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Dijital Çağda Psikolojik Sermayeyi Geliştirmek: Sanal Kaytarma Olgusuna Yeni Bir Bakış

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1273 - 1294, 24.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1324704

Öz

Bu çalışmada, sanal kaytarma ile psikolojik sermaye arasındaki etkileşim demografik özellikler dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Nicel paradigma kapsamında tarama, ilişkisel ve nedensel karşılaştırma modelleri kullanılmıştır. Toplam 196 katılımcının verisi analiz edilmiştir. Bir seri korelasyon, varyans ve regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre demografik verilere bağlı olarak sanal kaytarma ve psikolojik sermaye ortalamaları anlamlı ölçüde farklılaşmaktadır. Erkeklerin ve yaş grubu düşük olanların sanal kaytarma puanları anlamlı ölçüde yüksektir. Kadınlar, çalışma yılı düşük ve yaşı küçük olanlar ve psikoloji alanında çalışanlar daha düşük psikolojik sermayeye sahiptir. Psikolojik sermaye ile sanal kaytarma alt boyutları olan sonuç, ceza ve sonuçlara ilişkin inançlar arasında negatif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Sanal kaytarma alt boyutlarından davranış, tutum ive kolaylaştırıcı boyutları psikolojik sermaye ile pozitif yönde ilişkilidir. Regresyon analizlerinde sanal kaytarma alt faktörlerinin (sonuçlar ve ceza, sonuçlara ilişkin inançlar ve kolaylaştırma) psikolojik sermaye varyansının %16,3'ünü açıkladığı, iş deneyiminin ise %4,3'lük bir katkı sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları işle ilgili olmayan internet kullanımına ilişkin hoşgörülü politikaların sanal kaytarma yoluyla çalışanların psikolojik sermayeyi artırdığını, buna karşın katı tedbirlerin ve cezanın psikolojik sermayeyi azalttığını göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, U. A. (2019). Impact of supervisors’ perceived communication style on subordinate’s psychological capital and cyberloafing. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1759
  • Agarwal, U. A. and Avey, J. B. (2020). Abusive supervisors and employees who cyberloaf: Examining the roles of psychological capital and contract breach. Internet Research, 30(3), 789-809. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-05-2019-0208
  • Akdoğan, A. and Polatcı, S. (2013). The role of work family spillover and psychologıcal well-beıng on the effect of psychological capital on performance. Ataturk University Of Journal Social Sciences Institute, 17(1), 273-293. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunisosbil/issue/2832/38495
  • Anandarajan, A., Francis, B., Hasan, I. and John, K. (2011). Value relevance of banks: Global evidence. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 36, 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-010-0170-7
  • Anandarajan, M., Devine, P. and Simmers, C. A. (2004). A multidimensional sealing approach to personal web usage in the workplace. In Personal web usage in the workplace: A guide to effective human resources management (pp. 61-79). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Anandarajan, M., Simmers, C. and Igbaria, M. (2000). An exploratory investigation of the antecedents and impact of internet usage: An individual perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19(1), 69-85. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/73728780/An_exploratory_investigation_of_the_ antecedents_and_impact_of_Internet_usage_An_individual_perspective
  • Askew, K., Buckner, J. E., Taing, M. U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A. and Coovert, M. D. (2014). Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.006
  • Barlow, J., Bean, L. and Hott, D. D. (2003). Employee “spy” software: Should you use it? Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 14(4), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.10162
  • Baturay, M. H. and Toker, S. (2015). An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.081
  • Blanchard, A. L. and Henle, C. A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 1067-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.c hb.2007.03.008
  • Çetin, F. and Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137. Retrieved form https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/131551/
  • Demirtepe-Saygılı, D. and Metin-Orta, I. (2021). An investigation of cyberloafing in relation to coping styles and psychological symptoms in an educational setting. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1559-1587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120950299
  • Ding, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, T., Qiu, X., He, X., Wang, W., Wang, L. and Sui, H. (2015). The mediating role of coping style in the relationship between psychological capital and burnout among Chinese nurses. PloS one, 10(4), e0122128. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122128
  • Durak, H. Y. (2020). Cyberloafing in learning environments where online social networking sites are used as learning tools: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(3), 539-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633119867766
  • Elciyar, K. (2009). İşyerlerindeki sanal kaytarmanın kurumsal ve bireysel değişkenler açısından kişilerarası davranış kuramı bağlamında incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
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  • Garrett, R. K. and Danziger, J. N. (2008). On cyberslacking: Workplace status and personal internet use at work. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0146
  • Henle, C. A., Kohut, G. and Booth, R. (2009). Designing electronic use policies to enhance employee perceptions of fairness and to reduce cyberloafing: An empirical test of justice theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(4), 902-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.005
  • Hui, Q., Cao, X., Lou, L. and He, H. (2014). E Empirical research on the influence of organizational support on psychological capital. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4, 182-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.44025
  • Jia, H., Jia, R. and Karau, S. (2013). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the Big Five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1548051813488208
  • Jiang, H. (2020). Understanding the mental recovery effect of cyberloafing: attention replenishment and task-set ınertia. In F. D. Davis, R. Riedl, J. vom Brocke, P.-M. Léger, A. B. Randolph, & T. (Eds.), Information systems and neuroscience (pp. 204-210). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60073-0_24
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Enhancing Psychological Capital in the Digital Age: A Fresh Look to Cyberloafing Phenomenon

