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SOFT LAW IN THE NATIONAL CONTEXT: PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION, VALIDITY, AND EFFECTIVENESS

Year 2025, Volume: 83 Issue: 1
https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1535446

Abstract

This article examines the definition, validity, effectiveness, and practical implications of soft law in the context of national law. In the first part, it is emphasized that there is no precise definition of soft law and that it occupies a controversial place in modern law. The second section introduces the main soft law instruments used at the national level. The third section discusses different perspectives on the validity of soft law. It highlights the irreconcilability between positivist and pragmatist approaches to soft law and proposes a third way, the cautious pragmatic approach. The fourth section analyzes the methods and processes through which soft law gains effectiveness. The final section discusses the possibilities and problems of soft law in practice. In conclusion, due to the uncertainties and risks they carry in terms of validity, democratic legitimacy, and effectiveness, it is recommended that these instruments be used in a limited and temporary manner.

References

  • Açımuz, Bige, “İdarenin Esnek Hukuk İşlemlerinin Yargısal Denetime Konu Edilmesi: Fransız Hukuku Odaklı İnceleme”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 24, Sayı 2, 2018, s.530-568.
  • Akbaş, Kasım, Hukukun Büyübozumu, İstanbul, Legal, 1. Baskı, 2006.
  • Akı, Emine İrem, “Amerikan Hukuki Realizmi Çerçevesinde Hukuki Belirsizlik”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2008.
  • Aktaş, Sururi, Eleştirel Hukuk Çalışmaları, İstanbul, On İki Levha, 2. Baskı, 2011.
  • Aldıkaçtı, Açıkalın, Nilgün, “Etik ve Hukuk İçin Zorlu Sınav: Yeni Nesil Teknolojik İnovasyonlar”, TFM, Cilt 7, Sayı 1,2021, s.1-19.
  • Austin, John, Hukukun Belirlenmiş Alanı, Çev. Ü. Yükselbaba, S. Üye, U. Koloş, İstanbul, Tekin, 1. Baskı, 2015.
  • Boschetti, Barbara ve Maria Daniela Poli, “A Comparative Study on Soft Law: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Sayı 23, 2021, s.20-53.
  • Böök, Birte and Linda Senden, “Soft law: booster or brake for the promotion of gender equality in the EU?” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Conseil d’État, “Le droit souple”, 2013. https://www.conseil-etat.fr/publications-colloques/etudes/le-droit-souple (Yayın Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2013).
  • Creyke, Robin ve John McMillan, “Soft Law v Hard Law” in Linda Pearson, Carol Harlow ve Michael Taggart (Ed.), Administrative Law in a Changing State, Oxford, Hart, 1. Baskı, 2008.
  • Creyke, Robin, “Soft Law and Administrative Law: A New Challenge”, AIAL Forum, Sayı 65, 2010, s.15-22.
  • Çataloluk, Gökçe, Hukuk Sistemi ve Autopoiesis, İstanbul, On İki Levha, 1. Baskı, 2012.
  • De Cabo, Ruth Mateos, Siri Terjesen, Lorenzo Escot, Ricardo Gimeno, “Do ‘soft law’ board gender quotas work? Evidence from a natural experiment”, European Management Journal, Sayı 37, 2019, s.611-624.
  • De Koning, K. J. F. A., “Dutch protection against genetic discrimination in work environments: Adequate or non-existent?”, 2012. https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=122912 (Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2024).
  • De Witte, Bruno, “Soft Law in European public law,” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Demir, Gökhan Yavuz, Sosyal Bir Fenomen Olarak Dilin Belirsizliği, İstanbul, İthaki, 1. Baskı, 2015.
  • Druzin, Bryan H., “Why does Soft Law Have any Power Anyway?”, Asian Journal of International Law, Sayı 7, 2017, s.361-378.
  • Durkheim, Emile, Toplumsal İşbölümü, Çev. Özer Ozankaya, İzmir, Cem, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Düğer, Sırrı, “Yeni Ekonomik İdare Hukuku: Teknolojik Gelişmeler Karşısında İdarenin İktisadî Hayata Müdahalesindeki Değişim”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 1, 2022, s. 427-475.
  • Dworkin, Ronald A., “‘Natural Law’ Revisited”, University of Florida Law Review, Cilt 34, Sayı 2,1982, s.165-188.
  • Eliantonio, Mariolina ve Emilia Korkea-aho, “Soft law and courts: saviours or saboteurs of the rule of (soft) law?”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Eliantonio, Mariolina, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth, “Introduction to Research Handbook on Soft Law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Emerson, Blake, “Administrative guidance in the United States: the moral and political stakes of non-binding law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Erol, Ömer Faruk, “Kamu Görevlisinin Etik Sorumluluğu”, Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2022, s.737-782.
