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İNSAN GÜVENLİĞİ MERCEĞİNDE SIĞINMACI KRİZİ VE AVRUPA

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 97 - 127, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995607

Öz

Arap Baharı olarak adlandırılan sürecin başlamasından sonra ortaya büyük göç hareketliliği, Avrupa ülkeleri için 2015 yılında bir sığınmacı krizine dönüşmüştür. Bu mesele karşısında AB üyesi devletler tarafından sergilenen göçmen karşıtı yaklaşım ile insan güvenliği söylemi arasındaki tezat dikkat çekicidir. Bahsi geçen tezat bu çalışmada, artan sığınmacı sayıları karşısında AB’nin izlediği
politikalar ve göçmen karşıtı söylem üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Bu yapılırken insan güvenliği kavramının Avrupa Birliği belgelerindeki görünürlüğü ve sığınmacı hareketliliğine paralel olarak yükselişe geçtiği görülen göçmen karşıtı retorik ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış; buradan hareketle AB’nin göç politikalarının insan güvenliği dışında tasarlanan ve birlik-üye düzlemlerinde ters geri bildirimlere yol
açan bir yapıya işaret ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. “Human Security: East versus West.” International Journal, 56, No 3 (2001): 442-460.
  • Adamson, Fiona B. “Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security”, International Security, Cilt 31, No 1 (2006): 165-199.
  • Andersson, Ruben, Valerie Arnould, Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Emmanuel Darmois, Alex de Waal, Francesco Giumelli, Mustafa Haid, Rachel Ibreck, Mary Kaldor, and Natasa Kandic. From Hybrid Peace to Human Security: Rethinking EU Strategy toward Conflict. The Berlin Report of the Human Security Study Group Presented to High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy Federica Mogherini. London School of Economics. 2016.
  • Androvicova, Jarmila. “The Migration and Refugee Crisis in Political Discourse in Slovakia: Institutionalized Securitization and Moral Panic”, Haziran 2017, Nisan 23, 2020 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317674879_The_Migration_and_Refugee_Crisis_in_Political_Discourse_in_Slovakia_Institutionalized_Securitization_and_Moral_Panic, adresinden alındı
  • Arman, Murat Necip. “Avrupa Komşuluk Politikasında Sorunlu Alanlar: İnsan Güvenliği ve Komşuluk İlişkisi.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 8, No 31 (2011): 45-68.
  • BBC News. Migrants Crisis: Slovakia Will Only Accept Christians. 2015, Ağustos 19, 10 13, 2018 tarihinde www.bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-33986738 adresinden alındı
  • BBC News. Europe and Right-wing Nationalism: A country-by-country Guide. 2019, Kasım 13, 08 16, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-36130006 adresinden alındı
  • Bellamy, Alex J., ve McDonald, Matt. “The Utility of Human Security: Which Humans? What Security? A Reply to Thomas & Tow.” Security Dialogue, 33 No 3 (2002): 373-377.
  • Bilgiç, Ali. A Human Security Perspective on Migration: A Compass in the Perfect Storm - Inaugural Lecture Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity. International Institute of Social Studies, 2018.
  • Bilgiç, Ali, Gasper, Des ve Wilcock, Cathy. A Necessary Complement to Human Rights: A Human Security Perspective on Migration to Europe. Working Paper No.660. Hague: International Institute of Social Studies, 2020.
  • Black, David R. A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Burzova, Petra. “Towards a New Past: Some Reflections on Nationalism in Postsocialist Slovakia.” The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40, (1957): 879-894.
  • Calamur, Krishnadev. European Refugee Crisis: A ‘Systematic’ Violation of Human Rights. October 2015, 08 12, 2018 tarihinde www.theatlantic.com: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/czech-republic-unhuman-rights-refugees/411862/ adresinden alındı.
  • Carrera, Sergio ve Thierry Balzacq. The Hague Programme: The Long Road to Freedom, Security and Justice. S. Carrera, & T. Balzacq içinde, Security Versus Freedom (s. 1-34). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2013.
  • Carrera, Sergio ve Elspeth Guild. Irregular Migration, Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings – Policy Dilemmas in the EU. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2016.
  • Cave, Margaret E. ve Briana Roberts. “A Moral Crusade: Central-Eastern European Nationalism, Xenophobia, and Far-Right Extremism in Response to the Refugee Crisis.” Honors Theses AY. Wyoming Scholars Repository: University of Wyoming, 2017.
