The Effect of Batch Drying at Different Temperatures on Seed Germination, Physical, and Seedling Properties of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 137 - 142, 19.06.2017

Hilal Erdoğan Eşref Işık

Öz

The aim of the present study was to determine some physical properties, drying time, energy consumption, the effects of batch drying at different temperatures on seed germination, and seedling characteristics of paddy cultivar Osmancik-97, which is grown extensively in Turkey. Paddy seeds, which were dried at different temperature values (50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), were dried to 14%, with initial moisture content 25% (w.b.). The average length, width, and thickness measurements of rice seeds decreased with the decrease in moisture content. Width, height, thickness decreased by 14- 1.78-1.42%, respectively. Surface area, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, static friction coefficients on aluminium, stainless steel, galvanized iron, and rubber reduced with reducing moisture content. The highest static coefficient of friction for harvesting and storage moisture content was determined on the rubber surface and the lowest surface was determined as aluminium. Drying time, germination percentage, radicle and seedling weights, radicle and seedling lengths of Osmancık-97 paddy seeds dried in 4 different (50, 60, 70, 80 degrees) hot weather conditions were determined. Drying times were 691, 593, 495, and 478 minutes, respectively, with germination percentages of 96.0, 90.0, 87.3, and 68.7. The radicle and seedling weights of paddy seeds were found as 1.19-1.69, 1.09-1.65, 1.05-1.48, and 0.69-0.95 g respectively, and the radicle and seedling lengths were found as 106.8-81.8, 98.6-81.6, 92.8-78.7, and 75.7-70.9 mm respectively. Besides, we found that the dry seedling weight of paddy was 0.18, 0.17, 0.16, and 0.09 g at air of 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C, respectively. In the current study, the drying at 80 °C was reduced seed viability and seedling vigour but found to be the least energy consumption; consequently, the drying at 50 °C was determined to be the highest for energy consumption. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Drying, Germination, Paddy, Physical properties, Radicle, Seedling

Farklı Sıcaklıklarda Kurutma İşleminin Çeltik (Oryza sativa L.) Tohumunun Çimlenme, Fiziksel ve Fide Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’ de yaygın olarak yetiştirilen Osmancık-97 çeltik çeşidini, farklı sıcaklıklarda kurutarak, tohumun bazı fiziksel, çimlenme ve fide özelliklerine etkisini incelemek ve buna bağlı olarak kuruma süresi ve enerji tüketimini belirlemektir. Başlangıç nemi %25 olan çeltik tohumları dört farklı sıcaklıkta (50, 60, 70 ve 80 °C) nem değeri %14 olana kadar kurutulmuştur. Tohumların bazı fiziksel özellikleri olan en, boy, kalınlık ölçümlerinin nem içeriğinin azalmasına bağlı olarak azaldığı görülmüştür. En, boy, kalınlık için sırasıyla %14, 1.78, 1.42’lik oranda azalma tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda tohumların yüzey alanı, aritmetik ortalama ve geometrik ortalama çap değerleri ile farklı yüzeylerdeki (alüminyum, paslanmaz çelik, galvaniz sac ve kauçuk) statik sürtünme katsayısı değerleri de nem içeriğinin azalmasına istinaden azalmıştır. Hasat ve depolama nem değerinde yapılan ölçümler sonucu en yüksek statik sürtünme katsayısı kauçuk yüzeyde en düşük ise alüminyum yüzeyde bulunmuştur. Farklı sıcaklık değerlerinde kurutulan Osmancık-97 çeltik çeşidi tohumların kuruma süresi, çimlenme oranı, kök ve fide ağırlığı, kök ve fide uzunluğu incelenmiştir. 50, 60, 70 ve 80 derece için kurutma süreleri sırasıyla 691, 593, 495 ve 478 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. Çimlenme oranları sırasıyla % 96.0, 90.0, 87.3 ve 68.7 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kök ve fide ağırlıkları 50 derece için sırasıyla 1.19-1.69, 60 derece için sırasıyla 1.09-1.65, 70 derece için sırasıyla 1.05-1.48 ve 80 derece için 0.69-0.95 gram olarak ölçülmüştür. Kök ve fide uzunlukları ise sırasıyla 106.8-81.8, 98.6-81.6, 92.8-78.7 ve 75.7-70.9 mm bulunmuştur. Ayrıca çeltik tohumunun kuru fide ağırlıkları da tespit edilmiştir. Kuru fide ağırlıkları farklı sırasıyla 0.18, 0.17, 0.16 ve 0.09 gram olarak ölçülmüştür. Mevcut çalışmada 80 °C’de en düşük enerji tüketimine karşın en düşük de çimlenme oranı, 50 °C’de ise en yüksek çimlenme oranına karşın en yüksek enerji tüketimi tespit edilmiştir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çeltik, Çimlenme, Fide, Fiziksel özellikler, Kök, Kurutma