  • Faure, Michael ve Niels Philipsen, “An Economic analysis of soft law as a regulatory tool”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Fuller, L. L., Hukukun Ahlakı, Çev. Engin Arıkan, İstanbul, Tekin, 1. Baskı, 2016.
  • Gersen, Jacob E. ve Eric A. Posner, “Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice”, Stanford Law Review, Cilt 61, Sayı 3,2008, s.573-628.
  • Gustafsson Nordin, Ingrid ve Kristina Tamm Hallström, “International standarts and the dilution of responsibility”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Hage, Jaap, “What Is Legal Validity? Lessons from Soft Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Harvey, David, Postmodernliğin Durumu, Çev. Sungur Savran, İstanbul, Metis, 6. Baskı, 2012.
  • Holmes, O. W., “Codes and The Arrangement of Law”, American Law Review, Cilt 5, Sayı: 1, 1870, s.1-13.
  • Holzer, Boris, “Rules and responsibilities: business and social norms in transnational governance,” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Hooghiemstra, Reggy ve Hans van Ees, “Uniformity as response to soft law: Evidence from compliance and non-compliance with the Dutch corporate governance code”, Regulation & Governance, Sayı 5, 2011, s.480-498.
  • Hume, David, İnsan Doğası Üzerine Bir İnceleme¸ Çev. Ergün Baylan, Ankara, BilgeSu, 1. Baskı, 2009.
  • Iavicoli, Sergio vd., “Hard and Soft Law Approaches to Addressing Psychosocial Risks in Europe: Lessons Learned in the Development of the Italian Approach”, Journal of Risk Research, Sayı 17, 2014, s.855-869.
  • Kararmaz, Furkan, “Hukuki Pragmatizmin Temel Unsurları”, Doktora Tezi, Antalya, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2017.
  • Kelsen, Hans, Saf Hukuk Kuramı, Çev. Ertuğrul Uzun, İstanbul: Nora, 1. Baskı, 2016.
  • Kirste, Stephan, “Concept and Validity of Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “The Redundancy of Soft Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Sayı 65, 1996, s.167-182.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “Soft authority in global governance”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “The Undesirability of Soft Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Sayı 67, 1998, s.381-391.
  • Knauff, Matthias, “Coronavirus and Soft Law in Germany: Business as Usual?”, European Journal of Risk Regulation, Koronavirüs Özel Sayısı, 2021, s.45-58.
  • Korver, Ton ve Peter R. A. Oeij, “The Soft Law of the Covenant: Making Governance Instrumental”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, Cilt 11, Sayı 3, 2005, s.367-384.
  • Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2. Baskı, 1970.
  • Mackor, Anne Ruth, “What Is Legal Validity and Is It Important? Some Critical Remarks About the Legal Status of Soft Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Marchant, Gary, “‘Soft Law’ Governance of Artificial Intelligence”, UCLA AI Pulse Papers, 2019. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jq252ks (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2024).
  • Metin, Sevtap, “Ronald Dworkin'in Hukuk Teorisinde Yorum Yaklaşımı,” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, Cilt 61, Sayı 1-2,2003, s.35-83.
  • Miller, James C., “The FTC and the Voluntary Standards: Maximising the Net Benefits of Self-Regulation”, Cato Journal, Cilt 4, Sayı 3, 1985, s.897-904.
  • Mörth, Ulrika, “Democracy and soft law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Nolan, Justine, “The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Rights: Soft Law or Not Law?”, University of New South Wales Research Papers, Sayı 72, 2013. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338356 (Erişim tarihi: 20.04.2024).
  • Ogus, Anthony, “Rethinking Self-Regulation”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Cilt 15, Sayı 1, 1995, s.97-108.
  • Onar, Sıddık Sami, İdare Hukukunun Umumi Esasları, İstanbul, İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 3. Baskı, 1966.
  • Özkök, Gülriz, “Hukuki Belirsizlik Problemi Üzerine”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 51, Sayı 2, 2002, s.1-18.
  • Parella, Kishanthi, “Hard And Soft Law Preferences In Business And Human Rights”, AJIL Unbound, Sayı 114, 2020, s.168-173.
  • Rawls, John, Bir Adalet Teorisi, Çev. Vedat Ahsen Coşar, Ankara, Phoenix, 1. Baskı, 2017.
  • Schade, Frederik ve Mikkel Flyverbom, “Soft law governance in the field of AI: a European perspective”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
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ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI

