Heavy metals in tailings and soils in the Pb-Zn mining areas of North-west Türkiye and health risk evaluations

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 131 - 148, 25.03.2024

Mehmet Parlak Tülay Tunçay Altıngül Özaslan Parlak

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.1.14

Öz

Improper mining waste and tailing management in Pb-Zn mining areas (Balya and Koru) in the north-west Türkiye have not been researched sufficiently. Accordingly, concentrations of heavy metal were determined in mine tailing and soils taken from Balya and Koru, and a health risk evaluation caused by heavy metals was performed. Average Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in mine tailings in Balya are 35.2, 17.8, 354.7, 1735, 10, 10089, 3730 mg kg-1 and these values were determined as 9.9, 8.9, 101.5, 1308, 4.5, 1871, 1375 mg kg-1 in the tailings in Koru, respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in the soil samples taken from both Balya and Koru were determined to be lower. The evaluation of heavy metals’ health risks was performed according to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects. The primary route of heavy metals in adults and children has been determined by oral intake. For both children and adults, the order of the carcinogenic effects of heavy metals in mine tailings and soils in Balya and Koru was Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. As the carcinogenic risk values of Cd and Pb for adults and children in mine tailing and soils in Balya were above the limit value, the children’s Cd carcinogenic risk values were found above the limit value in mine tailing and soils in Koru. The mining area in both Balya and Koru poses a risk to human health since it is close to settlements.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Heavy metals, Lead–zinc mine, Soil pollution, Health risk assessment, Türkiye

Destekleyen Kurum

Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University The Scientific Research Coordination Unit

Proje Numarası

Project number: 2018/2716

Teşekkür

This work was supported by Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University The Scientific Research Coordination Unit, Project number: 2018/2716.

