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Normomagnezemik Hastalarda Magnezyum Takviyesine Daha Yakından Bakış: Formülasyon Fark Yaratır mı?

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 379 - 387, 22.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1774901

Abstract

Amaç: Magnezyum (Mg) damar tonusu, kardiyak ileti ve otonom dengeyi etkiler. Oral takviye olarak kullanımı son zamanlarda hızla artmaktadır. Ancak özellikle normal serum Mg düzeylerine sahip bireylerde, oral formlara ilişkin karşılaştırmalı veriler sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, normomagnezemik erişkinlerde Mg oksitin organik bir kombinasyonla (malat + bisglisinat + sitrat) karşılaştırıldığında hemodinamik, elektrofizyolojik ve otonom etkilerini karşılaştırmayı amaçladı.
Yöntem: Tek merkezli, ambispektif bir kohort içinde 181 erişkin Mg‑oksit (n=62), kombinasyon (n=61) veya kontrol (takviye yok; n=58) gruplarına ayrıldı. Tüm katılımcılarda ≥1 ay sonra eşleşik değerlendirmeler yapıldı; elektrokardiyografi (EKG), 24 saatlik holter ve ambulatuvar kan basıncı izlemi (ABPM) tekrarlandı. Sonuçlar 24 saatlik kan basıncı ve kalp hızı, EKG aralıkları, aritmik yük ve zaman ile frekans alanı kalp hızı değişkenliği (HRV) parametreleriydi. Temel dışlama kriterleri yakın zamanda ilaç değişikliği, kardiyak implante edilebilir cihazlar, kronik böbrek hastalığı, yeni kardiyovasküler hastalık, aktif enfeksiyon ve fiziksel aktivitede değişimdi.
Bulgular: Her iki takviye kolunda serum Mg arttı; serum kreatinin mütevazı ölçüde azaldı ve değişimde grup‑arası fark yoktu. Kombinasyon ve kontrole kıyasla Mg‑oksit, 24 saatlik sistolik kan basıncında(ortalama Δ −4.2 mmHg; p=0.003) ve 24 saatlik diyastolik kan basıncında(Δ −3.5 mmHg; p=0.003) daha büyük düşüşler sağladı; ayrıca gece diyastolik kan basıncında azalma (Δ −4.4 mmHg; p=0.014) görüldü. Kalp hızı, Mg‑oksit ile gece (Δ −2.9 atım/dk; p=0.049) ve 24 saat boyunca (Δ −2.9 atım/dk; p=0.007) azaldı; kombinasyon ve kontrolde değişiklikler ihmal edilebilir düzeydeydi. Zaman alanı HRV, Mg‑oksit ile iyileşti (RMSSD +22.2 ms, p=0.000; pNN50 +2.9%, p=0.006; NN50 +4.1×10³, p=0.032); RMSSD, pNN50 ve NN50 için grup‑arası farklar Mg‑oksit lehineydi (tümü p<0.005). Kombinasyon grubunda frekans alanı indeksleri sempatovagal bir kaymaya işaret etti—LF azaldı, HF arttı ve LF/HF düştü (p≤0.015)—ancak bu değişimler zaman alanı ölçütlerinde veya kalp hızındada tutarlı kazanım sağlamadı. EKG’de, PR aralığı her iki takviye grubunda da kısaldı (her biri −3.9 ms; p≈0.01), QRS yalnızca kombinasyonla hafifçe daraldı (−1.9 ms; p=0.024) ve QTc yalnızca kombinasyonla kısaldı (−7.4 ms; p=0.049). Aritmik yük (atriyal/ventriküler erken atımlar, bigemini, kupletler) hiçbir grupta anlamlı şekilde değişmedi. Özbildirime dayalı uyku memnuniyeti her iki takviye kolunda da belirgin biçimde arttı (Mg‑oksitte %78.3, kombinasyonda %83.3); kontrollerde değişmedi. Bulgular, çok değişkenli ayarlama ve ters‑olasılık ağırlıklandırmasına karşı dayanıklıydı.
Sonuç: Normomagnezemik erişkinlerde hem magnezyum oksit hem de organik bir kombinasyon mütevazı ve formülasyona özgü fizyolojik değişimlerle ilişkili bulundu. Magnezyum oksit, 24 saatlik kan basıncı ve ortalama kalp hızında küçük ancak tutarlı iyileşmelerin yanı sıra zaman alanı vagal HRV indekslerinde (ör. RMSSD, pNN50) artışlar gösterirken; kombinasyon, ambulatuvar kan basıncı veya ortalama kalp hızında paralel değişiklikler olmaksızın seçici bir frekans alanı kayması (↑HF ile birlikte ↓LF/HF) ve küçük bir QTc kısalması oluşturdu. Aritmi yükü hiçbir grupta anlamlı biçimde değişmedi ve uyku memnuniyeti her iki takviye kolunda da arttı. Maliyet ve erişim hususları magnezyum oksiti maliyet-etkin varsayılan bir seçenek olarak gerekçelendirebilir; bununla birlikte, formülasyon seçimi nihayetinde hastanın hedeflerine ve bağlamına göre bireyselleştirilmelidir.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma protokolü, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar Üniversitesi ve Acıbadem Sağlık Kuruluşları Tıbbi Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu (ATADEK; onay no: ATADEK 2025/02) tarafından onaylandı. Tüm prosedürler ilgili düzenlemelere ve Helsinki Bildirgesi’ne uygun olarak yürütüldü. Veri toplanmadan önce tüm katılımcılardan yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam alındı.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Yazarlar ayrıca, ek kavramsal katkıları ve eleştirel önerileri için Dr. Özgür Şamilgil’e; poliklinikten katılımcı bulmayı kolaylaştırdığı için Dr. Ezher Çetinkaya’ya ve holter monitorizasyonu konusunda özverili teknik desteği için Hemşire Nuran Yılmaz’a teşekkür ederler.

