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Shakespeare’in Kral Lear Oyununda Mantığı Terketmek için Kutsal Sebep

Year 2019, Vol 18 IDEA Special Issue, 150 - 158, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.595324

Abstract

Kral Lear
Shakespeare’in yazdığı trajik oyunların en önemlilerinden biri diye
düşünülebilir. Yaklaşık 400 yıl once yazılan eser günümüzde edebi
eleştirmenlerin, psikologların ve psikiyatrların ilgisini çekmeye devam ediyor.
Shakespeare’ın eserinde sergilediği çılgınlık örneği öylesine derin ki psikiyatrlar
bu hastalığı ruhsal bozukluk, delilik ve demans gibi farklı yönleriyle teşhis
ediyorlar.  Lear’ın maruz kaldığı demans
durumu kızlarıyla arasındaki bozuk ilişkinin sebep olduğu stres dolayısıyla
artmıştır. Lear’ın tüm kızlarıyla arasında henüz çözümlenmeyen problem vardır.
Lear kızlarını sadece bir baba olarak değil tıpkı bir annenin hissettiği aşkla
sevmektedir. Kral Lear Elizabeth
döneminin baba-erkil aile yapısını yansıtmaktadır ve baba figürü anne figürünün
yokluğunda daha fazla vurgulanmıştır. Lear kendi krallığının en üst seviyesinde
olan yönetici ve lider otorite sembolü olmakla birlikte ailesinin yegane
ebeveyni ve reisi olarak kızlarına sevgi, şefkat veren anne ve baba rolünü
birlikte üstlenmektedir. Kral Lear’ın gergin ve sıkıntılı zamanlarında
başvurarak teselli alacağı ve kendini rahat hissedebileceği bir eşi yok ama
kızları var. Oyun tam olarak Lear’ın kızlarından sevgi ve avuntu  istediği bir sahneyle başlar. Cordelia
babasının teselli isteğine olumsuz yanıt vererek çaresizlik içinde sevgi açlığı
çeken Lear’ı tam bir karmaşanın içine iter. Eserin başından itibaren Lear’ın
zihninde ve yönettiği krallıkta karmaşa ve düzen çatışması belirgindir. Böylesi
bir karmaşa ortamında çılgınlık hem karmaşayı artıran hem de sonlandıran bir
güç olarak görülür. Bir başka deyişle, çılgınlık oyunda tekrar düzen haline
dönülmesi için etkili olur. Çılgınlıkla ilgili düşünürken ve tartışırken oyunda
iki karakter ön plana çıkar: Çılgına dönen Kral Lear ve çılgın gibi davranıp o
role bürünen Edgar. Bu çalışma King lear’ın çılgınlık olarak tanımlanan
hastalığını yeni edebi yaklaşımlar ve çalışmalar ışığında araştırmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma karmaşadan düzen haline dönen süreçte Kral Lear ve
Edgar karakterlerindeki çılgınlıkla ilgili özellikleri ve hem mecazi hem de
gerçek anlamda körlükten sağlıklı görme yeteneğine kavuşarak etraflarındaki
olayları daha iyi anlayıp daha bilge karakterlere dönüşen Kral Lear ve
Gloucester karakterleri incelemeyi amaçlamıştır.

