolfe Pub.
  • Saa E, Kruze J (1995). Virulence factors of coagulase-negative staphylococcus of human and bovine origin. Rev Latinoam Microbiol, 37, 201-208.
  • Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989). Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York.
  • Tel OY, Keskin O, Zonturlu AK, Arserim Kaya NB (2009). Şanlıurfa yöresinde subklinik mastitislerin görülme oranı aerobik bakteri izolasyonu ve duyarlı antibiyotiklerin belirlenmesi. F Ü Sağ Bil Vet Derg, 23, 101 - 106.
  • Tollersrud T, Kenny K, Reitz AJ, Lee JC (2000). Genetic and serologic evaluation of capsule production by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. from Europe and the United States. J Clin Microbiol, 38, 2998-3003.
  • Türkyılmaz S, Kaya O (2006). Determination of some virulence factors in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from various clinical samples. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 30, 127-132.
  • Türütoğlu H, Ateşoğlu A, Salihoğlu H, Öztürk M (1995). Marmara bölgesi süt ineklerinde mastitise neden olan aerobik etkenler. Pendik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg, 26, 125-137.
  • Uçan US, Aslan E (2002). İnek mastitisislerinden izole edilen koagulaz pozitif stafilokok suşlarının penisilin direnci ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıkları. Vet Bil Derg, 18, 19-22.
  • Ünal N, İstanbulluoğlu E (2009). İnsan ve sığır kökenli Staphylococcus aureus izolatlarının fenotipik ve genotipik özelliklerinin araştırılması. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 56, 119-126.
  • Velazquez Ordonez V, Oaxaca JS, Alonso Fresan MU, Bernabe SL, Enriquez E (2004). Phenotypical expression of Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors isolated from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. International Society for Animal Hygiene - Saint-Malo.
  • Vasudevan P, Nair MKM, Annamalai T, Venkitanaraynan KS (2003). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bovine mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus for biofilm formation. Vet Microbiol, 92, 179- 185.
  • Yazgı H, Ayyıldız A, Aktaş EA, Aktaş O, Yiğit N, Görgün S (1997). Bölgemizde çeşitli klinik örneklerden soyutlanan Staphylococcus suşlannın "Slime faktör" ve "Protein A" yönünden incelenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg, 27, 10-13.
  • Yoshida M, Kashiwagi Y, Okuda M, Tsumagari F (1998). Differentiation of coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) from cases of bovine mastitis and their antibiotic sensitivity. J Vet Med, 51, 893–896.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Osman Yaşar Tel Bu kişi benim

Oktay Keskin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tel, O. Y., & Keskin, O. (2011). Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 17-21.
AMA Tel OY, Keskin O. Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci. YYU Vet Fak Derg. Mart 2011;22(1):17-21.
Chicago Tel, Osman Yaşar, ve Oktay Keskin. “Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri Ve Antibiyotik Direnci”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 22, sy. 1 (Mart 2011): 17-21.
EndNote Tel OY, Keskin O (01 Mart 2011) Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 22 1 17–21.
IEEE O. Y. Tel ve O. Keskin, “Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci”, YYU Vet Fak Derg, c. 22, sy. 1, ss. 17–21, 2011.
ISNAD Tel, Osman Yaşar - Keskin, Oktay. “Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri Ve Antibiyotik Direnci”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 22/1 (Mart 2011), 17-21.
JAMA Tel OY, Keskin O. Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci. YYU Vet Fak Derg. 2011;22:17–21.
MLA Tel, Osman Yaşar ve Oktay Keskin. “Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri Ve Antibiyotik Direnci”. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 22, sy. 1, 2011, ss. 17-21.
Vancouver Tel OY, Keskin O. Subklinik Mastitisli İneklerden İzole Edilen Stafilokok Suşlarının Bazı Virulens Faktörleri ve Antibiyotik Direnci. YYU Vet Fak Derg. 2011;22(1):17-21.