Year 2025, Volume: 83 Issue: 1
https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1535446

Abstract

Bu makalede, ulusal hukuk bağlamında yumuşak hukukun tanımı, geçerliliği, etkinliği ve uygulamadaki etkileri inceleniyor. İlk bölümde, yumuşak hukukun kesin bir tanımının yapılamadığı ve modern hukuk içinde tartışmalı bir yer tuttuğu vurgulanıyor. İkinci bölümde, ulusal düzeyde kullanılan başlıca yumuşak hukuk araçları tanıtılıyor. Üçüncü bölümde, yumuşak hukukun geçerliliği konusundaki farklı bakış açıları ele alınıyor. Burada pozitivist ve pragmatist yaklaşımların yumuşak hukuk bakımından aralarındaki uzlaşmazlıklar belirtilerek temkinli pragmatik bakış adı altında üçüncü bir yol öneriliyor. Dördüncü bölümde, yumuşak hukukun hangi yöntem ve süreçlerle etkinlik kazandığı inceleniyor. Son bölümde ise yumuşak hukukun uygulamada sağladığı olanaklar ve yarattığı sorunlar karşılıklı tartılıyor. Sonuç olarak bu kapsamdaki araçların geçerlilik, demokratik meşruiyet ve etkinlik bakımından taşıdıkları belirsizlik ve riskler nedeniyle sınırlı ve geçici olarak kullanılması öneriliyor.