Kaynakça

• Adewumi, A.J. Laniyan, T.A. & Ikhane, P.R. (2021). Distribution, contamination, toxicity, and potential risk assessment of toxic metals in media from Arufu Pb–Zn–F mining area, northeast Nigeria. Toxin Reviews, 40, 997-1018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1815787
• Aka, M. (2020). Environment effects and rehabilitation of the waste from abandoned mine site in the Balya District of Balıkesir Province. Aksaray University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ms thesis, 88 p. (in Turkish).
• Anju, M. & Banerjee, D.K. (2012). Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in soils of a Pb–Zn mining area, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 4191–4206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2255-8
• Arab, L.H. Boutaleb, A. & Berdous, D. (2021). Environmental assessment of heavy metal pollution in the polymetallic district of Kef Oum Teboul (El Kala, Northeast Algeria). Environmental Earth Sciences, 80, 277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09570-1
• Arslan, İ. (2010). A mining town from Tanzimat to Republic: Balya(1839-1923). The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 3(2), 41-54, (in Turkish). https://doi.org/10.9761/jasss_27
• Azhari, E.A. Rhoujjati, A., Hachimi, M.L.E. & Ambrosi, J.P. (2017). Pollution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil-plant system and the sediment-water rcolumn around a former Pb/Zn-mining area in NE Morocco. Exotoxicology and Environmental Safety,144,464-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.051
• Baghaie, A.H. & Aghili, F. (2019). Health risk assessment of Pb and Cd in soil, wheat, and barley in Shazand County, central of Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 17, 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-019-00365-y
• Botsou, F. Moutafis, I. Dalaina, S. & Kelepertzis, E. (2020). Settled bus dust as a proxy of traffic-related emissions and health implications of exposures to potentially harmful elements. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 11, 1776-1784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.07.010
• Bozkaya, G. Bozkaya, Ö. Banks, D.A. & Gökçe, A. (2020). P-T-X constraints on the Koru epithermal base-metal (±Au) deposit, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 119, 103349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103349
• Budakoglu, M. & Bratt, L.M. (2005). Sulfur-isotope distribution and contamination related to the Balya Pb–Zn Mine in Turkey. Environmental Geology, 47, 773–781. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00254-004-1202-1
• Burt, R. (2004). Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. USDA-NRCS, Lincoln, Nebraska. 700 p.
• Cao, J. Xie, C. & Hou, Z. (2022). Ecological evaluation of heavy metal pollution in the soil of Pb-Zn mines. Ecotoxicology, 31, 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-021-02505-3
• Çelebi, E.E. & Öncel, M.S. (2016). Determination of acid forming potential of massive sulfide minerals and the tailings situated in lead/zinc mining district of Balya (NW Turkey). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 124, 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.09.014
• Çelik Balcı, N. Gül, S. Kılıç, M.M. Karagüler, N.G. Sarı, E. & Sönmez, M.Ş. (2014). Biogeochemistry of Balıkesir Balya Pb-Zn mine tailings site and its effect on generation of acid mine drainage. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 57(3), 1-24.
• Çiçek, M. & Oyman, T. (2016). Origin and evoluation of hydrothermal fluids in epithermal Pb-Zn-Cu±Au±Ag deposits at Koru and Tesbihdere mining districts, Çanakkale, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 78, 176-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.03.020
• Du, Y. Chen, L. Ding, P. Liu, L. He, Q. Chen, B. Duan, Y. (2019). Different exposure profile of heavy metal and health risk between residents near a Pb-Zn mine and a Mn mine in Huayuan country, South China. Chemosphere, 216, 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.142
• ESRI, (2009). Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. ArcGIS 10.1: Getting Started with ArcGIS 2009. Retrieved 22 Sept 2022 from http:// downl oads. esri. com/ suppo rt/ docum entat ion/ ao_/ 1003G etting_ Start ed_ with_ ArcGIS. pdf.
• Forghani, G. Mokhtari, A.R. Kazemi, G.A. & Fard, M.D. (2015). Total concentration, specation and mobility of potentially toxic elements in soils around a mining area in central Iran. Chemie der Erde, 75, 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2015.05.001
• Garcia-Lorenzo, M.L. Crespo-Feo, E. Esbri, J.M. Higueras, P. Grau, P. Crespo, I. & Sanchez-Donoso, R. (2019). Assessment of potentially toxic elements in technosols by tailings derived from Pb–Zn–Ag mining activities at San Quintín (Ciudad Real, Spain): Some insights into the importance of integral studies to evaluate metal contamination pollution hazards. Minerals, 9(6), 346. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9060346
• GDM, (2022). General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteorological bulletin. Ankara, Turkey.
• Gee, G.W. & Or, D. (2002). Particle-size analysis. In: J.H. Dane, & G.C. Topp (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4, Physical Methods, SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, (pp.255–293). Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
• Hanilçi, N. & Öztürk, H. (2011). Geochemical/isotopic evolution of Pb–Zn deposits in the Central and Eastern Taurides, Turkey. International Geology Review, 53(13), 1478–1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206811003680008
• Hanilçi, N. Öztürk, H. & Kasapçı, C. (2019). Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits of Turkey. In: F. Pirajno, T.Ünlü, C. Dönmez & M. Şahin (Eds.), Mineral Resources of Turkey. Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, (vol 16, pp. 497-533). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02950-0_10.
• IBM SPSS Inc. (2007). SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 17.0; SPSS Inc.: Chicago, IL,USA.
• Jahromi, M.A. Jamshidi-Zanjani, A. & Darban, A.K. (2020). Heavy metal pollution and human health risk assessment for exposure to surface soil of mining area: a comprehensive study. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09110-3
• Kabata-Pendias, A. (2011). Trace Elements of Soils and Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. 4th ed., p. 505
• Kan, X. Dong, Y. Feng, L. Zhou, M. & Hou, H. (2021). Contamination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in China’s lead-zinc mine tailings: A meta-analysis. Chemosphere, 267, 128909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128909
• Kapwata, T. Mathee, A. Sweijd, N. Minakawa, N. Mogotsi, M. Kunene, Z. & Wright, C.Y. (2020). Spatial assessment of heavy metals contamination in household garden soils in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 4181–4191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00535-0