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4, 1273 - 1294, 24.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1324704

Öz

In this study, the interaction between cyberloafing and psychological capital was examined by considering demographic characteristics. Scanning, relational and causal comparison models are used within the scope of the quantitative paradigm. The data of a total of 196 participants were analyzed. A series of correlation, variance and regression analysis was performed. According to the results of the analysis, cyberloafing and psychological capital averages differ significantly depending on demographic data. Cyberloafing scores of males and those with a lower age group are significantly higher. Women, those with low working years and younger age, and psychology proffesionals have lower psychological capital. Psychological capital is negatively related to the outcome and punishment sub-dimension and beliefs about the outcome, while the behavior, attitude and facilitator dimension is positively related. Regression analysis indicated that cyberloafing subfactors (consequences and punishment, beliefs about outcomes, and facilitating) accounted for 16.3% of PsyCap variance, while work experience contributed an extra 4.3%. Consequence and punishment, and beliefs about outcome are associated with decreased PS, facilitator dimension, and working year associated with increased PS. The study suggests that lenient policies on non-work-related internet use enhance employees' PsyCap through cyberloafing, whereas strict cautionary measures decrease it.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, U. A. (2019). Impact of supervisors’ perceived communication style on subordinate’s psychological capital and cyberloafing. Australasian Journal of Information Systems, 23, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3127/ajis.v23i0.1759
  • Agarwal, U. A. and Avey, J. B. (2020). Abusive supervisors and employees who cyberloaf: Examining the roles of psychological capital and contract breach. Internet Research, 30(3), 789-809. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-05-2019-0208
  • Akdoğan, A. and Polatcı, S. (2013). The role of work family spillover and psychologıcal well-beıng on the effect of psychological capital on performance. Ataturk University Of Journal Social Sciences Institute, 17(1), 273-293. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunisosbil/issue/2832/38495
  • Anandarajan, A., Francis, B., Hasan, I. and John, K. (2011). Value relevance of banks: Global evidence. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 36, 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-010-0170-7
  • Anandarajan, M., Devine, P. and Simmers, C. A. (2004). A multidimensional sealing approach to personal web usage in the workplace. In Personal web usage in the workplace: A guide to effective human resources management (pp. 61-79). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Anandarajan, M., Simmers, C. and Igbaria, M. (2000). An exploratory investigation of the antecedents and impact of internet usage: An individual perspective. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19(1), 69-85. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/73728780/An_exploratory_investigation_of_the_ antecedents_and_impact_of_Internet_usage_An_individual_perspective
  • Askew, K., Buckner, J. E., Taing, M. U., Ilie, A., Bauer, J. A. and Coovert, M. D. (2014). Explaining cyberloafing: The role of the theory of planned behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 510-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.006
  • Barlow, J., Bean, L. and Hott, D. D. (2003). Employee “spy” software: Should you use it? Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, 14(4), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcaf.10162
  • Baturay, M. H. and Toker, S. (2015). An investigation of the impact of demographics on cyberloafing from an educational setting angle. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 358-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.081
  • Blanchard, A. L. and Henle, C. A. (2008). Correlates of different forms of cyberloafing: The role of norms and external locus of control. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 1067-1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.c hb.2007.03.008
  • Çetin, F. and Basım, H. N. (2012). Örgütsel psikolojik sermaye: Bir ölçek uyarlama çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45(1), 121-137. Retrieved form https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/131551/
  • Demirtepe-Saygılı, D. and Metin-Orta, I. (2021). An investigation of cyberloafing in relation to coping styles and psychological symptoms in an educational setting. Psychological Reports, 124(4), 1559-1587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120950299
  • Ding, Y., Yang, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, T., Qiu, X., He, X., Wang, W., Wang, L. and Sui, H. (2015). The mediating role of coping style in the relationship between psychological capital and burnout among Chinese nurses. PloS one, 10(4), e0122128. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122128
  • Durak, H. Y. (2020). Cyberloafing in learning environments where online social networking sites are used as learning tools: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(3), 539-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633119867766
  • Elciyar, K. (2009). İşyerlerindeki sanal kaytarmanın kurumsal ve bireysel değişkenler açısından kişilerarası davranış kuramı bağlamında incelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
  • Gardner, D. G. and Pierce, J. L. (1998). Self-esteem and self-efficacy within the organizational context: An empirical examination. Group & Organization Management, 23(1), 48-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601198231004