References

  • Wienecke E, Nolden C. Langzeit-HRV-Analyse zeigt Stressreduktion durch Magnesiumzufuhr [Long-term HRV analysis shows stress reduction by magnesium intake]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2016;158(S6):12-16. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-9054-7
  • Frick M, √ñstergren J, Rosenqvist M. Effect of intravenous magnesium on heart rate and heart rate variability in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(1):104-108, A9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00204-0
  • Matei D, Luca C, Andri»õoi D, et al. The relationship between lower serum magnesium levels and heart rate variability indices. Balneo Res J. 2018;9(4):426-432. doi:10.12680/balneo.2018.226
  • Tangvoraphonkchai K, Davenport A. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(3):251-260. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2018.02.010
  • Gilardi E, Pomero F, Ravera E, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate reduces the need for antiarrhythmics during acute-onset atrial fibrillation in emergency and critical care. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5527. doi:10.3390/jcm11195527
  • Noordam R, Young WJ, Salman R, et al. Effects of calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations on ventricular repolarization in unselected individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(25):3118-3131. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.519
  • Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of the electrocardiogram. Heart. 1920;7:353-370.
  • Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation.1996;93(5):1043-1065.
  • Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstr√∂m M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2023;41:1874-2071. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
  • Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-612. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006
  • Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388
  • Volpe SL. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S. doi:10.3945/an.112.003483
  • Tarleton EK, Littenberg B. Magnesium intake and depression in adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2015;28(2):249-256. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176
  • Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163
  • Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 159-175.
  • Ryzen E, Wagers PW, Singer FR, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(1):19-21. doi:10.1097/00003246-198501000-00006
  • Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(7):1616-1622. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1071616
  • Salaminia S, Sayehmiri F, Angha P, et al. Evaluating the effect of magnesium supplementation and cardiac arrhythmias after acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18:129. doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0857-6

A Closer Look at Magnesium Supplementation in Normomagnesemic Patients: Does Formulation Make a Difference?

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 379 - 387, 22.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1774901

Abstract

Objectives: Magnesium (Mg) influences vascular tone, cardiac conduction, and autonomic balance. Its use as an oral supplement has increased rapidly in recent years. However, comparative data on oral formulations are limited, particularly in individuals with normal serum Mg levels. This study aimed to compare the haemodynamic, electrophysiologic, and autonomic effects of Mg oxide with an organic combination (malate + bisglycinate + citrate) in normomagnesemic adults.
Methods: We conducted a single‑centre, ambispective cohort of 181 adults assigned to Mg‑oxide (n=62),
combination (n=61), or control (no supplement; n=58). All participants had paired evaluations after ≥1
month including ECG, 24‑hour Holter, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Outcomes were
24‑hour BP and HR, ECG intervals, arrhythmic burden, and time‑ and frequency‑domain HRV. Adjusted
analyses used inverse‑probability weighting. Key exclusions were recent medication changes, cardiac
implantable devices, chronic kidney disease, new cardiovascular disease, active infection, and shifts in
physical activity.
Results: Serum Mg increased in both supplementation arms; serum creatinine fell modestly, with no
between‑group differences in change. Compared with combination and control, Mg‑oxide achieved greater
reductions in 24‑hour systolic BP (mean Δ −4.2 mmHg; p=0.003) and 24‑hour diastolic BP (Δ −3.5 mmHg;
p=0.003), plus a decrease in nighttime diastolic BP (Δ −4.4 mmHg; p=0.014). HR also declined with Mg‑oxide
overnight (Δ −2.9 bpm; p=0.049) and over 24 hours (Δ −2.9 bpm; p=0.007), whereas changes with the
combination or control were negligible. Time‑domain HRV improved with Mg‑oxide (RMSSD +22.2 ms,
p=0.000; pNN50 +2.9%, p=0.006; NN50 +4.1×10³, p=0.032), with between‑group differences favouring
Mg‑oxide for RMSSD, pNN50, and NN50 (all p<0.005). In the combination group, frequency‑domain indices
indicated a sympathovagal shift-LF decreased, HF increased, and LF/HF fell (p≤0.015)-yet these changes
were not mirrored by consistent gains in time‑domain measures or HR. On ECG, PR interval shortened in
both supplementation groups (each −3.9 ms; p≈0.01), while QRS narrowed slightly (−1.9 ms; p=0.024) and
QTc shortened (−7.4 ms; p=0.049) only with the combination. Arrhythmic burden (atrial/ventricular
premature contractions, bigeminy, couplets) did not change meaningfully in any group. Self‑reported sleep
satisfaction increased substantially in both supplementation arms (to 78.3% with Mg‑oxide and 83.3% with
the combination), whereas controls were unchanged. Findings were robust to multivariable adjustment and
inverse‑probability weighting.
Conclusions
In normomagnesemic adults, both magnesium oxide and an organic combination (malate + bisglycinate + citrate) were associated with modest and formulation‑specific physiological changes. Magnesium oxide showed small but consistent improvements in 24‑hour blood pressure and mean heart rate alongside gains in time‑domain vagal HRV indices (e.g., RMSSD, pNN50), whereas the combination produced a selective frequency‑domain shift (↓LF/HF with ↑HF) and a small QTc shortening, without parallel changes in ambulatory BP or mean HR. Arrhythmic burden did not meaningfully change in any group, and self‑reported sleep satisfaction improved in both supplementation arms. Given the modest effect sizes and similar short‑term safety signals, cost and access considerations can justify magnesium oxide as a cost‑effective default; however, formulation choice should ultimately be individualized to patient goals and context.