• Koca, N. (2003). The human and economical geography of Lapseki. Atatürk University Social Sciences Institute, Ph.D. thesis, Erzurum, Türkiye, 273 p. (in Turkish)
• Koz, B. (2014). Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis of moss and soil from abandoned mining of Pb-Zn ores. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186, 5315–5326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3780-z
• Li, Z. Ma, Z. van der Kuijp, T.J. Yuan, Z. & Huang, L. (2014). A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 468–469, 843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090
• Lu, S. Wang, Y. Teng, Y. & Yu, X. (2015). Heavy metal pollution and ecological risk assessment of the paddy soils near a zinc-lead mining area in Hunan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187, 627. https://doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4835-5.
• Martinez, J. Llamas, J. De Miguel, E. Rey, J. & Hidalgo, M.C. (2007). Determination of the geochemical background in a metal mining site: example of the mining district of Linares (South Spain). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 94, 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.05.001
• Miler, M. & Gosar, M. (2012). Characteristics and potential environmental influences of mine waste in the area of the closed Mezica Pb-Zn mine Slovenia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112, 152-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.08.012
• Nassiri, O. Hachimi, M.L.E. Ambrosi, J.P. & Rhoujjati, A. (2021). Contamination impact and human health risk in surface soils surrounding the abandoned mine of Zeida, High Moulouya, Northeastern Morocco. Environment Development and Sustainabilty, 23,17030–17059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01380-6
• Nelson, R.E. & Sommers, L.E. (1996). Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In: D. L. Sparks (Eds.), Methods of soil analysis. Part 3. Chemical methods (pp. 961– 1010). Madison: American Society of Agronomy
• Nikolaidis, C. Orfanidis, M. Hauri, D. Mylonas, S. & Constantinidis, T. (2013). Public health risk assessment associated with heavy metal and arsenic exposure near an abandoned mine (Kirki, Greece). International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 23(6), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2013.769202
• Öncel, B. (2016). Effects of geomorphological properties on land use: a case study from Balya (Balıkesir). Balıkesir University Social Sciences Institute, Geography Department, Ms thesis, Balıkesir, Türkiye, 95 p. (in Turkish).
• Parlak, M. Tunçay, T. & Botsou, F. (2022). Heavy metals in soil and sand from playgrounds of Çanakkale city (Turkey), and related health risks for children. Sustainabilty, 14, 1145. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su14031145
• Parlak, M. Everest, T. & Tunçay, T. (2023). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around cement factory and health risk assessment: a case study of Canakkale-Ezine (NW Turkey). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 45, 5163–5179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01578-9
• Qi, J. Zhang, H. Li, X. Lu, J. & Zhang, G. (2016). Concentrations, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of soil heavy metals in a Zn-Pb mine district in southern China. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 188, 413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5406-0
• Rapant, S. Dietzova, Z. & Cicmanova, S. (2006). Environmental and health risk assessment in abandoned mining area, ZlataIdka, Slovakia. Environmental Geology, 51, 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0334-x
• Regulation, S.P.C. (2005). In SPCR Official Gazette No, 25831. Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
• Sebei, A. Chaabani, A. Abdelmalek-Babbou, C. Helali, M.A. Dhahri, F. & Chaabani, F. (2020). Evaluation of pollution by heavy metals of an abandoned Pb-Zn mine in northern Tunisia using sequential fractionation and geostatistical mapping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 43942–43957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10101-x
• Tehrani, G.F. Rubinos, D.A. Kelm, U. & Ghadini, S. (2023). Environmental and human health risks of potentially harmful elements in mining-impacted soils: A case study of the Angouran Zn–Pb Mine, Iran. Journal of Environmental Management, 334, 117470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117470
• Tran, T.S. Dinh, V.C. Nguyen, T.A.H. & Kim, K.W. (2022). Soil contamination and health risk assessment from heavy metals exposure near mining area in Bac Kan province, Vietnam. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 44, 1189-1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-01168-7
• Türkeş, M. (1996). Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey. International Journal of Climatology, 16, 1057-1076. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<1057:AID-OC75>3.0.CO;2-D
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume I; Human Helth Evaluation Manual (Part A). Interm Final. Office of Emergency and Remadial Response. EPA /540/1-89/002.
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (1996). Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils. (Revision 2).
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (1997). Exposure Factors Handbook 1997 Edition. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C.
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment) Final, EPA/540/R/99/005, OSWER 9285.7-02EP PB99-963312. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (2007). Guidance for Evaluating the Oral Bioavailability of Metals in Soils for Use in Human Health Risk Assessment. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (final); http:// cfpub. epa. gov/ ncea/ risk/ recor displ ay. cfm?d eid (article id: 236252)
• USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), (2019). Health and Evironmental Research Online: a Database of Scientific Studies and References. Available from. https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/content/home.
• Wang, Y. Wang, R. Fan, L. Chen, T. Bai, Y. Yu, Q. Liu, Y. (2017). Assessment of multiple exposure to chemical elements and health risks among residents near Huodehong lead-zinc mining area in Yunnan, Southwest China. Chemosphere, 174, 613-627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.055 Zhang, W. Alakangas, L. Wei, Z. & Long, J. (2016). Geochemical evaluation of heavy metal migration in Pb-Zn tailings covered by different top soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 165, 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.03.010
• Zhao, X. Li, Z, Wang, D. Li, J. Zou, B. Tao, Y. Lei, L. Qiao, F. & Huang, J. (2019). Assessment of residents’ total environmental exposure to heavy metals in China. Scientific Reports, 9, 16386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52649-w