  • Christou, George. “The European Union‟s Human Security Discourse: Where are We Now?” European Security, 23, No 3 (2014): 364-381.
  • Cisneros, Josue David. “Contaminated Communities: The Metaphor of “Immigrant as Pollutant” in Media Representations of Immigration”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Cilt 11, No 4 (2008): 569-601.
  • Cohen, Jeffrey H. ve İbrahim Sirkeci. “Migration and Insecurity: Rethinking Mobility in the Neoliberal Age” James G. Carrier (der.) After the Crisis, Anthropological Thought, Neoliberalism and the Aftermath, London, New York: Routledge, 96-113, 2016.
  • Council of the EU. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy : Providing Security in a Changing World. Aralık 2008, Kasım 15, 2016 tarihinde www.consilium.europa.eu: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/reports/104630.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Culik, Jan. “Meet Miloš Zeman – The Czech Republic’s Answer to Donald Trump.” (M. Zeman, Röportajı Yapan) “Czech, Slovak Leaders Reject Refugee Quotas”, Deutsche Welle, 7 Eylül 2015, 18 Eylül 2019 tarihinde https://www.dw.com/en/czech-slovak-leaders-reject-refugee-quotas/a18699130 adresinden alındı.
  • Dempster, Helen ve Karen Hargrave. Understanding Public Attitudes towards Refugees and Migrants. Working Paper 512. Overseas Development Institute. London, 2017.
  • Deutsche Bank Research. Migration into the EU: A First Look at the Impact. Deutsche Bank Research, 2015.
  • Diez, Thomas, Scherwitz Eva ve See Seng Tan. “Regional Solutions for Regional Conficts? The EU, China and Their Respective Neighborhoods”, Emil J. Kirchner, Thomas Christiansen ve Han Dorussen (der.). Security Relations Between China and the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.42-62, 2017.
  • Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011, 5 Nisan 2011, Ekim 2, 2019 tarihinde https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011L0036 adresinden alındı.
  • Drbohlav Dusan ve Kristyna Janurova. “Migration and Integration in Czechia: Policy Advances and the Hand Brake of Populism”, Migration Policy Institute, 6 Haziran 2019, Nisan 28, 2020 tarihinde https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-and-integration-czechiapolicy-advances-and-hand-brake-populism, adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe, A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. 2016. Temmuz 12 , 2017 tarihinde http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Towards a Reform of the Common European Asylum System and Enhancing Legal Avenues to Europe”, 2016. 2 Mart 2019 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementationpackage/docs/20160406/towards_a_reform_of_the_common_european_asylum_system_and_enhancing_legal_avenues_to_europe_-_20160406_en.pdf, adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. European Agenda on Migration. 2015. Ağustos 12, 2017 tarihinde www.ec.europa.eu: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration_en adresinden alındı.
  • European Council. A Safe Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy. Brüksel: European Council, 2003.
  • European Council. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy :Providing Security in a Changing World. Brussels: European Union, 2008.
  • EU Action Plan Against Migrant Smuggling (2015 – 2020), 27 Mayıs 2015, Brüksel, European Commission, Eylül 10, 2019 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/eu-policy/eu-action-plan-against-migrantsmuggling-2015-%E2%80%93-2020_en adresinden alındı.
  • Ferreira, Susana. Human Security and Migration, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, (18 Kasım 2011), Ekim 11, 2019 tarihinde, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0743 adresinden alındı.
  • Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü, edt. Richard Perruchoud ile Jillyanne Redpath – Cross, IOM, Cenevre, 2009.
  • Human Security Study Group. A European Way of Security - The Madrid Report of the Human Security Study Group comprising a Proposal and Background Report. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk. 2007.
  • Global Detention Project, Country Report, “Immigration Detention in Czech Republic: We will not Accept Even One More Refugee”, Aralık 2018, 18 Mart 2020 tarihinde https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/czechrepublic adresinden alındı.
  • Gorondi, Pablo. “Hungary Blasted for Rule Detaining Refugees in Containers”, AP News, 7 Mart 2017, Eylül 2, 2018 tarihinde https://apnews.com/daf51fe20df74221b2a79002f2652467, adresinden alındı.