  • Garrett, R. K. and Danziger, J. N. (2008). On cyberslacking: Workplace status and personal internet use at work. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 287-292. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0146
  • Henle, C. A., Kohut, G. and Booth, R. (2009). Designing electronic use policies to enhance employee perceptions of fairness and to reduce cyberloafing: An empirical test of justice theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(4), 902-910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.03.005
  • Hui, Q., Cao, X., Lou, L. and He, H. (2014). E Empirical research on the influence of organizational support on psychological capital. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 4, 182-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.44025
  • Jia, H., Jia, R. and Karau, S. (2013). Cyberloafing and personality: The impact of the Big Five traits and workplace situational factors. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1548051813488208
  • Jiang, H. (2020). Understanding the mental recovery effect of cyberloafing: attention replenishment and task-set ınertia. In F. D. Davis, R. Riedl, J. vom Brocke, P.-M. Léger, A. B. Randolph, & T. (Eds.), Information systems and neuroscience (pp. 204-210). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60073-0_24
  • Keklik, B., Kılıç, R., Yıldız, H. and Yıldız, B. (2015). An investigation of the effect of cyberloafing behaviors on organizational learning capacity. Business and Economics Research Journal, 6(3), 129-144. Retrieved from https://www.berjournal.com/tr/an-investigation-of-the-effect-of-cyberloafing-behaviors-on-organizational-learning-capacity
  • Liberman, B., Seidman, G., McKenna, K. Y. and Buffardi, L. E. (2011). Employee job attitudes and organizational characteristics as predictors of cyberloafing. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(6), 2192-2199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.06.015
  • Lim, V. K. (2002). The IT way of loafing on the job: Cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice. Journal of organizational behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(5), 675-694. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.161
  • Lim, V. K. and Chen, D. J. (2012). Cyberloafing at the workplace: Gain or drain on work? Behaviour & Information Technology, 31(4), 343-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01449290903353054
  • Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165
  • Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S. M. and Combs, G. M. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27(3), 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373
  • Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Clapp-Smith, R. and Li, W. (2008). More evidence on the value of Chinese workers’ psychological capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(5), 818-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190801991194
  • Luthans, F. and Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.003
  • Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. and Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior. Positive Organizational Behavior, 1(2), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190801991194
  • Luthans, F. and Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.001.0001
  • Mastrangelo, P. M., Everton, W. and Jolton, J. A. (2006). Personal use of work computers: Distraction versus destruction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 9(6), 730-741. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01897
  • McCormack, H. M., MacIntyre, T. E., O’Shea, D., Herring, M. P. and Campbell, M. J. (2018). The prevalence and cause (s) of burnout among applied psychologists: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01897
  • Mills, J. E., Hu, B., Beldona, S. and Clay, J. (2001). Cyberslacking! A wired-workplace liability issue. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(5), 34-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010880401425004
  • Moody, G. D. and Siponen, M. (2013). Using the theory of interpersonal behavior to explain non-work-related personal use of the Internet at work. Information & Management, 50(6), 322-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.04.005
  • Morris, M. G. and Venkatesh, V. (2000). Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology, 53(2), 375-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00206.x
  • Page, D. (2015). Teachers’ personal web use at work. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(5), 443-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2014.928744
  • Parthi, K. and Gupta, R. (2016). A study of psychological capital, job satisfaction and organizational climate in telecom sector: A gender perspective. Diviner, 13(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305724111_A_Study_of_Psychological_Capital_Job_Satisfaction_and_ Organizational_Climate_in_Telecom_Sector_A_Gender_Perspective
  • Perone, M. (2003). Negative effects of positive reinforcement. The Behavior Analyst, 26, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392064
  • Prasad, M. P. and Sandhyavani, D. K. (2019). The impact of demography on psychological capital: an empirical study in the retail sector (2019). International Journal of Management, 10(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.10.1.2019/008
  • Prasad, S., Lim, V. K. and Chen, D. J. (2010). Self-regulation, individual characteristics and cyberloafing. PACIS 2010 Proceedings. 159, 1641-1648. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Self-Regulation%2C-Individual-Characteristics-and-Prasad-Lim/f3d50167c87f88bd18080362d876b68bad3 ae1b1