Kaynakça

• Alibas, I., and N. Koksal. 2015a. The effect of moisture content on physical, mechanical and rheological properties of soybean (Glycine max cv. ATAEM-II) seed. Legume Research. 38 (3). 324-333.
• Alibas, I., and N. Koksal. 2015b. Determination of physical, mechanical, and structural seed properties of pepper cultivars. International Agrophysics, 29: 107-113.
• Anbumalarmathi, J., and P. Mehta. 2013. Effect of salt stres on germination of indica rice varieties. European Journal of Biological Sciences. (6)1
• Barnwal, P., D. M. Kadam., and K. K. Singh. 2012. Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maize. International Agrophysics, 26. 331-334.
• Baryeh, E., A., 2002. Physical properties of millet. Journal of Food Engineering, 51. 39-46.
• Branco M., C. Branco., H. Merouani., and M. H.Almeida. 2002. Germination success, survival and seedling vigour of Quercus suber acorns in relation to insect damage. Forest Ecology and Management, 166.159-164.
• Carman, K. 1996. Some physical properties of lentil seeds. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 63. 87-92.
• Catak, S. 2008. Determination of effects of over drying problem in respect of quality and economic in paddy drying systems in Thrace region. MSc. Thesis, University of Namık Kemal, Main Science Division of Farm Machinery, Tekirdağ.
• Cetin, M. 2007. Physical properties of barbunia bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Barbunia) seed. Journal of Food Engineering, 80. 353-358.
• Doungporn, S., N. Poomsa-ad., and L. Wiset. 2012. Drying equations of Thai Hom Mali paddy by using hot air, carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases as drying media. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 90. 187-198.
• Doymaz, I. 2013. Hot-air drying of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.). Heat Mass Transfer, 49. 835-841.
• Doymaz, I. 2017. Drying kinetics, rehydration and colour characteristics of convective hot-air drying of carrot slices. Heat Mass Transfe. 53. 25-35.
• Ducournau, S., A. Feutry P. Plainchault., P. Revollon., B. Vigouroux., and M. H. Wagner. 2004. An image acquisition system for automated monitoring of the germination rate of sunflower seeds. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 44. 189-202.
• Farooq, M., S. M. A. Basra., K. Hafeez., and E. A. Warriach. 2004. Influence of high and low temperature treatments on the seed germination and seedling vigour of coarse and fine rice. International Rice Research Notes, 29. 69-71.
• Gharekhani, M., A. Kashaninejad., A. D. Garmakhany., and A. Ranjbari. 2013. Physical and aerodynamic properties of paddy and white rice as a function of moisture content. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 5(3). 187-197.
• Giczewska, A., and J. Borowska. 2003. Physical properties of selected legume seeds as indicators of technological suitability of small-seed broad bean. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12/53 No 2. 9-13.
• Govender, V., T. A. S. Aveling., and Q. Kritzinger. 2008. The effect of traditional storage methods on germination and vigour of maize (Zea mays L.) from northern KwaZulu-Natal and southern Mozambique. South. African Journal of Botany, 74. 190-196.
• Hacihafizoglu, O. 1995. Optimization of paddy drying. MSc. Thesis, University of Thrace, Main Science Division of Machine Engineering, Edirne.
• ISTA, 2006. Internatioanal rules for seed testing, edition 2006, international seed testing association, ISTA, Zurich, Switzerland.
• Izadifar, M., and D. Mowla. 2003. Simulation of a cross-flow continuous fluidized bed dryer for paddy rice. Journal of Food Engineering, 58. 325-329.
• Izli, N., and E. Isık. 2010. Determination of economic cost, vigour and rate germination in batch drying of maize seeds. International Agrophysics, 24. 93-96.
