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Technology and Human Factors in Airport Security Management

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 298 - 309, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1005849

Abstract

Airports are the place where first impressions are made about the countries visited. It is also very important to ensure the security of airports, which are of great importance in terms of the prestige of the countries and their impact on visitors. Security procedures implemented in the past have negatively affected speed and comfort which are indispensable elements of the aviation industry has caused a number of security weakness. In order to overcome these negativities, it is necessary to use technology and human elements together. Technology enables these services to be facilitated without compromising security services. However, although technology alone is not sufficient, it makes sense when it is completed with the human element. In this study, the technology used to provide security in airports and the human who uses these technologies has examined. In this study, the working principles, advantages/disadvantages, and decision-making convenience to human beings of walk-through and hand-held metal detectors, body scanning system, x-ray devices, the explosive detection system, trace, and vapour detection devices were discussed. Also, the selections of the right personnel for the job, the efficient training, certification, job experience, performance evaluation, organizational culture issues were discussed. As a result of this paper, it has been assessed that airport security can be achieved at the best level if the compatibility of these two elements is managed effectively.

References

  • K.E. Yoo and Y.C. Choi, “Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach for Identifying Relative Importance of Factors to Improve Passenger Security Checks at Airports”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 12, 135–142, 2006.
  • K. Leone and R. Liu, “The Key Design Parameters of Checked Baggage Security Screening Systems in Airports”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 69-78, 2005.
  • K. Gkritza, D. Niemeier, and F. Mannering, “Airport Security Screening and Changing Passenger Satisfaction: An Exploratory Assessment”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(5), 213-219, 2006.
  • H.G. Frederickson and T.R. Laporte, “Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality”, Public Administration Review, 62, Special Issue: Democratic Governance in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001, 33-43, 2002.
  • A. Schwaninger, “Screener Evaluation and Selection”, Airport, 2, 14-15, 2003.
  • E. Gemici ve H. Yılmaz, “Güvenlik Stratejileri ve Yönetimi Açısından Havacılık Güvenliği”, Journal of Aviation, 3(1), 15-27, 2019.
  • M. S. F. Arcúrio, E.S. Nakamura, and T. Armborst, “Human Factors and Errors in Security Aviation: An Ergonomic Perspective”, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, Article ID 5173253, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5173253.
  • Annex-17, Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference. 9th Edition, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2011.
  • D. Harrıs, “How to Really İmprove Airport Security”, Ergonomics in Design, Winter, 17-22, 2002.
  • I. Tabankin, and J. Sutton, Portable Handheld Security Device. Patent No: US007209035B2, 2007
  • D. Menzel and J. Heterman, “Airport Security Threats and Strategic Options for Mitigation”, Journal of Airport Management, 12, (2), 118-131, 2018.
  • M. Calabresi, “A Price of Security TSA’s Emergency Powers Are Doing More Harm Than Good”, TIME, December 14, 45-50, 2015.
  • S. Singh and M. Singh, “Review Explosives Detection Systems (EDS) for Aviation Security”, Signal Processing, 83, 31-55, 2003.
  • D. Hardmeier and A. Schwaninger, “Selection and Preemployment Assesment of Aviation Security Screeners”, A. R. Thomas (Ed.), Aviation Security Management, London: Greenwood Publishing Group 169-186, 2008
  • A. Schwaninger, D. Hardmeier, and F. Hofer, “Aviation Security Screeners Visual Abilities and Visual Knowledge Measurement”, IEEE A&E Systems Magazine, June, 29-35, 2005.