Ethical Statement

The study protocol was approved by the Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University and Acıbadem Healthcare Institutions Medical Research Ethics Committee (ATADEK; approval no. ATADEK 2025/02). All procedures adhered to relevant regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

Supporting Institution

None.

Thanks

The authors also thank Dr Özgür Şamilgil for additional conceptual input and critical suggestions, Dr Ezher Çetinkaya for facilitating participant recruitment from the outpatient clinic, and Nurse Nuran Yılmaz for her dedicated assistance with Holter monitoring and data handling.

References

  • Wienecke E, Nolden C. Langzeit-HRV-Analyse zeigt Stressreduktion durch Magnesiumzufuhr [Long-term HRV analysis shows stress reduction by magnesium intake]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2016;158(S6):12-16. doi:10.1007/s15006-016-9054-7
  • Frick M, √ñstergren J, Rosenqvist M. Effect of intravenous magnesium on heart rate and heart rate variability in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84(1):104-108, A9. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00204-0
  • Matei D, Luca C, Andri»õoi D, et al. The relationship between lower serum magnesium levels and heart rate variability indices. Balneo Res J. 2018;9(4):426-432. doi:10.12680/balneo.2018.226
  • Tangvoraphonkchai K, Davenport A. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2018;25(3):251-260. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2018.02.010
  • Gilardi E, Pomero F, Ravera E, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate reduces the need for antiarrhythmics during acute-onset atrial fibrillation in emergency and critical care. J Clin Med. 2022;11(19):5527. doi:10.3390/jcm11195527
  • Noordam R, Young WJ, Salman R, et al. Effects of calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations on ventricular repolarization in unselected individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(25):3118-3131. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.519
  • Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of the electrocardiogram. Heart. 1920;7:353-370.
  • Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation.1996;93(5):1043-1065.
  • Mancia G, Kreutz R, Brunstr√∂m M, et al. 2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2023;41:1874-2071. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480
  • Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604-612. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006
  • Gröber U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199-8226. doi:10.3390/nu7095388
  • Volpe SL. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Adv Nutr. 2013;4(3):378S-383S. doi:10.3945/an.112.003483
  • Tarleton EK, Littenberg B. Magnesium intake and depression in adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2015;28(2):249-256. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2015.02.140176
  • Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi:10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163
  • Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR, editors. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease.11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012. p. 159-175.
  • Ryzen E, Wagers PW, Singer FR, Rude RK. Magnesium deficiency in a medical ICU population. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(1):19-21. doi:10.1097/00003246-198501000-00006
  • Agus ZS. Hypomagnesemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10(7):1616-1622. doi:10.1681/ASN.V1071616
  • Salaminia S, Sayehmiri F, Angha P, et al. Evaluating the effect of magnesium supplementation and cardiac arrhythmias after acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2018;18:129. doi:10.1186/s12872-018-0857-6
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özge Çetinarslan 0000-0003-4825-6489

Publication Date October 22, 2025
Submission Date August 31, 2025
Acceptance Date October 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Çetinarslan Ö. A Closer Look at Magnesium Supplementation in Normomagnesemic Patients: Does Formulation Make a Difference? Acta Medica Nicomedia. October 2025;8(3):379-387. doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1774901

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