• Izli, N., H. Unal., and M. Sincik. 2009. Physical and mechanical properties of rapeseed at different moisture content. International Agrophysics, 23. 137-145.
• Jaleel, C.A., R. Gopi B. Sankar., P. Manivannan., A. Kishorekumar., R. Sridharan and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Studies on germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. South African Journal of Botany, 73. 190-195.
• Jaliliantabar, F., A. N. Lorestani., and R. Gholami. 2013. Physical properties of kumquat fruit. International Agrophysics, 27. 107-109.
• Khanali, M., A. Banisharif., and S. Rafiee. 2016. Modeling of moisture diffusivity, activation energy and energy consumption in fluidized bed drying of rough rice. Heat Mass Transfer, 52. 2541-2549.
• Kibar, H. 2015. Multivariate analyses of selected mechanical properties of dry bean grain. International Agrophysics, 29. 175-183.
• Mohsenin, N. N. 1986. Physical properties of plant and animals materials. Gordon Breach Sci. Press, New York, USA
• Nakagawa, A. and T. Yamaguchi T. 1989. Seed treatments for control of seed-borne Fusarium roseum on wheat. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 23. 94-99.
• Pan, Z., R. Khir., L. D. Godfrey., R. Lewis., J. F. Thompson., and A. Salim. 2008. Feasibility of simultaneous rough rice drying and disinfestations by infrared radiation heating and rice milling quality. Journal of Food Engineering, 84. 469-479.
• Siddique, A.B., and D. Wright. 2003. Effects of different drying time and temperature on moisture percentage and seed quality of pea seeds. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(13). 978-982.
• Steffe, J. F., R. P. Singh., and A. S. Bakshi. 1978. Influence of tempering time and cooling on rice milling yields moisture removal. University of California Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.
• Taylı, T. 2008. Determination of some drying parameters by means of drying with different methods. MSc Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Main Science Division of Farm Machinery.
• Taylı, T., F. Toruk., and P. Ülger. 2009. Drying of paddy and determination of drying parameters. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 6 (1). 37-43.
• Toklu, F., D. S. Akgul., M. Bicici., and T. Karakoy. 2008. The relationship between black point and fungi species and effects of black point on seed germination properties in bread wheat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture & Forestry, 32. 267-272.
• Unal, H., E. Isik., N. Izli and Y. Tekin. 2008. Geometric and mechanical properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) grain: Effect of moisture. Int. J. Food. Prop., 11(3). 585-599.
• Unal, H., H. C. Alpsoy., and A. Ayhan. 2013. Effect of the moisture content on the physical properties of bitter gourd seed. International Agrophysics, 27. 455-461.
• Yari, L., A. Zareyan., S. Sheidaie., and F. Khazaei. 2012. Influence of high and low temperature treatments on seed germination and seedling vigor of rice. World Applied Sciences Journal, 16(7). 1015-1018.
• Yildiz Y., I. K. Tuncer., and A. Baccetincelik. 1989. The energy consumption in corn drying with low temperature drying of corn. Agric. Mech., 12. 44-52.
• Zare, D., S. Minai., M. Zadeh, and M. H. Khoshtaghaza. 2006. Computer simulation of rough rice drying in a batch dryer. Energy Conversion and Management, 47. 3241-3254.
• Zare, D., D. S. Tayas., and C. B. Singth. 2012. Generalized dimensionless model for deep-bed drying of paddy. Drying Technology, 30. 44-51.
• Zare, D., H. Naderi., and M. Ranjbaran. 2015. Energy and quality attributes of combined hotair/infrared drying of paddy. Drying Technology, 33. 570-582.
• Zhang X. G., 1990. Physiochemical treatments to break dormancy in rice. International Rice Research Newsletter, 15(1). 22.