  • Proctor, C., Linley, P. and Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction measures: A review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 128-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760802650816
  • Rajah, R. and Lim, V. K. (2011). Cyberloafing, neutralization, and organizational citizenship behavior. PACIS 2011 Proceedings. 152. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2011/152/
  • Sao, R., Chandak, S., Patel, B. and Bhadade, P. (2020). Cyberloafing: Effects on employee job performance and behaviour. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(5), 1509-1515. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e4832.018520
  • Saygın, M. and Güvenç, K. (2019). Cyberloafıng tendencies of the workers: The case of Silifke organızed industrıal zone. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences/Uluslararası Avrasya Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(37), 820-832. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2597
  • Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N. and Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
  • Seymour, L. and Nadasen, K. (2007). Web access for IT staff: A developing world perspective on web abuse. The Electronic Library, 25(5), 543-557. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640470710829532
  • Skeja, A. and Lorcu, F. (2022). Relation of three phenomena: Cyberloafing, creativity, and stress. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(39), 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.12.029
  • Snyder, C. R., Feldman, D. B., Taylor, J. D., Schroeder, L. L. and Adams III, V. H. (2000). The roles of hopeful thinking in preventing problems and enhancing strengths. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 9(4), 249-269.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(00)80003-7
  • Sofyanty, D. (2019). Perilaku cyberloafing ditinjau dari psychological capital dan adversity quotient. Jurnal Khatulistiwa Informatika, 3(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.31294/widyacipta.v3i1
  • Süral Özer, P., Topaloğlu, T. ve Timurcanday Özmen, Ö. N. (2013). Destekleyici örgüt ikliminin, psikolojik sermaye ile iş doyumu ilişkisinde düzenleyici etkisi. Ege Academic Review, 13(4), 1437-447. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/559954
  • Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidel, S. F. (1999). Using multivarate statistics (4th editon). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Tahir, K. (2021). Impact of cognitive absorption on academic procrastination by considering the mediating role of cyberloafing and moderating role of psychological capital. (Unpublished master thesis). Islamabad: Capital University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from https://thesis.cust.edu.pk/UploadedFiles/Kanza%20Tahir-MMS183017.pdf
  • Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., Loughren, E. A., Kinnafick, F. E., Taylor, I. M., Duda, J. L. and Fox, K. R. (2015). Changes in work affect in response to lunchtime walking in previously physically inactive employees: A randomized trial. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(6), 778-787. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12398
  • Ugrin, J. C., Pearson, J. M. and Odom, M. D. (2008). Profiling cyber-slackers in the workplace: Demographic, cultural, and workplace factors. Journal of Internet Commerce, 6(3), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1300/J179v06n03_04
  • Uysal, H. T. (2019). A Research towards the reality of psychological capital in modern workforce. İnsan ve İnsan, 6(19), 99-118. https://doi.org/10.29224/insanveinsan.444436
  • Ünal, Ö. F. ve Tekdemir, S. (2015). Sanal kaytarma: Bir kamu kurumunda ampirik bir araştirma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 95-118. Retrieved form https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sduiibfd/issue/20811/222587
  • Van Morkhoven, N. D. (1997). The prevalence of burnout among psychologists and psychological associates in the state of Texas. Unpublished master thesis. Texas, USA: University of Texas. Retrieved from Texas Medical Center Dissertations (via ProQuest). AAI9814774. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.library. tmc.edu/dissertations/AAI9814774
  • Wu, J., Mei, W., Liu, L. and Ugrin, J. C. (2020). The bright and dark sides of social cyberloafing: Effects on employee mental health in China. Journal of Business Research, 112, 56-64. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.043
  • Wu, W.Y. and Nguyen, K.V.H. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of psychological capital: A meta-analytic approach. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.043.
  • Yıldız, H., Yıldız, B. ve Hamza, A. (2015). Sanal kaytarma davranışlarının sergirilmesinde örgütsel adalet algısının rolü var mıdır? Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 10(2), 55-66. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/beyder/issue/30329/327351
  • Zhang, Y. (2005). Age, gender, and Internet attitudes among employees in the business world. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(1), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.02.006
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Teknolojisi ve Dijital Medya Çalışmaları, İletişim Psikolojisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ece Kaçmaz 0000-0002-3952-0658

Eylem Şimşek 0000-0003-3032-7613

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaçmaz, E., & Şimşek, E. (2023). Enhancing Psychological Capital in the Digital Age: A Fresh Look to Cyberloafing Phenomenon. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(4), 1273-1294. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.1324704