  • [16] S.C. Evans and B.D. Ferris, “Airport Metal Detectors and Orthopedic Implants: The Responses of Arch and Hand-Held Devices”, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 64(6), 643-644, 1993.
  • S. Kamineni, S. Legge, and H. Ware, “Metallic Orthopaedic Implants and Airport Metal Detectors”, The Journal of Arthroplasty, 17(1), 62-65, 2002.
  • P. Mehta and R. Smith-Bindman, “Airport Full-Body Screening What Is the Risk?”, Arch Intern Med., 171(12), 1112–1115, 2011.
  • T. Halbherr, A. Schwaninger, G.R. Budgell, and A. Wales, “Airport Security Screener Competency: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis”, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23(2), 113–129, 2013.
  • S. Olapiriyakul and S. Das, “Design and Analysis of a Two-Stage Security Screening and Inspection System”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13, 67-74, 2007.
  • S. İbiş, “Turizm Endüstrisinde Robotlaşma”, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 403-420, 2019.
  • D. Çankaya, “Havacılıkta Yaygınlaşan Yapay Zeka, API ve Büyük Veri Temelli Çözümler”, Academic Perspective Procedia, 3 (1), 465-473, 2020.
  • D. Yanyan and C. Meng, “Application Problems and Solutions of Intelligent Airport Service Robots” In: E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 198, 04030, ISCEG, 2020.
  • M. Kesen, “Örgütsel Demokrasinin Çalışan Performansı Üzerine Etkileri: Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Aracılık Rolü”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 535-562, 2015.
  • S. Yıldız, G. Savcı ve H. Kapu, “Motive Edici Faktörlerin Çalışanların İş Performansına ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 233-249, 2014.
  • E. Örücü ve A. Kanbur, “Örgütsel-Yönetsel Motivasyon Faktörlerinin Çalısanların Performans ve Verimliligine Etkilerini İncelemeye Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalısma: Hizmet ve Endüstri İşletmesi Örnegi”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 86-97, 2008
  • ICAO, Doc 9808 AN/765, Human Factors in Civil Aviation Security Operations. International Civil Aviation Organization: Montreal, Canada2002.
  • H. Eng and J. Sullivan, “Reimagining Airport Security: Organisational Culture Trumps Cultivating A Security Culture”, Journal of Airport Management, 12(3), 230–235, 2018.
  • A. Schwaninger, “Airport Security Human Factors: From the Weakest to the Strongest Link in Airport Security Screening”, The 4th International Aviation Security Technology Symposium, November 27-December 1, 2006, Washingon D.C., USA, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1561.4965.
  • T.C. Ormerod and C.J. Dando, “Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Towards a Psychologically-Informed Method for Aviation Security Screening”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 76-84, 2015.
  • SHGM, “Sivil Havacılık Talimatı SHT-17.3”. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/mevzuat/sektorel/talimatlar/SHT_17.3.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2021].
  • D. Hardmeier, C. Müller, and A. Schwaninger, “Certification of Airport Security Officers Using Multiple-Choice Tests: A Pilot Study”, International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), 1-6, 2014, DOI: 10.1109/CCST.2014.6987005.
  • Wıllemsen, B. ve Cadee, M. (2018). Extending the Airport Boundary: Connecting Physical Security and Cybersecurity, Journal of Airport Management, 12, (3), 236-247.
  • M.B. Salter, “SeMS and Sensibility: Security Management Systems and the Management of Risk in the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13, 389–398, 2007.
  • P.A. Hancock and S.G. Hart, “Defeating Terrorism: What Can Human Factors/Ergonomics Offer?”, Ergonomics in Design, 10(1), 1-12, 2002.
  • M. Basner, J. Rubinstein, K.M. Fomberstein, M.C. Coble, A. Ecker, D. Avinash, and D.F. Dinges, “Effects of Night Work, Sleep Loss and Time on Task on Simulated Threat Detection Performance”, Sleep, 31 (9), 1251-1259, 2008.
  • J.B. Barney, “Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?”, The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656-665, 1986.
  • G. Askew, “Who is The Screening Boss?–Does It Really Matter? In: Proceedings of Avsec World 2004 Conference, Vancouver.

Havalimanı Güvenlik Yönetiminde Teknoloji ve İnsan

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 298 - 309, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1005849