  • Gyori, Gabor. The Political Communication of the Refugee Crisis in Central and Eastern Europe. Policy Solutions and FEPS, Budapest, 2016.
  • Innes Alexandria. Migration, Citizenship and the Challenge for Security, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Janda, Jakub. Czech President is Russian Trojan Horse. 2016, Temmuz 10. 08 08, 2018 tarihinde www.euobserver.com: https://euobserver.com/opinion/133789 adresinden alındı.
  • Kajan Eva. “Hate Online: Anti-Immigration Rhetoric in Darknet”, Nordia Geographical Publications, Cilt 46, No 3 (2017): 3-22.
  • Krzyżanowska Natalia ve Michal Krzyżanowski. “‘Crisis’ and Migration in Poland: Discursive Shifts, Anti-Pluralism and the Politicisation of Exclusion.” Sociology, 52 No 3 (2018): 612-618.
  • Kuhne, Helmut. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy and ESDP (2008/2003(INI)). European Parliament (EP), 2008.
  • Lendaro, Annalisa. “A’European Migrant Crisis’? Some Thoughtson Mediterranean Borders.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 16 No 1 (2016): 148-157.
  • Mandacı, Nazif ve Gökay Özerim. “Uluslararası Göçlerin Bir Güvenlik Konusuna Dönüşümü: Avrupa’da Radikal Sağ Partiler ve Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi.” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10, No 39 (2013): 105-130.
  • Messina, Anthony M. “Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror”, World Politics, 66, No 3 (2014): 530-559.
  • Mutsvara, Shepherd. “Political Rhetoric Linking Migration to Coronavirus Stokes Up Xenophobia”, 7 Nisan 2020, Liberty Voice, Nisan 10, 2020 tarihinde https://guardianlv.com/2020/04/political-rhetoric-linking-migration-tocoronavirus-stokes-up-xenophobia/, adresinden alındı.
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The Asylum Seeker Crisis and Europe Through the Lens of Human Security

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1, 97 - 127, 24.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995607

Öz

The great refugee movement that emerged after Arab Spring turned into an asylum seeker crisis for the European countries in 2015. The contradiction between the anti-immigrant policies and the human security discourse of the EU members is notable. In this study, the aforementioned contrast is discussed through the policies followed by the European countries against the crisis and anti-immigrant rhetoric. While doing this the visibility of the human security concept in EU documents and the anti-immigrant rhetoric that seems to be on the rise in parallel with the migration mobility have been tried to be put forward. It was concluded that the EU’s immigration policies point to a structure that is designed outside of human security and leads to reverse feedback at the union-member levels.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, Amitav. “Human Security: East versus West.” International Journal, 56, No 3 (2001): 442-460.
  • Adamson, Fiona B. “Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security”, International Security, Cilt 31, No 1 (2006): 165-199.
  • Andersson, Ruben, Valerie Arnould, Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic, Emmanuel Darmois, Alex de Waal, Francesco Giumelli, Mustafa Haid, Rachel Ibreck, Mary Kaldor, and Natasa Kandic. From Hybrid Peace to Human Security: Rethinking EU Strategy toward Conflict. The Berlin Report of the Human Security Study Group Presented to High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy Federica Mogherini. London School of Economics. 2016.
  • Androvicova, Jarmila. “The Migration and Refugee Crisis in Political Discourse in Slovakia: Institutionalized Securitization and Moral Panic”, Haziran 2017, Nisan 23, 2020 tarihinde https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317674879_The_Migration_and_Refugee_Crisis_in_Political_Discourse_in_Slovakia_Institutionalized_Securitization_and_Moral_Panic, adresinden alındı
  • Arman, Murat Necip. “Avrupa Komşuluk Politikasında Sorunlu Alanlar: İnsan Güvenliği ve Komşuluk İlişkisi.” Uluslararası İlişkiler 8, No 31 (2011): 45-68.
  • BBC News. Migrants Crisis: Slovakia Will Only Accept Christians. 2015, Ağustos 19, 10 13, 2018 tarihinde www.bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-33986738 adresinden alındı
  • BBC News. Europe and Right-wing Nationalism: A country-by-country Guide. 2019, Kasım 13, 08 16, 2020 tarihinde https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-36130006 adresinden alındı
  • Bellamy, Alex J., ve McDonald, Matt. “The Utility of Human Security: Which Humans? What Security? A Reply to Thomas & Tow.” Security Dialogue, 33 No 3 (2002): 373-377.
