Akarlarda Feromonlar

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 185 - 205, 04.06.2018

Rana Akyazı Yunus Emre Altunç

Öz

Feromon bir birey tarafından vücut dışına salgılanan ve aynı türün diğer üyeleri tarafından algılandığında, özel bir takım reaksiyonların oluşmasına neden olan kimyasal bileşenlerdir. Akarlarda, günümüze kadar dört tip feromonun varlığından bahsedilmiştir. Bunlar alarm, eşey, toplanma ve iz-işaret feromonlarıdır. Genellikle her bir akar türünde tek tip feromonal aktivasyon belirlenmiştir. Ancak birden fazla feromonal etkiye sahip olan akar türleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu durum, ya bir akarın farklı feromonal bileşenler bulundurması ya da tek bileşenin farklı koşullar altında, farklı feromonal aktivasyon göstermesi ile sağlanmaktadır. Böceklerde her bir feromon farklı bir bezden salgılanırken, astigmatid akarlarda üç farklı feromon (toplanma, eşey, alarm), tek bir bezde (opisthonotal bezler) üretilebilmektedir. Akar feromonları içerisinde üzerinde en çok çalışılan ve en iyi bilineni alarm feromonlarıdır. Akar feromonlarına yönelik üzerinde en fazla çalışılan grup ise astigmatid’lerdir. Yirmi astigmatid türde alarm feromonunun var olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca astigmatid akarlardan 20 civarında türde eşey, 7 türde toplanma feromonu tespit edilmiştir. Sınırlı sayıda da olsa, bazı prostigmatid, mesostigmatid ve metastigmatid akar türlerindeki feromonlara yönelik çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Diğer yandan, feromonların böceklere karşı çeşitli amaçlarla (izleme, kitle yakalama, çiftleşme davranışının bozulması vb.) kullanımından başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmişken, akarlarda böylesi çalışmalar sınırlıdır. İlk kez, V. destructor’un eşey feromonu, akarın çiftleşme davranışını bozmak amacı ile kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar akarların feromonlara dayalı biyoteknik mücadeleleri açısından umut verici olmuştur. Diğer yandan, Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes) ve D. pteronyssinus (Trouessart) (Astigmata: Pyroglyphidae)’un toplanma feromonunun (neryl formate), toz akarlarının tuzaklanarak mücadelesinde önemli potansiyele sahip olabileceği de belirtilmiştir. İleriki araştırmalarda özellikle bitki koruma açısından önemli akarlardaki feromonal bileşenler ve feromonların ekonomik önemli türlerin biyoteknik mücadelesindeki potansiyellerinin incelenmesi gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akar, alarm, biyoteknik mücadele, eşey, iz- işaret, toplanma

Kaynakça

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