References

  • Reference 1 Bennett, Josephine Waters. (1962). The Storm Within: The Madness of Lear. ShakespeareQuarterly, 13 (2), 137-155.
  • Reference 2 Bulman, James C. (1985). The Heroic Idiom of Shakespearean Tragedy. Newark : University of Delaware Press. EBSCOhost. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00040a&AN=bilk.184457&site=es-live.s
  • Reference 3 Coddon, Karin. (1989). Such Strange Desygns. Renaissance Drama, 20, 51-75.
  • Reference 4 Domínguez-Rué , Emma, and Mrotzek, Maximilian. (2012). Shakespearean Tragedies Dynamics: Identifying a Generic Structure in Shakespeare’s Four Major Tragedies. International Journal of General Systems, 41 (7), 667–681. EBSCOhost. doi:10.1080/03081079.2012.703386.
  • Reference 5 Draper, John W. (1940). The Old Age of King Lear. The Journal of English and GermanicPhilology, 39 (4), 527-540.
  • Reference 6 Evans, Bertrand. (1979). Shakespeare’s Tragic Practice. Oxford : Clarendon Press, EBSCOhost. Retreived from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00040a&AN=bilk.115876&site=eds-live.
  • Reference 7 Herold, Niels. (1995). Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare. A Review Article.Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37 (1), 94–99.
  • Reference 8 Herold, Niels. (1997). On Teaching the Madness of ‘King Lear.’ The Journal of Narrative Technique, 27 (3), 249–275.
  • Reference 9 Jones, R. (2014, May 28). The Madness of the King: King Lear. British Journal of General Practice, 64 (620), 148. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3399/bjgp14X677644.
  • Reference 10 Kahn, Coppélia . (2012). The Absent Mother in King Lear. In Jay L. Halio (Ed.), Critical Insights King Lear. (pp. 239-263) US: Salem Press.
  • Reference 11 Mazzaro, Jerome. (1985). Madness and Memory: Shakespeare's Hamlet and King Lear. Comparative Drama, 19 (2), 97–116.
  • Reference 12 Neely, Carol Thomas. (1991a). Did Madness Have a Renaissance? Renaissance Quarterly, 44, 776-791.
  • Reference 13 Neely, Carol Thomas. (1991b). Documents in Madness: Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Early Modern Culture. Shakespeare Quarterly, 42 (3), 315-338.
  • Reference 14 Phillips, Adam. (2011). Acting Madness: The Diary of a Madman, Macbeth, King Lear. The Threepenny Review, 126, 14–17.
  • Reference 15 Plato. (1992). Republic. (G.M.A. Grube, Trans.). Cambridge, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, INC.
  • Reference 16 Puckova, Petra. (2015). Family Issues in King Lear. Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Brno, Masaryk University. Retrived from https://is.muni.cz/th/is3ng/Bakalarska_prace.pdf
  • Reference 17 Ribner, Irving. (1947). Lear's Madness in the Nineteenth Century. The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 22 (3), 117–129.
  • Reference 18 Salkeld, Duncan. (1994). Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare. UK: Manchester UP.
  • Reference 19 Shakespeare, William. (1991). King Lear (Kenneth Muir, Ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Reference 20 Shakespeare, William. (1999). A Midsummer Night’s Dream. US: The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Reference 21 Shakespeare, William. (2005) Hamlet. (Harold Jenkins, Ed.). London: Methuen.
  • Reference 22 Shakespeare, William. (2008). The Oxford Shakespeare King Lear. Oxford, NY: Oxford UP.
  • Reference 23 Storozynsky, L.M. (1991). King Lear and Chaos. Critical Survey, 3, 163-169.

A Divine Cause for Abandoning Reason in Shakespeare’s King Lear

Year 2019, Vol 18 IDEA Special Issue, 150 - 158, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.595324

Abstract

King Lear can be
considered as one of the most powerful tragedies written by Shakespeare.
Written nearly 400 years ago, it appeals to todays’ literary critiques,
psychologists and psychiatrists. Shakespeare’s construction of madness is so
deep that psychiatrists diagnose the type of madness King Lear suffers from
with its various aspects, such as mental disorder, mania, and dementia. One of
the elements that triggers his dementia is stress which can be found in Lear’s
case due to the corrupted relationship with daughters. Lear has unsolved
problems with all of his daughters. Lear does not love them as a father, he
loves them as a mother would do hence, their abandonment leads to his collapse.
In the
father-dominant family model of Elizabethan times King Lear was written, this idea is emphasized in the play further
with the exclusion of a mother. King Lear does not only maintain kingly
authority but also as the only head of the family and care-giver for his
daughters, he maintains both a father’s and mother’s authority role. King Lear
does not have a wife to consult when he’s distressed and ask for comfort,
however he has his daughters. The play starts off exactly with Lear asking for
consolation and love from his daughters. Cordelia’s refusal to give a solid
consolation to him results in chaos for Lear who is in desperate need to
receive affection. From the very beginning of the play, there is a fight
between chaos and order in the kingdom and in King Lear’s mind. In this chaos,
madness does not only act as the accelerating power of chaos but also as the
remedy of it. In other words, the madness in the play also leads the play back
to order. When talking about madness in the play, King Lear and Edgar come to
mind as one goes mad and one pretends to be mad.  This essay explores King Lear’s madness in
the light of new literary studies. It aims to look into the various aspects
madness that proceeds from chaos to order through the characters of King Lear
and Edgar, and from blindness to healthy eyesight both in metaphoric and
literal sense through the characters of King Lear and Gloucester who see better
and become wiser in the end. 