  • Bilgiç, Ali. A Human Security Perspective on Migration: A Compass in the Perfect Storm - Inaugural Lecture Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity. International Institute of Social Studies, 2018.
  • Bilgiç, Ali, Gasper, Des ve Wilcock, Cathy. A Necessary Complement to Human Rights: A Human Security Perspective on Migration to Europe. Working Paper No.660. Hague: International Institute of Social Studies, 2020.
  • Black, David R. A Decade of Human Security: Global Governance and New Multilateralisms. London: Routledge, 2013.
  • Burzova, Petra. “Towards a New Past: Some Reflections on Nationalism in Postsocialist Slovakia.” The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 40, (1957): 879-894.
  • Calamur, Krishnadev. European Refugee Crisis: A ‘Systematic’ Violation of Human Rights. October 2015, 08 12, 2018 tarihinde www.theatlantic.com: https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/10/czech-republic-unhuman-rights-refugees/411862/ adresinden alındı.
  • Carrera, Sergio ve Thierry Balzacq. The Hague Programme: The Long Road to Freedom, Security and Justice. S. Carrera, & T. Balzacq içinde, Security Versus Freedom (s. 1-34). Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2013.
  • Carrera, Sergio ve Elspeth Guild. Irregular Migration, Trafficking and Smuggling of Human Beings – Policy Dilemmas in the EU. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies, 2016.
  • Cave, Margaret E. ve Briana Roberts. “A Moral Crusade: Central-Eastern European Nationalism, Xenophobia, and Far-Right Extremism in Response to the Refugee Crisis.” Honors Theses AY. Wyoming Scholars Repository: University of Wyoming, 2017.
  • Christou, George. “The European Union‟s Human Security Discourse: Where are We Now?” European Security, 23, No 3 (2014): 364-381.
  • Cisneros, Josue David. “Contaminated Communities: The Metaphor of “Immigrant as Pollutant” in Media Representations of Immigration”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Cilt 11, No 4 (2008): 569-601.
  • Cohen, Jeffrey H. ve İbrahim Sirkeci. “Migration and Insecurity: Rethinking Mobility in the Neoliberal Age” James G. Carrier (der.) After the Crisis, Anthropological Thought, Neoliberalism and the Aftermath, London, New York: Routledge, 96-113, 2016.
  • Council of the EU. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy : Providing Security in a Changing World. Aralık 2008, Kasım 15, 2016 tarihinde www.consilium.europa.eu: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/reports/104630.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Culik, Jan. “Meet Miloš Zeman – The Czech Republic’s Answer to Donald Trump.” (M. Zeman, Röportajı Yapan) “Czech, Slovak Leaders Reject Refugee Quotas”, Deutsche Welle, 7 Eylül 2015, 18 Eylül 2019 tarihinde https://www.dw.com/en/czech-slovak-leaders-reject-refugee-quotas/a18699130 adresinden alındı.
  • Dempster, Helen ve Karen Hargrave. Understanding Public Attitudes towards Refugees and Migrants. Working Paper 512. Overseas Development Institute. London, 2017.
  • Deutsche Bank Research. Migration into the EU: A First Look at the Impact. Deutsche Bank Research, 2015.
  • Diez, Thomas, Scherwitz Eva ve See Seng Tan. “Regional Solutions for Regional Conficts? The EU, China and Their Respective Neighborhoods”, Emil J. Kirchner, Thomas Christiansen ve Han Dorussen (der.). Security Relations Between China and the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.42-62, 2017.
  • Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011, 5 Nisan 2011, Ekim 2, 2019 tarihinde https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011L0036 adresinden alındı.
  • Drbohlav Dusan ve Kristyna Janurova. “Migration and Integration in Czechia: Policy Advances and the Hand Brake of Populism”, Migration Policy Institute, 6 Haziran 2019, Nisan 28, 2020 tarihinde https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/migration-and-integration-czechiapolicy-advances-and-hand-brake-populism, adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe, A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy. 2016. Temmuz 12 , 2017 tarihinde http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Towards a Reform of the Common European Asylum System and Enhancing Legal Avenues to Europe”, 2016. 2 Mart 2019 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementationpackage/docs/20160406/towards_a_reform_of_the_common_european_asylum_system_and_enhancing_legal_avenues_to_europe_-_20160406_en.pdf, adresinden alındı.