References

  • Açımuz, Bige, “İdarenin Esnek Hukuk İşlemlerinin Yargısal Denetime Konu Edilmesi: Fransız Hukuku Odaklı İnceleme”, Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt 24, Sayı 2, 2018, s.530-568.
  • Akbaş, Kasım, Hukukun Büyübozumu, İstanbul, Legal, 1. Baskı, 2006.
  • Akı, Emine İrem, “Amerikan Hukuki Realizmi Çerçevesinde Hukuki Belirsizlik”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2008.
  • Aktaş, Sururi, Eleştirel Hukuk Çalışmaları, İstanbul, On İki Levha, 2. Baskı, 2011.
  • Aldıkaçtı, Açıkalın, Nilgün, “Etik ve Hukuk İçin Zorlu Sınav: Yeni Nesil Teknolojik İnovasyonlar”, TFM, Cilt 7, Sayı 1,2021, s.1-19.
  • Austin, John, Hukukun Belirlenmiş Alanı, Çev. Ü. Yükselbaba, S. Üye, U. Koloş, İstanbul, Tekin, 1. Baskı, 2015.
  • Boschetti, Barbara ve Maria Daniela Poli, “A Comparative Study on Soft Law: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic”, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, Sayı 23, 2021, s.20-53.
  • Böök, Birte and Linda Senden, “Soft law: booster or brake for the promotion of gender equality in the EU?” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Conseil d’État, “Le droit souple”, 2013. https://www.conseil-etat.fr/publications-colloques/etudes/le-droit-souple (Yayın Tarihi: 1 Ekim 2013).
  • Creyke, Robin ve John McMillan, “Soft Law v Hard Law” in Linda Pearson, Carol Harlow ve Michael Taggart (Ed.), Administrative Law in a Changing State, Oxford, Hart, 1. Baskı, 2008.
  • Creyke, Robin, “Soft Law and Administrative Law: A New Challenge”, AIAL Forum, Sayı 65, 2010, s.15-22.
  • Çataloluk, Gökçe, Hukuk Sistemi ve Autopoiesis, İstanbul, On İki Levha, 1. Baskı, 2012.
  • De Cabo, Ruth Mateos, Siri Terjesen, Lorenzo Escot, Ricardo Gimeno, “Do ‘soft law’ board gender quotas work? Evidence from a natural experiment”, European Management Journal, Sayı 37, 2019, s.611-624.
  • De Koning, K. J. F. A., “Dutch protection against genetic discrimination in work environments: Adequate or non-existent?”, 2012. https://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=122912 (Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2024).
  • De Witte, Bruno, “Soft Law in European public law,” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Demir, Gökhan Yavuz, Sosyal Bir Fenomen Olarak Dilin Belirsizliği, İstanbul, İthaki, 1. Baskı, 2015.
  • Druzin, Bryan H., “Why does Soft Law Have any Power Anyway?”, Asian Journal of International Law, Sayı 7, 2017, s.361-378.
  • Durkheim, Emile, Toplumsal İşbölümü, Çev. Özer Ozankaya, İzmir, Cem, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Düğer, Sırrı, “Yeni Ekonomik İdare Hukuku: Teknolojik Gelişmeler Karşısında İdarenin İktisadî Hayata Müdahalesindeki Değişim”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 1, 2022, s. 427-475.
  • Dworkin, Ronald A., “‘Natural Law’ Revisited”, University of Florida Law Review, Cilt 34, Sayı 2,1982, s.165-188.
  • Eliantonio, Mariolina ve Emilia Korkea-aho, “Soft law and courts: saviours or saboteurs of the rule of (soft) law?”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Eliantonio, Mariolina, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth, “Introduction to Research Handbook on Soft Law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Emerson, Blake, “Administrative guidance in the United States: the moral and political stakes of non-binding law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Erol, Ömer Faruk, “Kamu Görevlisinin Etik Sorumluluğu”, Sakarya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2022, s.737-782.
  • Faure, Michael ve Niels Philipsen, “An Economic analysis of soft law as a regulatory tool”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Fuller, L. L., Hukukun Ahlakı, Çev. Engin Arıkan, İstanbul, Tekin, 1. Baskı, 2016.
  • Gersen, Jacob E. ve Eric A. Posner, “Soft Law: Lessons from Congressional Practice”, Stanford Law Review, Cilt 61, Sayı 3,2008, s.573-628.
  • Gustafsson Nordin, Ingrid ve Kristina Tamm Hallström, “International standarts and the dilution of responsibility”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Hage, Jaap, “What Is Legal Validity? Lessons from Soft Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Harvey, David, Postmodernliğin Durumu, Çev. Sungur Savran, İstanbul, Metis, 6. Baskı, 2012.
  • Holmes, O. W., “Codes and The Arrangement of Law”, American Law Review, Cilt 5, Sayı: 1, 1870, s.1-13.
  • Holzer, Boris, “Rules and responsibilities: business and social norms in transnational governance,” in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Hooghiemstra, Reggy ve Hans van Ees, “Uniformity as response to soft law: Evidence from compliance and non-compliance with the Dutch corporate governance code”, Regulation & Governance, Sayı 5, 2011, s.480-498.