Abstract

Seyahat edilen ülkeler hakkında ilk izlenimlerin edinildiği yer havlimanlardır. Ülkelerin prestiji açısından ve ziyaretçiler üzerindeki etkisi nedeniyle büyük öneme sahip olan havalimanlarının güvenliklerinin sağlanması da oldukça önemlidir. Geçmişte uygulanan güvenlik prosedürleri, havacılık sektörünün vazgeçilmez unsurları olan hız ve konforu olumsuz yönde etkileyerek bir takım güvenlik zafiyetlerine neden olmuştur. Bu olumsuzlukların giderilmesinde teknoloji ve insan unsurlarının birlikte kullanılması gerekli görülmektedir. Teknoloji, güvenlik hizmetlerinden taviz verilmeden bu hizmetlerin kolaylaştırılmasını sağlamaktadır. Ancak teknoloji tek başına yeterli olmamak ile beraber insan unsuru ile tamamlandığında bir anlam ifade etmektedir. Çalışmada havalimanlarında güvenliğin sağlanmasında yararlanılan teknolojiler ve bu teknolojileri kullanan insan unsuru incelenmiştir. Kapı ve el dedektörü, vücut tarama sistemi, x-ray cihazı, patlayıcı tespit cihazı, iz ve koku tespit cihazlarının çalışma prensipleri, kullanım amaçları, avantaj-dezavantajları, insanlara kullanımda ve karar vermede sağladıkları kolaylıklar, insanın bu teknolojilere uyumunun sağlanmasında yapılabilecekler; işe alımda doğru seçim, başlangıç ve tazeleme eğitimleri, sertifikasyon, tecrübe, performans değerlendirme, güvenlik bilincine dayalı örgüt kültürü gibi unsurlar ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda bu iki unsurun uyumunun etkin bir şekilde sağlanması durumunda havalimanı güvenliğinin en iyi düzeyde gerçekleştirilebileceği değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır.