  • European Commission. European Agenda on Migration. 2015. Ağustos 12, 2017 tarihinde www.ec.europa.eu: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/european-agenda-migration_en adresinden alındı.
  • European Council. A Safe Europe in a Better World: European Security Strategy. Brüksel: European Council, 2003.
  • European Council. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy :Providing Security in a Changing World. Brussels: European Union, 2008.
  • EU Action Plan Against Migrant Smuggling (2015 – 2020), 27 Mayıs 2015, Brüksel, European Commission, Eylül 10, 2019 tarihinde https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/eu-policy/eu-action-plan-against-migrantsmuggling-2015-%E2%80%93-2020_en adresinden alındı.
  • Ferreira, Susana. Human Security and Migration, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Global Approach to Migration and Mobility, (18 Kasım 2011), Ekim 11, 2019 tarihinde, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0743 adresinden alındı.
  • Göç Terimleri Sözlüğü, edt. Richard Perruchoud ile Jillyanne Redpath – Cross, IOM, Cenevre, 2009.
  • Human Security Study Group. A European Way of Security - The Madrid Report of the Human Security Study Group comprising a Proposal and Background Report. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk. 2007.
  • Global Detention Project, Country Report, “Immigration Detention in Czech Republic: We will not Accept Even One More Refugee”, Aralık 2018, 18 Mart 2020 tarihinde https://www.globaldetentionproject.org/countries/europe/czechrepublic adresinden alındı.
  • Gorondi, Pablo. “Hungary Blasted for Rule Detaining Refugees in Containers”, AP News, 7 Mart 2017, Eylül 2, 2018 tarihinde https://apnews.com/daf51fe20df74221b2a79002f2652467, adresinden alındı.
  • Gyori, Gabor. The Political Communication of the Refugee Crisis in Central and Eastern Europe. Policy Solutions and FEPS, Budapest, 2016.
  • Innes Alexandria. Migration, Citizenship and the Challenge for Security, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Janda, Jakub. Czech President is Russian Trojan Horse. 2016, Temmuz 10. 08 08, 2018 tarihinde www.euobserver.com: https://euobserver.com/opinion/133789 adresinden alındı.
  • Kajan Eva. “Hate Online: Anti-Immigration Rhetoric in Darknet”, Nordia Geographical Publications, Cilt 46, No 3 (2017): 3-22.
  • Krzyżanowska Natalia ve Michal Krzyżanowski. “‘Crisis’ and Migration in Poland: Discursive Shifts, Anti-Pluralism and the Politicisation of Exclusion.” Sociology, 52 No 3 (2018): 612-618.
  • Kuhne, Helmut. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy and ESDP (2008/2003(INI)). European Parliament (EP), 2008.
  • Lendaro, Annalisa. “A’European Migrant Crisis’? Some Thoughtson Mediterranean Borders.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 16 No 1 (2016): 148-157.
  • Mandacı, Nazif ve Gökay Özerim. “Uluslararası Göçlerin Bir Güvenlik Konusuna Dönüşümü: Avrupa’da Radikal Sağ Partiler ve Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi.” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10, No 39 (2013): 105-130.
  • Messina, Anthony M. “Securitizing Immigration in the Age of Terror”, World Politics, 66, No 3 (2014): 530-559.
  • Mutsvara, Shepherd. “Political Rhetoric Linking Migration to Coronavirus Stokes Up Xenophobia”, 7 Nisan 2020, Liberty Voice, Nisan 10, 2020 tarihinde https://guardianlv.com/2020/04/political-rhetoric-linking-migration-tocoronavirus-stokes-up-xenophobia/, adresinden alındı.
  • Narkowicz, Kasia. “Re-emerging Racisms: Understanding Hate in Poland”, 1 Haziran 2016, Discover Society, Ekim 18, 2018 tarihinde https://discoversociety.org/2016/06/01/re-emerging-racisms-understandinghate-in-poland/, adresinden alındı.
  • Narkowicz, Kasia. “Refugees Not Welcome Here: State, Church and Civil Society Responses to the Refugee Crisis in Poland.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 31 No 4 (2018): 357-373.