References

  • Reference 1 Bennett, Josephine Waters. (1962). The Storm Within: The Madness of Lear. ShakespeareQuarterly, 13 (2), 137-155.
  • Reference 2 Bulman, James C. (1985). The Heroic Idiom of Shakespearean Tragedy. Newark : University of Delaware Press. EBSCOhost. Retrieved from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00040a&AN=bilk.184457&site=es-live.s
  • Reference 3 Coddon, Karin. (1989). Such Strange Desygns. Renaissance Drama, 20, 51-75.
  • Reference 4 Domínguez-Rué , Emma, and Mrotzek, Maximilian. (2012). Shakespearean Tragedies Dynamics: Identifying a Generic Structure in Shakespeare’s Four Major Tragedies. International Journal of General Systems, 41 (7), 667–681. EBSCOhost. doi:10.1080/03081079.2012.703386.
  • Reference 5 Draper, John W. (1940). The Old Age of King Lear. The Journal of English and GermanicPhilology, 39 (4), 527-540.
  • Reference 6 Evans, Bertrand. (1979). Shakespeare’s Tragic Practice. Oxford : Clarendon Press, EBSCOhost. Retreived from search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat00040a&AN=bilk.115876&site=eds-live.
  • Reference 7 Herold, Niels. (1995). Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare. A Review Article.Comparative Studies in Society and History, 37 (1), 94–99.
  • Reference 8 Herold, Niels. (1997). On Teaching the Madness of ‘King Lear.’ The Journal of Narrative Technique, 27 (3), 249–275.
  • Reference 9 Jones, R. (2014, May 28). The Madness of the King: King Lear. British Journal of General Practice, 64 (620), 148. EBSCOhost, doi:10.3399/bjgp14X677644.
  • Reference 10 Kahn, Coppélia . (2012). The Absent Mother in King Lear. In Jay L. Halio (Ed.), Critical Insights King Lear. (pp. 239-263) US: Salem Press.
  • Reference 11 Mazzaro, Jerome. (1985). Madness and Memory: Shakespeare's Hamlet and King Lear. Comparative Drama, 19 (2), 97–116.
  • Reference 12 Neely, Carol Thomas. (1991a). Did Madness Have a Renaissance? Renaissance Quarterly, 44, 776-791.
  • Reference 13 Neely, Carol Thomas. (1991b). Documents in Madness: Reading Madness and Gender in Shakespeare's Tragedies and Early Modern Culture. Shakespeare Quarterly, 42 (3), 315-338.
  • Reference 14 Phillips, Adam. (2011). Acting Madness: The Diary of a Madman, Macbeth, King Lear. The Threepenny Review, 126, 14–17.
  • Reference 15 Plato. (1992). Republic. (G.M.A. Grube, Trans.). Cambridge, Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, INC.
  • Reference 16 Puckova, Petra. (2015). Family Issues in King Lear. Masaryk University, Faculty of Education, Brno, Masaryk University. Retrived from https://is.muni.cz/th/is3ng/Bakalarska_prace.pdf
  • Reference 17 Ribner, Irving. (1947). Lear's Madness in the Nineteenth Century. The Shakespeare Association Bulletin, 22 (3), 117–129.
  • Reference 18 Salkeld, Duncan. (1994). Madness and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare. UK: Manchester UP.
  • Reference 19 Shakespeare, William. (1991). King Lear (Kenneth Muir, Ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Reference 20 Shakespeare, William. (1999). A Midsummer Night’s Dream. US: The Pennsylvania State University.
  • Reference 21 Shakespeare, William. (2005) Hamlet. (Harold Jenkins, Ed.). London: Methuen.
  • Reference 22 Shakespeare, William. (2008). The Oxford Shakespeare King Lear. Oxford, NY: Oxford UP.
  • Reference 23 Storozynsky, L.M. (1991). King Lear and Chaos. Critical Survey, 3, 163-169.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Creative Arts and Writing
Journal Section English Language and Literature
Authors

Gül Kurtuluş 0000-0001-8743-6736

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date July 22, 2019
Acceptance Date November 8, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Vol 18 IDEA Special Issue

Cite

APA Kurtuluş, G. (2019). A Divine Cause for Abandoning Reason in Shakespeare’s King Lear. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18, 150-158. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.595324