References

  • K.E. Yoo and Y.C. Choi, “Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach for Identifying Relative Importance of Factors to Improve Passenger Security Checks at Airports”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 12, 135–142, 2006.
  • K. Leone and R. Liu, “The Key Design Parameters of Checked Baggage Security Screening Systems in Airports”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 11(2), 69-78, 2005.
  • K. Gkritza, D. Niemeier, and F. Mannering, “Airport Security Screening and Changing Passenger Satisfaction: An Exploratory Assessment”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 12(5), 213-219, 2006.
  • H.G. Frederickson and T.R. Laporte, “Airport Security, High Reliability, and the Problem of Rationality”, Public Administration Review, 62, Special Issue: Democratic Governance in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001, 33-43, 2002.
  • A. Schwaninger, “Screener Evaluation and Selection”, Airport, 2, 14-15, 2003.
  • E. Gemici ve H. Yılmaz, “Güvenlik Stratejileri ve Yönetimi Açısından Havacılık Güvenliği”, Journal of Aviation, 3(1), 15-27, 2019.
  • M. S. F. Arcúrio, E.S. Nakamura, and T. Armborst, “Human Factors and Errors in Security Aviation: An Ergonomic Perspective”, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, Article ID 5173253, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5173253.
  • Annex-17, Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference. 9th Edition, International Civil Aviation Organization, 2011.
  • D. Harrıs, “How to Really İmprove Airport Security”, Ergonomics in Design, Winter, 17-22, 2002.
  • I. Tabankin, and J. Sutton, Portable Handheld Security Device. Patent No: US007209035B2, 2007
  • D. Menzel and J. Heterman, “Airport Security Threats and Strategic Options for Mitigation”, Journal of Airport Management, 12, (2), 118-131, 2018.
  • M. Calabresi, “A Price of Security TSA’s Emergency Powers Are Doing More Harm Than Good”, TIME, December 14, 45-50, 2015.
  • S. Singh and M. Singh, “Review Explosives Detection Systems (EDS) for Aviation Security”, Signal Processing, 83, 31-55, 2003.
  • D. Hardmeier and A. Schwaninger, “Selection and Preemployment Assesment of Aviation Security Screeners”, A. R. Thomas (Ed.), Aviation Security Management, London: Greenwood Publishing Group 169-186, 2008
  • A. Schwaninger, D. Hardmeier, and F. Hofer, “Aviation Security Screeners Visual Abilities and Visual Knowledge Measurement”, IEEE A&E Systems Magazine, June, 29-35, 2005.
  • [16] S.C. Evans and B.D. Ferris, “Airport Metal Detectors and Orthopedic Implants: The Responses of Arch and Hand-Held Devices”, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, 64(6), 643-644, 1993.
  • S. Kamineni, S. Legge, and H. Ware, “Metallic Orthopaedic Implants and Airport Metal Detectors”, The Journal of Arthroplasty, 17(1), 62-65, 2002.
  • P. Mehta and R. Smith-Bindman, “Airport Full-Body Screening What Is the Risk?”, Arch Intern Med., 171(12), 1112–1115, 2011.
  • T. Halbherr, A. Schwaninger, G.R. Budgell, and A. Wales, “Airport Security Screener Competency: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis”, The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 23(2), 113–129, 2013.
  • S. Olapiriyakul and S. Das, “Design and Analysis of a Two-Stage Security Screening and Inspection System”, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13, 67-74, 2007.
  • S. İbiş, “Turizm Endüstrisinde Robotlaşma”, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 403-420, 2019.
  • D. Çankaya, “Havacılıkta Yaygınlaşan Yapay Zeka, API ve Büyük Veri Temelli Çözümler”, Academic Perspective Procedia, 3 (1), 465-473, 2020.
  • D. Yanyan and C. Meng, “Application Problems and Solutions of Intelligent Airport Service Robots” In: E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 198, 04030, ISCEG, 2020.
  • M. Kesen, “Örgütsel Demokrasinin Çalışan Performansı Üzerine Etkileri: Örgütsel Özdeşleşmenin Aracılık Rolü”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(2), 535-562, 2015.
  • S. Yıldız, G. Savcı ve H. Kapu, “Motive Edici Faktörlerin Çalışanların İş Performansına ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisi”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 233-249, 2014.
  • E. Örücü ve A. Kanbur, “Örgütsel-Yönetsel Motivasyon Faktörlerinin Çalısanların Performans ve Verimliligine Etkilerini İncelemeye Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalısma: Hizmet ve Endüstri İşletmesi Örnegi”, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 21(1), 86-97, 2008
  • ICAO, Doc 9808 AN/765, Human Factors in Civil Aviation Security Operations. International Civil Aviation Organization: Montreal, Canada2002.
  • H. Eng and J. Sullivan, “Reimagining Airport Security: Organisational Culture Trumps Cultivating A Security Culture”, Journal of Airport Management, 12(3), 230–235, 2018.
  • A. Schwaninger, “Airport Security Human Factors: From the Weakest to the Strongest Link in Airport Security Screening”, The 4th International Aviation Security Technology Symposium, November 27-December 1, 2006, Washingon D.C., USA, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1561.4965.
  • T.C. Ormerod and C.J. Dando, “Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Towards a Psychologically-Informed Method for Aviation Security Screening”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 76-84, 2015.
  • SHGM, “Sivil Havacılık Talimatı SHT-17.3”. http://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/mevzuat/sektorel/talimatlar/SHT_17.3.pdf. [Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2021].
  • D. Hardmeier, C. Müller, and A. Schwaninger, “Certification of Airport Security Officers Using Multiple-Choice Tests: A Pilot Study”, International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), 1-6, 2014, DOI: 10.1109/CCST.2014.6987005.
  • Wıllemsen, B. ve Cadee, M. (2018). Extending the Airport Boundary: Connecting Physical Security and Cybersecurity, Journal of Airport Management, 12, (3), 236-247.
  • M.B. Salter, “SeMS and Sensibility: Security Management Systems and the Management of Risk in the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13, 389–398, 2007.
  • P.A. Hancock and S.G. Hart, “Defeating Terrorism: What Can Human Factors/Ergonomics Offer?”, Ergonomics in Design, 10(1), 1-12, 2002.
  • M. Basner, J. Rubinstein, K.M. Fomberstein, M.C. Coble, A. Ecker, D. Avinash, and D.F. Dinges, “Effects of Night Work, Sleep Loss and Time on Task on Simulated Threat Detection Performance”, Sleep, 31 (9), 1251-1259, 2008.
  • J.B. Barney, “Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?”, The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 656-665, 1986.
  • G. Askew, “Who is The Screening Boss?–Does It Really Matter? In: Proceedings of Avsec World 2004 Conference, Vancouver.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Review
Authors

Aslihan Kaya 0000-0003-3974-6750

Murat Kartal 0000-0002-0958-2655

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Submission Date October 8, 2021
Acceptance Date November 24, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kaya, A., & Kartal, M. (2021). Havalimanı Güvenlik Yönetiminde Teknoloji ve İnsan. Journal of Aviation, 5(2), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.30518/jav.1005849

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