  • Novakovic, Jelena. The Migrant Crisis in the European Union and Nationalist Sentiment in Host Countries. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California, 2017.
  • Nuruzzaman, Mohammed. “Paradigms in Conflict: The Contested Claims of Human Security, Critical Theory and Feminism.” Cooperation and Conflict, 41 No 3 (2006): 285-303.
  • Ovalı, Ali Ş. “Ütopya ile Pratik Arasında: Uluslararası İlişkilerde İnsan Güvenliği Kavramsallaştırması.” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3 No 10 (2006): 3-52.
  • Parkes, Roderick. Nobody Move! Myths of the EU Migration Crises. Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies, 2017.
  • Pedziwiatr, Konrad. “Islamophobia in Poland: National Report 2016.” E. Bayraklı, ve F. Hafez içinde, Eurpean Islamophobia Report 2016 (s. 411-443). İstanbul: SETA, 2017.
  • Rettman, Andrew. “Poland: Election Talk on Migrant ‘Protozoas’ Gets Ugly”, 14 Ekim 2015, euobserver, Ekim 23, 2018 tarihinde https://euobserver.com/political/130672, adresinden alındı
  • Rev, Istvan. Hungary's Politics of Hate. Eylül 2015, 08 12, 2018 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/opinion/hungarys-politicsof-hate.html adresinden alındı.
  • Rohac, Dalibor. “Hungary’s Prime Minister is Using the Virus to Make an Authoritarian Power Grab”, The Washington Post, 25 Mart 2020, Nisan 4, 2020 tarihinde https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/25/hungarys-primeminister-is-using-virus-make-an-authoritarian-power-grab/, adresinden alındı.
  • Rydgren, Jens. “Radical Right-wing Parties: What’s Populism Got to do with it?”, Journal of Language and Politics, 16, No 4 (2017): 485-496.
  • Schramm, Lucas. “Exit from Joint-decision Problems? Integration and Disintegration in the EU’s Recent Poly-crisis.” European Review of International Studies, 7, (2020): 2-27.
  • Schwartz, Cassilde, Simon, Miranda, Hudson, David ve Jennifer van HeerdeHudson. A Populist Paradox? How Brexit Softened Anti-Immigrant Attitudes.” British Journal of Political Science. 2019. Aralık 12, 2019 tarihinde http://repository.essex.ac.uk/25487/ adresinden alındı.
  • Sherkat, Darren ve Derek Lehman. “Bad Samaritans: Religion and Anti-Immigrant and Anti-Muslim Sentiment in the United States”, Social Science Quarterly, 99, No 5 (2018): 1791-1804.
  • Simonsen, Kristina Bakkær. “The Democratic Consequences of Anti-immigrant Political Rhetoric: A Mixed Methods Study of Immigrants’ Political Belonging.” Political Behavior. 2019, Aralık 12, 2019 tarihinde https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-019-09549-6#citeas adresinden alındı.
  • Sirkeci, İbrahim. “Transnational Mobility and Conflict”, Migration Letters, 6, No 1 (2009): 3-14.
  • Solana, Javier. “The European Union and Human Security: The Making of a Global Security Actor.” M. Martin, & T. Owen içinde, Handbook of Human Security (s. 251-259). Oxford: Routledge, 2014.
  • Sputnik Türkiye. “Bratislava Başpiskoposu’ndan Müslüman Göçmenler için Tartışılacak Yorum.”21 Şubat 2017. 10 12, 2018 tarihinde www.trsputniknews.com: https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/201702211027328964-baspiskopostanmusluman-gocmenler-icin-tartisilacak-yorum/ adresinden alındı.
  • Stevis-Gridneff Matina ve Monika Pronczuk. “E.U. Court Rules 3 Countries Violated Deal on Refugee Quotas”, The New York Times, 2 Nisan 2020, 3 Nisan 2020 tarihinde https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/europe/european-court-refugees-hungary-poland-czech-republic.html adresinden alındı.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Tolga Çıkrıkçı 0000-0001-5102-0907

Mehmet Akif Okur Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5095-6113

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çıkrıkçı, Tolga, ve Mehmet Akif Okur. “İNSAN GÜVENLİĞİ MERCEĞİNDE SIĞINMACI KRİZİ VE AVRUPA”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 20, sy. 1 (Eylül 2021): 97-127. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.995607.