  • Hume, David, İnsan Doğası Üzerine Bir İnceleme¸ Çev. Ergün Baylan, Ankara, BilgeSu, 1. Baskı, 2009.
  • Iavicoli, Sergio vd., “Hard and Soft Law Approaches to Addressing Psychosocial Risks in Europe: Lessons Learned in the Development of the Italian Approach”, Journal of Risk Research, Sayı 17, 2014, s.855-869.
  • Kararmaz, Furkan, “Hukuki Pragmatizmin Temel Unsurları”, Doktora Tezi, Antalya, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, 2017.
  • Kelsen, Hans, Saf Hukuk Kuramı, Çev. Ertuğrul Uzun, İstanbul: Nora, 1. Baskı, 2016.
  • Kirste, Stephan, “Concept and Validity of Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “The Redundancy of Soft Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Sayı 65, 1996, s.167-182.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “Soft authority in global governance”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Klabbers, Jan, “The Undesirability of Soft Law”, Nordic Journal of International Law, Sayı 67, 1998, s.381-391.
  • Knauff, Matthias, “Coronavirus and Soft Law in Germany: Business as Usual?”, European Journal of Risk Regulation, Koronavirüs Özel Sayısı, 2021, s.45-58.
  • Korver, Ton ve Peter R. A. Oeij, “The Soft Law of the Covenant: Making Governance Instrumental”, European Journal of Industrial Relations, Cilt 11, Sayı 3, 2005, s.367-384.
  • Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 2. Baskı, 1970.
  • Mackor, Anne Ruth, “What Is Legal Validity and Is It Important? Some Critical Remarks About the Legal Status of Soft Law”, in Pauline Westerman, Jaap Hage, Stephan Kirste, Anne Ruth Mackor (Ed.), Legal Validity and Soft Law, New York, Springer, 1. Baskı, 2018.
  • Marchant, Gary, “‘Soft Law’ Governance of Artificial Intelligence”, UCLA AI Pulse Papers, 2019. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0jq252ks (Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2024).
  • Metin, Sevtap, “Ronald Dworkin'in Hukuk Teorisinde Yorum Yaklaşımı,” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası, Cilt 61, Sayı 1-2,2003, s.35-83.
  • Miller, James C., “The FTC and the Voluntary Standards: Maximising the Net Benefits of Self-Regulation”, Cato Journal, Cilt 4, Sayı 3, 1985, s.897-904.
  • Mörth, Ulrika, “Democracy and soft law”, in Mariolina Eliantonio, Emilia Korkea-aho ve Ulrika Mörth (Ed.), Research Handbook on Soft Law, Londra, Elgar, 1. Baskı, 2023.
  • Nolan, Justine, “The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Rights: Soft Law or Not Law?”, University of New South Wales Research Papers, Sayı 72, 2013. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2338356 (Erişim tarihi: 20.04.2024).
  • Ogus, Anthony, “Rethinking Self-Regulation”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Cilt 15, Sayı 1, 1995, s.97-108.
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  • Özkök, Gülriz, “Hukuki Belirsizlik Problemi Üzerine”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 51, Sayı 2, 2002, s.1-18.
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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law and Society and Socio-Legal Research, Public Law (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Furkan Kararmaz 0000-0001-8395-0869

Early Pub Date December 24, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date August 19, 2024
Acceptance Date November 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 83 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kararmaz, F. (2024). ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 83(1). https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1535446
AMA Kararmaz F. ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI. JABA. December 2024;83(1). doi:10.30915/abd.1535446
Chicago Kararmaz, Furkan. “ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI”. Ankara Barosu Dergisi 83, no. 1 (December 2024). https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1535446.
EndNote Kararmaz F (December 1, 2024) ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI. Ankara Barosu Dergisi 83 1
IEEE F. Kararmaz, “ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI”, JABA, vol. 83, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.30915/abd.1535446.
ISNAD Kararmaz, Furkan. “ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI”. Ankara Barosu Dergisi 83/1 (December 2024). https://doi.org/10.30915/abd.1535446.
JAMA Kararmaz F. ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI. JABA. 2024;83. doi:10.30915/abd.1535446.
MLA Kararmaz, Furkan. “ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI”. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, vol. 83, no. 1, 2024, doi:10.30915/abd.1535446.
Vancouver Kararmaz F. ULUSAL BAĞLAMDA YUMUŞAK HUKUK: TANIM, GEÇERLİLİK VE ETKİNLİK SORUNLARI. JABA. 2024;83(1).

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